<2 Men>
• Poor conditions• Low pay• No ‘glamour’• Physically demanding
work
• An ‘honest’ job• Job security (from
union protection)• Full knowledge of
retirement time and benefits
• Lots of time for family; many close friends
• High-flyer, educated ‘knowledge worker’
• Great pay• World-class
professional in global company
• Frequent up-rooting (homelessness?)
• Volatile job-market• Few close friends
and community• Family neglected• ‘Losing control’ of
life
<How did we get ‘here’?>
Pre-Industrialisation
• Pre-industrialisation– Decentralised, home-based,
small scale work– All family members involved
• Agricultural labourers, domestic servants, small workshops
• Certain industries were industrialised since late medieval times– Mines– Shipyards– Mills
Source: The British Library
Pre-Industrialisation: The Navy
• 85,000 officers & men in 1759
• Early bureaucracy– Mutually beneficial rules
• Early form of ‘human resource management’– Consultations with crew– (See Grint, 2005: 53)
Source: National Maritime Museum
Industrialisation
• Technological advances– Steam engines– Mechanical production
• Innovations– Factory production– Division of labour– Co-ordination &
controlSource: http://www.thepotteries.org/postcards/works/3.htm
Industrialisation
• Effects:– Time-keeping– Regular working hours– Decline of female
participation in the workplace
– Move from family wages to a single wage
– Decline of domestic production Source: http://www.thepotteries.org/postcards/views/2.htm
Division of Labour
How many kinds of TIME are there?
Time is now currency. It’s no longer passed; it’s spent.
Spinning Jenny
Spinning Jenny
SteamPower
<Cotton, steel, steam = Capitalism?>
Protestant EthicNew Social Groups
(or Classes)
Division of Labour
New Technologies+ Factories
New Markets
Higher Production
Growth of Cities
Agricultural Revolution
Capitalism is the “spread of production for profit on the basis of wage labour”
<From Fordism to the Knowledge Economy>
Fordism Post-
Fordism
Flexi-Specialisation / PoMo
Products and Product Customisation
Mono / No customisation
Diverse with some customisation
Multiple / High customisation and design
No. of Workers, Skilled Tasks
High, Minimal Medium, Skills diversity required
Low, Highly skilled
Work Hierarchy High and very bureaucratic
Different teams on different areas / products
Minimal / Fluid teamwork
Level of Organisation
Highly organised Flexibly organised
‘Dis-organised’
Fordism Flexi-Spec
Class Identity
Job Security
Trade Union Power
Skilling
Personal Commitment
? ?
<And Post-Modernism?>
From Organisations to ‘Organisations’
From Jobs to ‘Jobs’
From Colleges to ‘Colleges’
“You think CNN lacks focus – what is focus, anyway?! If you’re alive, all the time, how can you have focus? Focus is something a newspaper has, because there is a day to think about it. Or with a magazine there’s a month. Whoever said that was a yo-yo!” (Ted Turner)
“CNN’s executive VP for news gathering arrives at CNN center in Atlanta at about 6.00am, checks domestic and international news desks to see what’s happened over the night. From then his work is mostly 50 to 75 phone onversations and quick, stand-up meetings. He doesn’t attend committee meetings. There are no committees to have meetings! It never takes more than 3-4 folks, all located within a few yards of each other, to make any one decision, with no fuss, on the spot and often on the run. Chairs, it seems, are also for yo-yos!” (Peters, T. 1992 Liberation Management,p.33-34)
<A Note on the G-Word>
Top Jobs in a Flat World
• The Great Orchestrators (Project Managers)
• The Great Synthesizers (Connectors, Creators)
• The Great Leveragers (Tech Wizards)• The Great Adapters (Multi-Skilled)• The Great Localisers (Contextualisers)• The Great Explainers (Educators)• The Green People (Environmentalists)