GE Global Research

Large Scale Wind Large Scale Wind Hydrogen SystemsHydrogen Systems

Sept, 2003Sept, 2003

Ellen LiuEllen LiuGE Global ResearchGE Global Research

GE Global Research Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen ProductionWind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production

Wind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great PotentialWind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great Potential

The Opportunity: Renewable routes to Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and green house gas emissions and improve urban air quality

The Competition: Gasoline-inexpensive at $1.50/Gal: $14/MBTU or 5 ¢/kWh.

The Goal: US DOE Hydrogen cost target-$2/kg or 6 ¢/kWh.

The Candidate: Wind power is commercially viable - COE reduced to ~ 4 ¢/kWh

1.2 B$ Freedom CAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) Initiative will create large demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply

Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery systems

US Today: 84% of hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming w/o carbon sequestration

GM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell Car

GE Global Research

Electrolyzer

- Water purification - Regulators- Gas dryer- Shutdown Switch- etc.

HydrogenStorage

Grid

H2 Gas

+

-

V

Water Supply

H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline

O2 Gas

Peak ShavingICE/Fuel Cell

Power Conditioner-Grid Interconnector-Max Power Tracker-AC/DC converter-Power Supply Switch -etc.

Control

Systems

Local H2 Use

Wind-Hydrogen System ConceptWind-Hydrogen System Concept

Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically FeasibleFeasible

GE Global Research Opportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-HOpportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-H22

New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year)

FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind

Power is VitalPower is Vital

NY Wind Potentials:• 4GW onshore• 8GW offshore

NY Wind Map

Potential Wind Farms

Tug Hill Plateau

Long Island

GE Global Research

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

200 MW

4500 kg/hr, 25 bar

3 gal/kg H2

350 bar

Plateau-Syracuse: 30 milesHydrogen pipeline10” Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mile ~99% (30 miles)

200 MW$1000/kW ~75%

4500kg (150 MWh)$100/kWh ~ 99%

HH22 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse) Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse)

500 MW$1000/kW ~ 40%

Water ConsumptionWater Consumption324,000 gal/day324,000 gal/day

HH22 production: production:

107,000 kg/day107,000 kg/day@ $3.5/kg@ $3.5/kg

6 MW$1000/kW ~80%

H2 production:

108,000 kg/day108,000 kg/day@ $3.4/kg@ $3.4/kg

GE Global Research Offshore Wind - Onshore HOffshore Wind - Onshore H22 Production (Long Island) Production (Long Island)

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

220 MW 4950kg/hr, 25 bar

220 MW~ $1000/kW ~75%

4950kg (150 MWh)~ $100/kWh ~99%

500 MW~ $1200/kW ~45%

Water ConsumptionWater Consumption356,400 gal/day356,400 gal/day

150 kV A

C sub-sea cable

~ $1.2 MM

/mile

~ 98%8 m

iles

GH2

~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck)~ 60,000/truck ~85% (40miles)

H2 production:

100,980 kg/day100,980 kg/day@ $4.15/kg@ $4.15/kg

H2 production:

118,000 kg/day118,000 kg/day@ $3.5/kg@ $3.5/kg

3 gal/kg H2

6 MW ~80%

350 bar

NOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H2

GE Global Research

North Dakota: The “Saudi Arabia” of Wind Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower

48 states.

No major load centers – need to transmit power to remote locations

Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago:

Electricity (through power transmission lines)

Hydrogen (through pipelines)

Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-HOpportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H22

Wind Resources & Wind Resources & Infrastructure ChallengesInfrastructure Challenges

GE Global Research

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

200 MW

4500 kg/hr, 25 bar

350 bar

10” Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mile ~85% (1000 miles)

200 MW$1000/kW ~75%

4500 kg (150 MWh)$100/kWh

HH22 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago) Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago)

North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles

500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%

Water ConsumptionWater Consumption324,000 gal/day324,000 gal/day

HH22 production: production:

91,809 kg/day91,809 kg/day@ $8.9/kg@ $8.9/kg

100 miles

1 MW 1 MW

6 MW$1000/kW ~80%

North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 milesHydrogen pipeline

3 gal/kg H2

NOTE: Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered by H2

GE Global Research

HydrogenBuffer Storage

O2 Gas

200 MW

3825 kg/hr, 25 bar

350 bar

North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles

170 MW$1000/kW ~75%

3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh

HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – HHVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – H22 Production Production

500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%

WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day

HH22 Production Production

91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg

HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)

5 MW

North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles

3 gal/kg H2

GE Global Research Hydrogen Delivery AlternativesHydrogen Delivery Alternatives

GE Global Research Wind-Hydrogen System EconomicsWind-Hydrogen System Economics

COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for HydrogenHydrogen

H2

at gate

System Sensibility AnalysisNOTE: no energy delivery considered

GE Global Research

0

100

Percent

0

100

Percent

0

100

Percent

0:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 24:00

75

Time of Day

H2Production

ElectricityProduction

Dedicated Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen Off-Peak, Electricity On-Peak

Hydrogen Off-Peak, Hydrogen+Electricity On-Peak

H2Production

H2Production

ElectricityProduction

Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen System

Dedicated hydrogen production Off-peak hydrogen production

• H2 production only during off-peak electrical demand hours when low-cost electricity is available

Full off-peak• H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak electricity demand times

Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System H2 refueling station at remote, isolated area: island, rural area, Alaska, etc. Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (-turbine) system, wind-reversible electrolysis Wind hybrid system with H2 production

Viable Wind-Hydrogen System OptionsViable Wind-Hydrogen System Options

=~

Fuel Cell/ H2 ICE/Turbine

Electrolyzer

Consumer Load Desalination

=~ =~

Fuel Cell/ H2 ICE/Turbine

Electrolyzer

Consumer LoadConsumer Load DesalinationDesalination

GE Global Research

Current Technology: State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer, Efficiency: 60-70% (LHV) Operating temperature: up to 80oC Operating pressure: 1 atm – 25 atm Cost: ~$1000/kW - $2500/kW

Electrolyzer TechnologiesElectrolyzer Technologies

Future Technology: increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost System efficiency should reach 70-80% (LHV) by advanced electrolyzer technology Industrial size electrolyzer (MW level) Cost should be reduced to $300/kW - $500/kW (COH at $2/kg) Integration with renewables (wind, PV, geothermal, etc.)

New Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale ElectrolyzerNew Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale Electrolyzer

CompanyEnergy

Consumption (kWh/Nm3)

H2 Production

(Nm3/hr)

Input Power Rating (kW)

Pressure (bar)

Efficiency (HHV)

Efficiency (LHV)

4.1-4.3 up to 485 0.5 - 1 72-85% 61-72%

4.8 up to 60 ~ 15 83-86% 70-73%

5.3-6.1 up to 42 4-8 79-85% 67-72%

5.6-6.4 up to 150 8-15 78-84% 66-71%

Stuart Energy 5.9 >50 - 1-25 80-83% 68-72%

VDBH (Stuart Energy) 4-4.2 10-60 60 - 360 ~ 25 86-88% 73-75%

50 - 300

-

Norsk Hydro

Teledyne Energy Systems

Stuart Electrolyzer

GE Global Research

Current Technologies Compression Processes

• High energy consumption: losses 15-30%• High capital cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW• Pressure to 200 - 350 bar

Liquefaction Processes• High energy consumption: losses 40-50%• High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW

Compressed Storage• Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure (5000 psi now)

Liquid Storage• Boil-off: 0.1-0.3%/day

Advanced Storage Technologies: Low pressure “solid state” : Metal Hydrides, Chemical Hydrides Large capacity : underground tankage Low cost: storage material systems design, compression & liquefaction processes

Currently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle Currently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle StorageStorage

Future: Effort Required for Industrial Scale StorageFuture: Effort Required for Industrial Scale Storage

Industrial Scale HIndustrial Scale H22 Stationary Storage Challenge Stationary Storage Challenge

GE Global Research Hydrogen Delivery: PipelinesHydrogen Delivery: Pipelines

Current Status:

Hydrogen Pipeline Oil & Natural Gas Pipeline

450 miles in US Oil: 200,000 milesNatural Gas: 1.3 million miles

$500K - $1.5 million /mile $200K- $800K/mile

H2 pipeline efficiency is comparable with Natural Gas Pipeline

Future Needs: Reduce pipeline cost: increase system life, solve embrittlement Explore the options: modify NG or oil pipelines to carry H2

High pressure H2: new pipe materials & systems

H2 pipeline safety management

Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but ExpensiveExpensivePraxair's Gulf Coast Hydrogen Pipeline

System

GE Global Research

Technical Feasibility: Hydrogen production and distribution are feasible

Commercial Viability: Current technologies are immature or high cost

System Optimization Required: Integrating electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the current and future energy infrastructure

New Technology Opportunities:

• MW scale, high efficiency and low cost electrolyzers with variable power capability

• Electrolyzer integration and optimization with wind turbine generator

• Large-scale, high density/pressure, low cost hydrogen storage

• Energy efficient and cost effective compression and liquefaction processes

• Reliable, Low Cost hydrogen energy delivery High pressure, low cost hydrogen pipelines (pipe materials of construction, infrastructure, etc.)

Electricity transmission with distributed H2 production

• Fuel Flexible IC & GT engines capable of utilizing hydrogen and other fuels

Wind Power-HWind Power-H22 Generation Summary Generation Summary

Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution.Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution.

Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are required.required.