LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Delivered at TOT course to NDRF on “Mobile Radiation Detection Systems MRDS and Response to Radiation Emergencies” at Arokkonam/ Jan.19, 2017
Dr.R.M.Nehru,Officer-in-Charge,
Southern Regional Regulatory Centre,Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Anupuram, Kalpakkam-603127Tamil Nadu
Outline…..
1. Introduction
2. Application of Nuclear Energy & Radiation
3. Role of AERB & Legal Instruments for Emergency Preparedness
4. Typical doses received by workers in medical, industrial and research institutions
5. Summary
Non-Ionizing ( cannot Ionize matter)
Radiation
Ionizing ( can Ionize matter)
Directly Ionizing Radiation (charged
particles)
Indirectly Ionizing Radiation
( Neutral Particles)
What are Radiation Detectors?
INTRODUCTION
21 operational NPPs // 5 are under construction
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Nuclear Reactor Consists Of-------
Fuel - Each fuel rod of Zircaloy contains stacks of uranium dioxide pellets. Zircaloy (2 or 4) is an alloy of zirconium used as fuel clad.
Moderator - Used to slow down the neutrons to thermal energies. Sometimes the same material is used as a coolant. Typical moderator includes water, heavy water, and graphite.
Coolant - Used to remove the heat from the fuel rodsdirectly if the moderator and coolant are the samematerial. In cases where a separate moderator isused, coolant tubes are routed through themoderator, removing heat from fuel rods.
Control Rods - Used to regulate the distribution of power in the reactor while the reactor is operating. The most important function is to insert to shutdown or stop the nuclear fission process when required.
Supporting Structure - Used to keep the fuel rigid either horizontally or vertically, depending on the specific design. Also is used to direct a uniform, or optimum, flow distribution through the reactor.
Vessel-either horizontal or vertical - Used to hold the fuel, moderator, coolant, and supporting structure.
BWR
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
BWR, PWR, PHWR & LMFBR – Major Design FeaturesReactor Types
Thermal Reactors Fast Reactors
Major systems/ components
BWR PWR PHWR LMFBR
Reactor Vessel
Pressure Vessel Pressure Vessel Pressure Tubes Pool type (Low Pressure)
Moderator H2O H2O D2O Not Applicable
Fuel Enriched-U Enriched-U Natural-U Plutonium-U
Coolant H20 H2O D2O Liquid.Sodium
Heat Transport System
Direct Cycle, Boiling occurs in Reactor Vessel
Primary (H2O) and Secondary (H2O) Circuit
Primary (D2O) and Secondary (H2O) Circuit
Primary(Na), Secondary (Na) & Tertiary (H2O)Circuit
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
How a NPP Works?How a NPP Works?
Application of Radiation
Radiography Nuclear Medicine
Diagnostic
Teletherapy Brachytherapy
Radiotherapy Nuclear Medicine
Therapy
Radiation in Medicine
IndustrialRadiography
Irradiators NucleonicGauges
ConsumerProducts
Radiation in Industry
Medical Industry Agriculture University
Radiation in Research
Radiology
Radiography & Fluoroscopy equipmentTypical doses of the order of 0.2 mGy to 10 mGy
Radiography Fluoroscopy
X-ray unit
C-Arm Used in Operation TheatersTypical dose
range : 1 mGy -20 mGy
Mammography Typical doses of the order of 3 mGy to 7 mGy
Computed TomographyTypical doses of the order of 7 mGy to 10 mGy
Interventional RadiologyTypical Effective dose range : 10 mSv-70 mSv
Typical Skin Doses of the order of 1 Gy to 20 Gy
Other Applications
• Dental X-ray (1 mGy-8 mGy)• Orthopantomography/CBCT• Bone Densitometry (~0.1 mGy)
Nuclear Medicine
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Radiation Therapy
Tele = “distance”
Brachy = “Short”
•Co-60 /Cs-137 in needles/tubes•Ir-192 in Wires/ Pellet (commonly used)•Co-60 in pellet(s)/ I-125in Seeds
Research applications
Industrial applications
Radiographic Testing is widely used in the;1. Aerospace industries2. Military defence3. Offshore industries4. Marine industries5. Power-gen industries6. Petrochem industries7. Waste Management8. Automotive industries9. Manufacturing industries10.Transport industries
Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing of components and assemblies that is based on differential absorption of penetrating radiation-either electromagnetic radiation of very short wave-lengths or particulate radiation by the part or test piece being tested
Reference: http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4865849/
Reference:http://www.slideshare.net/ravrak/intro-to-radiography-12ndt
Reference: http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html
Courtesy: IAEA
Typical maximum source activities:5.5 TBq (150 Ci) of 192Ir; 2.9 TBq (80 Ci) of 75Se; 740 GBq (20 Ci) of 169Yb;370 GBq (10 Ci) of 60Co; 370 GBq (10 Ci) of 137Cs.
Typical GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY PROJECTORS /CAMERAS
Research- Gamma Irradiation Chamber
Radiation Symbol
Safety codes and standards are formulated on the basis of nationally and internationally accepted safety criteria for design, construction and operation of specific equipment, structures, systems and components of nuclear and radiation facilities.
Safety codes establish the objectives and set minimum requirements that shall be fulfilled to provide adequate assurance for safety.
Safety guides elaborate various requirements and furnish approaches for their implementation.
Safety manuals deal with specific topics and contain detailed scientific, technical information on the subject.
These documents are prepared by experts in the relevant fields and are extensively reviewed by advisory committees of the Board before they are published. The documents are revised when necessary, in the light of experience and feedback from users as well as new developments in the field.
Regulatory Documents
ATOMIC ENERGY ACT 1962 NO. 33 OF 1962 [15th September, 1962] AFTER AMENDMENTS NO. 59 of 1986 [23rd December, 1986] NO. 29 OF 1987 [8th September, 1987]
Section 14. Control over production anduse of atomic energy
Section 16. Control over radioactivesubstances
Section 17. Special Provisions as tosafety
Section 23. Administration of factoriesAct, 1948
Section 24. Offences and Penalties
Section 27. Delegation of Powers
3. Section 3General Powers of the Central GovernmentSubject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government shall have power -
(a) to produce, develop, use and disposeof atomic energy either by itself orthrough any authority or Corporationestablished by it or a Governmentcompany and carry out research intoany matters connected therewith;
(b) to manufacture or otherwise produceany prescribed or radioactivesubstance and any articles which inits opinion are, or are likely to be,required for, or in connection with, theproduction, development or use ofatomic energy or such research asaforesaid and to dispose of suchdescribed or radioactive substance orany articles manufactured orotherwise produced;
ATOMIC ENERGY ACT 1962 NO. 33 OF 1962 [15th September, 1962]
Section 30. Power to make rules
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..
http://www.aerb.gov.in
ROLE OF THE REGULATORY BODY WITH RESPECT TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREPAREDNESS AT NUCLEAR AND RADIATION FACILITIES
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5
2. TYPES OF EMERGENCIES AND BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5
3. ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS - INTERFACESAERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5
AERB/NPP/SC/O (Rev. 1)
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATION
AERB/NPP/SC/O (Rev. 1)
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6 PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
AE
RB
SA
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/SG
/O-6
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AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
SITE EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
OFF-SITE EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6
Action Flow Diagram for Site / Off-site Emergencies
Abnormal Plant Conditions
SED Activates Emergency Control Centre
Shift Charge Engineer Alerts Site Emergency Director
SED Reviews Radiation Levels at the Site
Site Emergency Committee members Informed of Plant / Radiation Status & SEC Convened by SED
Site Emergency Declaration by SED
Survey of Off-site Radiation Levels
Increase in Off –Site Radiation
Levels
SED Informs Off-site Authorities (OED)
Off-site Emergency Declaration by OED
Off-site Emergencies Actions Continued
Fall in Off-site Radiation Level
Below ERL
Termination of Off-site Emergency by OED
Site Emergency Actions Continued
Recovery of Normal plant Status &
Normal Radiation
Termination of Site Emergency by SED
Increase in Radiation Levels Within the Site
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
Incident siteDeclaration of Emergency by SED /
OED of site
Incident siteDeclaration of Emergency by SED /
OED of site
State LevelState Emergency Response
Committee
State LevelState Emergency Response
Committee
Incident site/ERCCEmergency Response
Co-ordination Committee
Incident site/ERCCEmergency Response
Co-ordination Committee
DAE LevelDAE-Emergency control Room/Crisis Management
Group remains Activated till emergency is terminated.
DAE LevelDAE-Emergency control Room/Crisis Management
Group remains Activated till emergency is terminated.
National LevelNational Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) /
NCMC Control room at Delhi is activated and convened
National LevelNational Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) /
NCMC Control room at Delhi is activated and convened
Communication during Off Site Emergency
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6 PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
TAB
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1: C
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CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
TAB
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/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCYAERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
SUGGESTED RADIUS OF THE INNER CORDONED AREA (SAFETYPERIMETER) IN A RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
Situation Initial inner cordoned area (safety perimeter)
Initial determination — OutsideUnshielded or damaged potentially dangerous source 30 m radius around the source
Major spill from a potentially dangerous source 100 m radius around the source
Fire, explosion or fumes involving a dangerous source 300 m radius
Suspected bomb (possible radiological dispersaldevice), exploded or unexploded
400 m radius or more to protectagainst an explosion
Conventional (non-nuclear) explosion or a fireinvolving a nuclear weapon (no nuclear yield)
1000 m radius
Initial determination — Inside a buildingDamage, loss of shielding or spill involving apotentially dangerous source
Affected and adjacent areas (including floorsabove and below)
Fire or other event involving a potentially dangeroussource that can spread radioactive materialthroughout the building (e.g. through the ventilationsystem)
Entire building and appropriate outside distance as indicated above
Data extracted from AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)
OPERATIONAL INTERVENTION LEVELS (OILs) IN RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCIES BASED ON AMBIENT DOSE RATE MEASUREMENTSFROM GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES
Major exposure conditions OIL Main actions
External radiation from a point source
100 μSv/h Isolate the areaRecommend evacuation of cordoned areaControl access and egress
External radiation from ground contaminationover a small area
100 μSv/h Isolate the areaRecommend evacuation of cordoned areaControl access and egress
External radiation from ground contamination over a wide area
1 mSv/h Recommend evacuation or substantial shelter
External radiation from air contamination with an unknown radionuclide(s)
1 μSv/h Isolate the area (if possible)Recommend evacuation of cordoned area ordownwind in case of open area
Data extracted from IAEA-TECDOC-1162
International Obligations
India is a signatory to
• The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (‘Assistance Convention’).
• Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
• The Crisis Management Group (CMG) is the nodal agency under both these conventions for keeping contact with the Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) of IAEA.
Response to Radiological Emergency
Radiological Incident : Information From Public / Media / Police/ Hospitals etc.
Mobilize Resources :• NDMA• CMG• AERB• DAE ERCs (28)• SDMA / DDMA• MHA/NEC
Coordinate Actions Through :• District authorities• NDRF• SDRF / DDRF• Other Resources
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
After Information DC/DM to take Full Charge of the situation
Initiate actions
DC /DM AERB CMG NDMA
NDRF
Arrival of DC/DM(IC)
Technical Support
Police, SDRF, Transport etc
NDMA MHA/NECCMG (DAE) AERB
• Inform NCMC
•Coordinate at national Levelin Consultation with AERB,DAE & MHA
•Move NDRF
Activate ERC/ Installation and NDRF Bn for Monitoring
• Monitoring
• Supervision
• Advice
•Activate state Govt.-Police Support- Transport Facility• Arrange for Medical
Support, Air Lifting (ifrequired)
• Inform NCMC
AFFECTED SITEMonitor the Area & cordoning-off
Start Rescue and Relief Operation
Provide Technical Support from BARC/NPCIL/BRIT
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
DC/DM to Co-ordinate (under guidance)• Recovery & Disposal of Source• Rescue & Relief• Large Scale DC and Rehabilitation
Emergency Planning and Preparedness Lay down the Criteria for Emergency Response. Review Off-site Emergency Preparedness Plan. Ensure emergency facilities, equipments and resources are available with response
organisations by periodic RI. Ensure periodic emergency exercises are conducted Post observers during the emergency exercises. Ensure conduct of off-site emergency exercise prior to first criticality Approve any modification of emergency plan or procedure. Review and update emergency preparedness plans during the PSR
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies – Role of AERB
During Actual Emergency Situation
Obtain information of actions taken by the District Authorities and the operatingorganisation.
Review and assess the emergency situation Inform public concerning the emergency situations. If required, intervene and issue directions to mitigate the consequences of the
accident.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
Post Emergency Situation
Review and advise follow up actions to minimize exposures from radioactivecontamination.
Lay down criteria for re-entry into plant areas and affected places. Review and authorise actions as necessary for recovery, resumption of operations
or decommissioning of the concerned plant. Conduct an overall assessment of the events that led to the emergency, response
actions taken during the emergency and post-emergency consequences and actionplans.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
During Emergency Situation in Other Country
Obtain information regarding progression of events and radiological releases. Get inputs on environmental monitoring in India from responsible organisations
(BARC, CMG, NDMA) Review and assess the impact of emergency in India ( environment, imports, arrival
of air crafts and passengers etc ). Inform public regarding accident progression and impact if any on environment in
India. Advise Indian citizen though appropriate channel.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
Ref: http://www.slideshare.net/Tunoo/rad-safety-at-hospitals-v-07-25jun2010-peternyan
RADIATION ACCIDENTS
Avoidable radiation exposure arising from, for example:
Accidents or incidents to be reported
REPORT x-ray equipmentcomponent failure
during interventional radiology, inappropriateor improper monitoring
of fluoroscopy and other imaging
poorly maintained x-ray equipment
non-compliant x-ray equipment
ACCIDENT
Failure to use survey meter
Equipment failure
Safety procedures not followed
Regulatory control lacking or inadequate
Lack of safety program
Inadequate or lack of training
Typical Causes of
Radiological Accidents...
Reference: AERB Annual Report 2014/2015
Typical doses received by workers in medical, industrial and research institutions
SUMMARY
1. The use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy continue to benefitthe society in several ways.
2. Safety systems in Radiation and industrial and research facilities arewell-maintained and regulated.
3. Radiation hazards to environment is negligible when compared toother sources.
4. Relevant Legal and Regulatory instruments are in place toaddress the radiological emergency situations.
THANKING……..THANKING……..Organizers of this Course (Dr.S.Murali &
NDRF Team members), and
AERB
&
YOU !!
Also to….