Download pdf - Knowledge Organiser What affects where people live ... · Improving the shanty town Over time the conditions in shanty towns may improve. Three ways in which they can be improved

Keywords:density,distribution,birthrate,deathrate,naturalgrowth,lifeexpectancy,infantmortality,migration,anti-natalandpro-natal.

KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT1Globalpopulationdensityanddistribution

Distribution–howpeoplearespreadoutoveranarea.Density–themeasureofhowcrowdedaplaceis.Workedoutbydividingthetotalpopulationbythearea.Theworldisunevenlydistributed.70%ofpeoplenowliveinurbanareas(citiesandtown)thaninruralareas(countryside).Mostpeopleliveoncoastlinesoralongwatersources(rivers).

Whataffectswherepeoplelive?Therearemanyreasonsforpopulationdistribution.Thosethatencouragepeoplearecalledpositive(pull)factorsandthosethatdiscouragearecallednegative(push)factors.

Denselypopulated–positivefactorsPleasantclimate,Flatland,Goodsoil(crops),Goodfoodsupply,Goodwatersupply,Moneyavailable,Goodroads,rail,ports,Naturalresources,Industryandjobsetc.Sparselypopulated–negativefactorsToohotortoocold,Toowetortoodry,Steepslopes,Poorsoils,Denseforests,Poorwatersupply,Fewnaturalresources,Poortransport,Littleindustry,Lackofinvestment

PopulationgrowthPopulationgrowthhasnotbeeneventhroughouttheworldhoweverthegrowthoverthepast60yearshasbeenextremelyrapid.Thishascreatedmanyproblems.

TheDemographicTransitionModel

Keyterms–birthrate,deathrate,populationgrowth

PopulationpyramidsThestructureandshapeofapopulationpyramidcangiveaclearindicationofacountry'sdevelopment.

ManagingpopulationchangeYouthfulpopulation:China’sOneChildPopulationPolicy–anattempttoreducethepopulation.

Ageingpopulation:Manyareashavelowfertilityratesthereforeneedtointroduceprenatalpolicies

MigrationTypesofmig

ration:

Forced,voluntary,perma

nentandtemporary,

internationaland

regional.

Pushandpullfactors

MexicototheUSA

Causeandeffect

Populationchallenges

Whatisurbanisation?Thisisanincreaseintheamountofpeoplelivinginurbanareassuchastownsorcities.In2007,theUNannouncedthatforthefirsttime,morethan50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinurbanareas.Themegacityhascomeaboutduetorapidurbanisation.Amegacityhasmorethan10millioninhabitants.CausesofurbanisationRural-urbanmigration

BrownfieldVGreenfieldsitesTheUKisshortofsuitablehousing.Approximately3millionnewhomesareneededby2030.Theyneedtobebuiltsomewhere.TheoptionsareusingBrownfieldsitesorGreenfieldsites.Brownfieldsiteisoftenderelictordisusedlandinacity/town.

AGreenfieldsiteisanareawhichhasnotbeenpreviouslybuilton–thisincludesthegreenbeltlandaroundcities.

RapidurbanisationinLICsInformalsettlements:areunplannedandspontaneousdevelopmentsoftengrowinguponpoorqualityland.Residencehavenolegallandownership.Housesarebuiltusingcheapmaterialsandmanypeoplearecrammedintoasmallarealeadingtoovercrowdingwithnocleanwaterorsewagedisposal.Therearenoschoolsorhospitals,fewjobopportunitiesandahighlevelofdiseaseandillness.ImprovingtheshantytownOvertimetheconditionsinshantytownsmayimprove.Threewaysinwhichtheycanbeimproved–selfhelpschemes,siteandserviceandruralinvestment.Informalsettlement–casestudyRiodeJaneiroChallengesShantytownscalledFavelasareestablishedaroundthecity,typicallyonunfavourableland,suchashills.Thereareasevereshortageofhousing,schoolsandhealthcarecentresavailable.Thecitysuffersfromahighcrimeratethatincludesgun/gangviolenceanddrugs.Therapidurbanisationcausesdangerouslevelsofpollutionandtrafficcongestion.Largescalesocialinequality,iscreatingtensionsbetweentherichandpoor.SolutionsTheauthoritieshaveprovidedbasicmaterialstoimprovepeopleshomesGovernmenthasdemolishedhousesandcreatednewestates.CommunitypolicinghasbeenestablishedGreaterinvestmentinnewroadsandrailnetworkstoreducepollutionandincreaseconnectionsbetweenrichandpoorareas.

KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT2

Settlement–urbanfeatures

Whatisasettlement?Asettlementisaplacewherepeoplelive.Settlementscanbeassmallasasinglehouseinaremoteareaorasalargeasamegacity.SiteandsituationThepieceoflanduponwhichasettlementisbuiltisthesettlementsite.Thesituationisthesettlementspositioninrelationtothesurroundinghumanandphysicalfeatures.SettlementfunctionsThemaintypeofactivity,usuallyeconomic,thatisperformedinasettlemente.g.markettown,port…SettlementhierarchiesGroupandclassifyanumberofsettlementsaccordingtotheirsizeandshape,theresultissettlementhierarchy.UrbanmodelsinHICsandLICsGeographershaveputtogethermodelsoflandusetoshowhowa'typical'cityislaidout.OneofthemostfamousoftheseforaHICistheBurgessorconcentriczoneModel.AlthougheveryLICcityhasitsowncharacteristics,modelscanbeusedtoillustrateatypicalLICcity.Therural-urbanfringeThisisfoundtownmeetscountry.ItiscommonforthisareainHICstohaveamixtureoflandusessuchassomehousing,golfcourses,businessparksandairportswhereasinLICthisareaismostoftenusedforinformalsettlements(shantytowns).

StagesofeconomicdevelopmentRostow’smodelpredictshowacountry’slevelofeconomicdevelopmentchangesovertime.Themodelalsoshowshowpeople'sstandardoflivingimproves.

LevelsofdevelopmentLIC–low-incomecountry–poorestcountries-ZimbabweNEE–newlyemergingeconomy–thesecountriesaregetting-wealthierastheireconomiesaregrowing-NigeriaHIC–high-incomecountry–thesearethewealthycountries–Japan.Unevendevelopment-DevelopmentisgloballyunevenwithmostHICslocatedinEurope,NorthAmericaandOceania.MostNEEsareinAsiaandSouthAmerica,whilstmostLICsareinAfrica.Developmenthowevercanalsovarywithincountriestoo.

Unevenregionaldevelopment(coreandperipherymodel)anditsimpactonpeople’squalityoflife-Casestudy:BrazilRegionaldisparities–majorcitieslikeSaoPauloandRiodeJaneiroaredevelopedandthrivinghowevertheinteriorofthecountryisstruggling-coreandperipheralregions.

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Development

Whatisdevelopment?Developmentisanimprovementinlivingstandardsthroughbetteruseofresources.Economicdevelopment-Thisisprogressineconomicgrowththroughlevelsofindustrialisationanduseoftechnology.Socialdevelopment-Thisisanimprovementinpeople’sstandardofliving.Forexample,cleanwaterandelectricity.Environmentaldevelopment-advancesinthemanagementandprotectionoftheenvironment.MeasuringdevelopmentThereareusedtocompareandunderstandacountry’slevelofdevelopment.EconomicindictorsEmploymenttype–proportionofthepopulationworkinginprimary,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarysector.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)–thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedinacountryperpersonperyear.GrossNationalIncome(GNI)–averageincomeperpersonperyear.SocialindicatorsInfantmortality–numberofchildrenwhodiebeforereaching1per1000babiesLiteracyrates–percentageofpopulationovertheageof15whocanreadandwrite.Lifeexpectancy–averagelifespanofsomeoneborninthatcountry.MixedindicatorsHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)-Anumberthatuseslifeexpectancy,educationlevelandincomeperperson. Physicalfactorsaffecting

developmentNaturalresources–fuel,water,resources.Climate–rainfall,temperature,extremesandclimatecaninfluencetourism.Hazards–tectonic,weather,flooding.Location–landlockedcountries,mountainterrain,deserts,forests.

HumanfactorsaffectingdevelopmentPolitics-stabilityofacountrygovernmentisvitalfrogrowth–corruptionneedstobeeradicated.Trade-countriesthatexportmorethanimporthaveatradesurplus,whichhelpsinwardinvestmentEducation-educationcreatesaskilledworkforcemeansmoregoodsandservicesproduced.Healthpeoplewhoareillwillstruggletoworkandcontributetowardsastrongeconomy.Aid–aidcanhelpcountriesdevelopandbuildinfrastructurewhichbenefitsthecountry.However,toomuchrelianceonAidcouldbeahindrance.History–colonialismhashelpedEuropedevelopandkeptothercountriesdown.

BarrierstoendingpovertyDebt–manyLICshavehugenationaldebtfromborrowingfromwealthycountries.Duetohighinterestratesthesedebtsaredifficulttowideout.Thismakesitdifficultforthesecountriestodevelop.Trade–countrieswithanegativebalanceoftrade–importmorethantheyexportverydifficultforthemtodevelop.Politicalunrest–dissatisfactionwiththegovernmentcanleadtounrest,corruptionandlackofinvestment.

IncreasingdevelopmentthroughtourismTanzaniaisblessedwithabeautifulenvironmentandenviableclimate,whichpullsinthetourists.DiscoverhowtourismwiththehelpofTNCsbenefitsanddisadvantagesacountry.

Therearethreemainriverprocessesnamely–erosion,transportationanddeposition.

ErosionKeywords–hydraulicaction,abrasion,attritionandcorrosion.

TransportationKeywords–traction,saltation,suspensionandsolution

Deposition–whentheriversenergydecreasesitlosesenergyanddepositstheload.Heaviestmaterialdepositedfirst.


Fluvialprocesses-Rivers

ThehydrologicalcycleKeywords:EvaporationTranspirationCondensationPrecipitationInfiltrationRun-off/groundwater

Drainagebasin–theareaoflanddrainedbyariveranditstributaries(catchmentarea).Keywords–watershedriversourcetributarymouth confluence

Longandcrossprofileofariver–Theshapeofboththelongprofile(aslicethroughtheriverfromsourcetomoth)andthecrossprofile(asliceacrosstheriver)changeastheriverflowsfromthesourcetothemouth.Keywords–uppermiddlelowercourseslongandcrossprofiles

Riverlandforms-withineachofthestagesofthelongprofile(upper,middleandlowerstages)differentlandformscanbeidentified.Intheupperstagesmostofthelandformsareduetoerosionwhereasinthelatterstagestheyaredominantlyformedbydeposition.

Uppercourse–landformsDominantlandformsare–interlockingspurs,gorges,rapids,potholesandwaterfalls.

Middlestage-thegradientbecomesgentler,sothewaterhaslessenergyandmovesmoreslowly.Erodeislateralmakingtheriverwiderandmeandersbecomeprominent.Lowerstages–landformsDominantlandformsare–meanders,floodplains,ox-bowlakes,levees,estuariesanddeltas.

FollowtheRiv

erSevern

frommouthto

source.

Flooding–Boscastle,UK–casestudyPhysicalcauses–weather/climate,windsandthetopography.Humancauses–landuse,lackofafloodcontrolsystemandthedrainagesystems.Impacts–social,economicandenvironmental.HydrographforBoscastle

Climatechange–whoseresponsibleLIC-CountriesinAfrica,suchasKenya,emitlowlevelsofcarbondioxide.ThisisduetothesecountriesnotbeingindustrialisedorhavingapopulationwealthyenoughtoconsumelotsofenergyNEE–CountriessuchasChinaandIndiaareincreasinglymoreindustrialisedandthereforeareemittingmorecarbondioxide.Theincreasingpopulationsizesandsteadilyincreasingwealthmeanmoreenergyisbeingconsumed.HIC-CountriessuchastheUSAandUKareindustrialisedwithawealthierpopulationthatenjoylifestyleswhichrequiredalargeconsumptionofenergy.

Casestudy–desertification–TheSahelThearearunsfromtheAtlanticOceantotheHornofAfricaandincludesSudan(Darfur),Chadandmanyotherparts.Causes–over-cultivation,overgrazing,deforestation,lowrainfall,civilwarsandclimatechange.Solutions–afforestation,rainwaterharvesting,rockbunds,internationalgreenwall.


GlobalissuesGeographicnatureofconflictandclimatechange

Conflict–definedasadisagreementcausedbytheactualorperceptualoppositionofneeds,valuesandinterestsbetweenpeople.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfighting:itcansimplybeanexpressionofdifferentopinions.OriginsofconflictIdentity–asenseofbelongingtoaparticulargrouporgeographicareawheretherearethesamegenericcharacteristicse.g.language.Ethnicity–groupingofpeopleaccordingtotheirethnicorigins–theracialmake-upofapopulation.Inrecentyearschangedtoincludenationaltribe,religious,linguisticorculturalbackground.Culture–isthecustomarybeliefs,socialnormsandthesetofsharedattitudesandvaluesthegroupfollows.Territory–geographicalareaunderthejurisdictionofagovernmentauthority.Ideology–bodyofconceptsregardinghumanlifeorculturee.g.westernviewofdemocracy.Wealth–thehavesandhavenot’s.

PatternsofconflictInternational–involvesmorethanonecountrye.g.Afghanistan.National–takesplacewithinacountrye.g.Syria.Regional–conflictwithinanareaofonecountry.Thiscouldincludecivilware.g.DarfurregioninSudan.Local–localismbringingpeopletogetheragainstacommonconcerne.g.closureoflocalservices.

ExpressionsofconflictNon-violent–doesnotinvolveforceorarmedstruggle.Politicalactivity–involvesgroupswithinacountyseekingtoacquirepoliticalpowerthroughgovernment.Terrorism–forceorviolenceforthepurposeofintimidation,coercionorransom.Insurrection–actofrevoltagainstcivilauthorityusuallyinvolvingrebellionagainsttherulesofthatgovernment.War–conflictbetweenstatesornations.

Casestudy–Darfur,SudanConflicthasbeenbetweenAfricanfarmersandArabherdersmadeworsebythecontinualdryperiods–climatechange.Darfurisasemi-aridprovinceinSudan–Africa’largestcountry.DarfuristhesizeofFrance.

Climatechange–large-scale,long-termshiftintheplanet’sweatherpatternsoraveragetemperature.EvidenceofclimatechangeTemperaturerecords–accuraterecordsforthepast200yearsIcemelt–icesheetretreatSealevels–levelsoverthepast100yearshaveincreasedIcecores–coresfromAntarcticaprovideevidencegoingback10,000years.

CausesofclimatechangeMilankovitchcycle–explainthroughtheorbitalcyclearoundthesun.Sunspots–increasetheamountofenergytheEarthreceivesfromthesun.Volcanicactivity–volcanoesreleaselargeamountsofdustcontaininggases.Thesecanblockoutsunlightandresultsincoolingtemperatures.Naturalgreenhouseeffect-solarradiationhitstheEarth,someisreflectedbackintospace.However,greenhousegaseshelptrapthesun’sradiation.Enhancedgreenhouseeffect–beeninfluencedbytheburningoffossilfuels–humanimpact.

GlobalimpactsofclimatechangeExtremeweather–moreunpredictableandsevereweathereventse.g.morefrequentandpowerfulhurricanes.Risingsealevels–sealevelsrisen20cmsince1901–impactingareasliketheMaldives.Foodsupply–warmertemperaturesandchangingrainfallmakeithardertoproducereliablefood.Plantandanimal–manywillbecomeextinct.Diseaseandhealth–warmertemperatureswillincreasethespreadofinfectiousdiseases.Watersupply–freshwaterwillbeoutoftheof1billionpeopleby2025.Climaterefugees–peopleareforcedtoleavetheirhomesduetotheimpactofclimatechange–sealevelsorextremeweathere.g.drought

ExtremeweatherintheUKFloodinginSomerset2014duetoprolongedandheavyrainfall.Impactswereeconomic,socialandenvironmental.Responsesandsolutionstotheflooding.

Anemergingnarr

ativepoints

toglobalwarming

asadriver

ofconflictintheS

ahel.

HowtouseinGeographyKeyterms–testyouknowledgeofdefinitionsandexamples.Casestudies–revisethefacts,statsandspecifics.Processes–drawadiagramandwriteadescription.Narrative–createtoshowtheformationoflandforms,orderofevents–suchasthecause,consequenceandresponsetodesertification.Commandterms–commandwordsanddescriptions

TopicsPopulationchangeSettlement(urban)DevelopmentRiversConflictandclimatechange


Examinationpreparation–howtorevise?

Beorganised–revisiontimetableDistributedrevisionandswitchingbetweentopics(interleaving)isproventohavehighimpactonmemory.Createarevisionplannotjustforgeographyincludeallsubjects.Thenbreakdownthesubjectintotopics;tryinterleavingthetopicssoyouswitchbetweentopicsratherthanblockingeachtopicandnotcomingbacktoitforsometime.

TopicblocksBreakthepaperintotopicblocks.Ratherthancoveringeachtopiconceandmovingontothenexttryinterleavingthemlikebelow

ChunkrevisionTrynotrevisingalltopicsinonego.Breaktopicsupintochunks.Chunking–spend15minutesatatimeoneachtopic(chunk)afterwhichyoumoveontoanothertopic(chunk)foranother15minutes.Repeatoveraone-hourperiod.

RAG(red,amberandgreen)Prioritisethetopics(chunks)youfeellessconfidentwith.ToworkoutyourconfidencelevelsRAGeachtopic(chunk)thiswillindicatewhereyourstrengthsandweaknesseslie.Createaquizusingyourrevisionnotes.Completethequizseveraldayslater.Dependingonhowyoudoeitheraddthetopictoyournextrevisionsessionorstoreyournotesforfuturerevision.

FlashcardsPossiblythesimplestofmethodstohelprecallknowledge.Createcardswithquestionsononesideandtheanswersontheother.

RevisionclockThismethodinvolvesyoubreakingyourtopicdownovera1hourperiod.You’llneedanA3sheetandaclockimageinthecentre.Splitthesheetinto5or10-minutechunks.Giveeachsectionafocusfromthetopic.Spendnolongerthanthetimedesignatedtoeachsectiononthatpartofthetopic.

HowtouseinGeographySpaced–testonoldandnewsubjectcontent.Mustknow–usetocreatemustknowquizzes.Examples–givetwoexamplesof…Casestudies–identifythecauseofandtwoimpactsofdesertification–forexample.

KnowledgeorganiserThismethodinvolvesyoucreatingasummaryofthetopicsintojustthe‘needtoknow’information.Forgetthefluff.Whatmustyoureallyknow?Thereareplentyofreadymadeexamplesouttherewhichyoucanmakeuseoftocreateotherrevisionmaterialsoryoucancreateyourownfromscratch.