Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Submitted To:-
DR. JAM NAZEER AHMAD
Submitted By:-
Muhammad Salah-ud-Din 2016-ag-766 M.Sc. (Hons.) Entomology 2nd Semester
Department of Entomology
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
List of Insect Vector Transmitted Plant Diseases
Crop Insect Vector Techanical
Name Insect Photo
Pathogen
Transmitted Disease Disease Photo
Viral Diseases
Cotton
Whitefly
Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae
Bemisia tabaci
Gemnivirus Particle Cotton Leaf
Curl Virus
Papaya
Whitefly
Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae
Bemisia tabaci
Gemnivirus Particle Papaya Leaf
Curl Virus
Banana
Aphid
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
Pentalonia
nigronervosa
SSRNA Particle Banana bunchy
Top Virus
Potato
Beetle
Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae
Ephilachna ocellata
Potato Virus X PVX
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Aphid
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
Macrosiphum
euphorbiae
Potato Virus Y PVY
Aphid
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
Myzus persicae
RNA virus Potato Leaf
Roll Virus
Tomato
Whitefly
Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae
Bemisia argentifolii
PLRV Tomato Leaf
Curl Virus
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Tomato Thrip
Thysanoptera:
Thripidae
Frankliniella
schultzei
TSWV Tomato Spotted
Wilt Virus
Chilli
Aphid
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
Aphis gossypii
CMV Chilli Mosaic
Whitefly
Homoptera:
Aleyrodidae
Bemisia tabaci
Gemnivirus Particle Chilli Leaf Curl
Virus
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Rice
Rice Leafhopper
Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae
Nephotettix
nigropictus
DSRNA Particle Rice Dwaf
Viirus
Wheat
Planthoppers
Delphacidae:
Hemipter
Javesella pellucida
SSRNA Particle Wheat Striate
Mosaic Virus
Wheat Curl Mite
Acari : Eriophyidae Aceria tulipae
Mite Wheat Spot
Mosaic Virus
Wheat aphid
Diuraphis noxia
Hemiptera :
Aphididae
WYLV Wheat Yellow
Leaf Virus
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Barley
Aphid
Hemiptera:
Aphididae
Schizaphis
graminum
Gemnivirus Particle Barley Yellow
Dwarf Viruses
Fig Eriophyid Mite
Acari : Eriophyidae Aceria fici
SSRNA Particle Fig Mosaic
Virus
Peach Fastidious Bud Mite
Acari : Eriophyoidea Eriophyes insidiosus
Peach Mosaic
Virus (PMV)
Maize
Small Brown
Planthopper,
Delphacidae:
Hemipter
Laodelphax
Striatellus
DSRNA Partical Maize Rough
Dwarf Virus
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Maize Leafhopper
Cicadellidae:
Hemipter
Cicadulina Mbila
Geminivirus
Partical
Maize Streak
Mosaic Virus
Fungal Diseases
Mango
Bark Beetle
Coleoptera:
Curculionidae
Hypocryphalus
mangiferae
MSDS Mango Sudden
Death Disease
Mango bud (or gall)
mite. Acari :
Eriophyoidea
Aceria mangiferae
fungal Mango
malformation
Elm
European Elm Bark
Beetle
Coleoptera:
Curculionidae
Opiostoma ulmi
spore Dutch Elm
Disease
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Oak
Sap Beetle
Coleoptera:
Nitidulidae
Carpophilus
lugubris
Ceratocystis
fagacearum
Oak Wilt
Disease
Bacterial Diseases
Citrus Asian Citrus Psyllid
Hemiptera: Psyllidae Diaphorina Citri
Labri Bacteri Citrus
Greening
Sesame
Indicum
Leaf Hopper
Cicadellidae:
Hemiptera
Orocious
Albicineous ;
O. Orientalis
Phytoplasma
Phylodi
Pear
Pear Psylla
Hemiptera:
Psyllidae
Cacopsylla Pyricola
Phytoplasma Pear Decline
Phytoplasma
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Potato
Psllid
Potato
Psyllid
Triozidae :
Hemiptera
Bactericera
Cockerelli
Psyllid-Borne
Bacterium
Potato Zebra
Chip Disease
Nematodal Diseases
Milkweed
Milkweed Bug
Hemiptera :
Lygaeidae
Oncopeltus fasciatus
Nematode Trypanosomes
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Terminology
Vector An agent that transports a microorganism from one host to another. Insects that transmit plant
disease are called vectors.
Disease Any condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism or body. Or Disorder of
normal functioning of an organism
Epidemiology The study of disease in populations of an organism.
Koch’s postulates In 1890 the German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch set out his celebrated criteria for
judging whether a given bacteria is the cause of a given disease. Koch's criteria brought some
much-needed scientific clarity to what was then a very confused field.
1. The organism must be regularly associated with the disease and its characteristic lesions.
2. The organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in culture.
3. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the organism is introduced into a
healthy, susceptible host.
4. The same organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host.
Koch’s postulates for the 21st century as suggested by Fredricks and Relman:
1. A nucleic acid sequence belonging to a putative pathogen should be present in most cases
of an infectious disease. Microbial nucleic acids should be found preferentially in those
organs or gross anatomic sites known to be diseased, and not in those organs that lack
pathology.
2. Fewer, or no, copy numbers of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequences should occur
in hosts or tissues without disease.
3. With resolution of disease, the copy number of pathogen-associated nucleic acid
sequences should decrease or become undetectable. With clinical relapse, the opposite
should occur.
4. When sequence detection predates disease, or sequence copy number correlates with
severity of disease or pathology, the sequence-disease association is more likely to be a
causal relationship.
5. The nature of the microorganism inferred from the available sequence should be
consistent with the known biological characteristics of that group of organisms.
6. Tissue-sequence correlates should be sought at the cellular level: efforts should be made
to demonstrate specific in situ hybridization of microbial sequence to areas of tissue
pathology and to visible microorganisms or to areas where microorganisms are presumed
to be located.
7. These sequence-based forms of evidence for microbial causation should be reproducible.
Assignment Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2017
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February 7, 2017 MUHAMMAD SALAH-UD-DIN
Transmission Transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an
infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the
other individual was previously infected.
Physical Transmission
In case of mechanical transmission the pathogen is simply carried externally or internally by
the insect. Mostly Caused insects that have biting/chewing mouthparts.
Biological Transmission
Specific insect and the specific viral pathogen have some kind of association or relationship
between the two. Mostly Caused insects that have sucking mouthparts.
1) Circulative, propagative and Persistent Transmission:
The virus circulates in the host but actually infects insect cells and replicates in the vector.
2) Non-Persistent and Non-circulative (NC) Transmission:
The virus binds the stylet during feeding and is released when the insect secrets saliva on a new
feeding place. Transmission-Stylet Borne. Virus Acquired in “Test Probes” of 20 to 30 Seconds.
Virus Transmitted in “Test Probes” of 20 to 30 Seconds. Virus Retained by the Vector for < One
Hour.
3) Semi-Persistent
Require Longer Acquisition Times, up to Several Minutes of Feeding Very Short Latent Period
Transmissible Within A Couple of Hours Vector Retains the Ability to Transmit the Virus for
Several Hours up to Several Days—Looses Ability to Transmit the Virus After a Molt.
Source of Disease Transmission
i. Water
ii. Soil
iii. Insect & Mite
iv. Human
v. Animal
vi. Birds