GE Global Research
Large Scale Wind Large Scale Wind Hydrogen SystemsHydrogen Systems
Sept, 2003Sept, 2003
Ellen LiuEllen LiuGE Global ResearchGE Global Research
GE Global Research Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen ProductionWind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production
Wind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great PotentialWind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great Potential
The Opportunity: Renewable routes to Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and green house gas emissions and improve urban air quality
The Competition: Gasoline-inexpensive at $1.50/Gal: $14/MBTU or 5 ¢/kWh.
The Goal: US DOE Hydrogen cost target-$2/kg or 6 ¢/kWh.
The Candidate: Wind power is commercially viable - COE reduced to ~ 4 ¢/kWh
1.2 B$ Freedom CAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) Initiative will create large demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply
Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery systems
US Today: 84% of hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming w/o carbon sequestration
GM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell Car
GE Global Research
Electrolyzer
- Water purification - Regulators- Gas dryer- Shutdown Switch- etc.
HydrogenStorage
Grid
H2 Gas
+
-
V
Water Supply
H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline
O2 Gas
Peak ShavingICE/Fuel Cell
Power Conditioner-Grid Interconnector-Max Power Tracker-AC/DC converter-Power Supply Switch -etc.
Control
Systems
Local H2 Use
Wind-Hydrogen System ConceptWind-Hydrogen System Concept
Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically FeasibleFeasible
GE Global Research Opportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-HOpportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-H22
New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year)
FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind
Power is VitalPower is Vital
NY Wind Potentials:• 4GW onshore• 8GW offshore
NY Wind Map
Potential Wind Farms
Tug Hill Plateau
Long Island
GE Global Research
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
4500 kg/hr, 25 bar
3 gal/kg H2
350 bar
Plateau-Syracuse: 30 milesHydrogen pipeline10” Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mile ~99% (30 miles)
200 MW$1000/kW ~75%
4500kg (150 MWh)$100/kWh ~ 99%
HH22 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse) Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse)
500 MW$1000/kW ~ 40%
Water ConsumptionWater Consumption324,000 gal/day324,000 gal/day
HH22 production: production:
107,000 kg/day107,000 kg/day@ $3.5/kg@ $3.5/kg
6 MW$1000/kW ~80%
H2 production:
108,000 kg/day108,000 kg/day@ $3.4/kg@ $3.4/kg
GE Global Research Offshore Wind - Onshore HOffshore Wind - Onshore H22 Production (Long Island) Production (Long Island)
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
220 MW 4950kg/hr, 25 bar
220 MW~ $1000/kW ~75%
4950kg (150 MWh)~ $100/kWh ~99%
500 MW~ $1200/kW ~45%
Water ConsumptionWater Consumption356,400 gal/day356,400 gal/day
150 kV A
C sub-sea cable
~ $1.2 MM
/mile
~ 98%8 m
iles
GH2
~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck)~ 60,000/truck ~85% (40miles)
H2 production:
100,980 kg/day100,980 kg/day@ $4.15/kg@ $4.15/kg
H2 production:
118,000 kg/day118,000 kg/day@ $3.5/kg@ $3.5/kg
3 gal/kg H2
6 MW ~80%
350 bar
NOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H2
GE Global Research
North Dakota: The “Saudi Arabia” of Wind Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower
48 states.
No major load centers – need to transmit power to remote locations
Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago:
Electricity (through power transmission lines)
Hydrogen (through pipelines)
Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-HOpportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H22
Wind Resources & Wind Resources & Infrastructure ChallengesInfrastructure Challenges
GE Global Research
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
4500 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
10” Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mile ~85% (1000 miles)
200 MW$1000/kW ~75%
4500 kg (150 MWh)$100/kWh
HH22 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago) Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago)
North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
Water ConsumptionWater Consumption324,000 gal/day324,000 gal/day
HH22 production: production:
91,809 kg/day91,809 kg/day@ $8.9/kg@ $8.9/kg
100 miles
1 MW 1 MW
6 MW$1000/kW ~80%
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 milesHydrogen pipeline
3 gal/kg H2
NOTE: Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered by H2
GE Global Research
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
170 MW$1000/kW ~75%
3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh
HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – HHVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – H22 Production Production
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day
HH22 Production Production
91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg
HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)
5 MW
North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
3 gal/kg H2
GE Global Research Hydrogen Delivery AlternativesHydrogen Delivery Alternatives
GE Global Research Wind-Hydrogen System EconomicsWind-Hydrogen System Economics
COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for HydrogenHydrogen
H2
at gate
System Sensibility AnalysisNOTE: no energy delivery considered
GE Global Research
0
100
Percent
0
100
Percent
0
100
Percent
0:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 24:00
75
Time of Day
H2Production
ElectricityProduction
Dedicated Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Off-Peak, Electricity On-Peak
Hydrogen Off-Peak, Hydrogen+Electricity On-Peak
H2Production
H2Production
ElectricityProduction
Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen System
Dedicated hydrogen production Off-peak hydrogen production
• H2 production only during off-peak electrical demand hours when low-cost electricity is available
Full off-peak• H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak electricity demand times
Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System H2 refueling station at remote, isolated area: island, rural area, Alaska, etc. Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (-turbine) system, wind-reversible electrolysis Wind hybrid system with H2 production
Viable Wind-Hydrogen System OptionsViable Wind-Hydrogen System Options
=~
Fuel Cell/ H2 ICE/Turbine
Electrolyzer
Consumer Load Desalination
=~ =~
Fuel Cell/ H2 ICE/Turbine
Electrolyzer
Consumer LoadConsumer Load DesalinationDesalination
GE Global Research
Current Technology: State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer, Efficiency: 60-70% (LHV) Operating temperature: up to 80oC Operating pressure: 1 atm – 25 atm Cost: ~$1000/kW - $2500/kW
Electrolyzer TechnologiesElectrolyzer Technologies
Future Technology: increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost System efficiency should reach 70-80% (LHV) by advanced electrolyzer technology Industrial size electrolyzer (MW level) Cost should be reduced to $300/kW - $500/kW (COH at $2/kg) Integration with renewables (wind, PV, geothermal, etc.)
New Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale ElectrolyzerNew Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale Electrolyzer
CompanyEnergy
Consumption (kWh/Nm3)
H2 Production
(Nm3/hr)
Input Power Rating (kW)
Pressure (bar)
Efficiency (HHV)
Efficiency (LHV)
4.1-4.3 up to 485 0.5 - 1 72-85% 61-72%
4.8 up to 60 ~ 15 83-86% 70-73%
5.3-6.1 up to 42 4-8 79-85% 67-72%
5.6-6.4 up to 150 8-15 78-84% 66-71%
Stuart Energy 5.9 >50 - 1-25 80-83% 68-72%
VDBH (Stuart Energy) 4-4.2 10-60 60 - 360 ~ 25 86-88% 73-75%
50 - 300
-
Norsk Hydro
Teledyne Energy Systems
Stuart Electrolyzer
GE Global Research
Current Technologies Compression Processes
• High energy consumption: losses 15-30%• High capital cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW• Pressure to 200 - 350 bar
Liquefaction Processes• High energy consumption: losses 40-50%• High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW
Compressed Storage• Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure (5000 psi now)
Liquid Storage• Boil-off: 0.1-0.3%/day
Advanced Storage Technologies: Low pressure “solid state” : Metal Hydrides, Chemical Hydrides Large capacity : underground tankage Low cost: storage material systems design, compression & liquefaction processes
Currently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle Currently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle StorageStorage
Future: Effort Required for Industrial Scale StorageFuture: Effort Required for Industrial Scale Storage
Industrial Scale HIndustrial Scale H22 Stationary Storage Challenge Stationary Storage Challenge
GE Global Research Hydrogen Delivery: PipelinesHydrogen Delivery: Pipelines
Current Status:
Hydrogen Pipeline Oil & Natural Gas Pipeline
450 miles in US Oil: 200,000 milesNatural Gas: 1.3 million miles
$500K - $1.5 million /mile $200K- $800K/mile
H2 pipeline efficiency is comparable with Natural Gas Pipeline
Future Needs: Reduce pipeline cost: increase system life, solve embrittlement Explore the options: modify NG or oil pipelines to carry H2
High pressure H2: new pipe materials & systems
H2 pipeline safety management
Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but ExpensiveExpensivePraxair's Gulf Coast Hydrogen Pipeline
System
GE Global Research
Technical Feasibility: Hydrogen production and distribution are feasible
Commercial Viability: Current technologies are immature or high cost
System Optimization Required: Integrating electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the current and future energy infrastructure
New Technology Opportunities:
• MW scale, high efficiency and low cost electrolyzers with variable power capability
• Electrolyzer integration and optimization with wind turbine generator
• Large-scale, high density/pressure, low cost hydrogen storage
• Energy efficient and cost effective compression and liquefaction processes
• Reliable, Low Cost hydrogen energy delivery High pressure, low cost hydrogen pipelines (pipe materials of construction, infrastructure, etc.)
Electricity transmission with distributed H2 production
• Fuel Flexible IC & GT engines capable of utilizing hydrogen and other fuels
Wind Power-HWind Power-H22 Generation Summary Generation Summary
Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution.Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution.
Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are required.required.