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Keywords:density,distribution,birthrate,deathrate,naturalgrowth,lifeexpectancy,infantmortality,migration,anti-natalandpro-natal.
KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT1Globalpopulationdensityanddistribution
Distribution–howpeoplearespreadoutoveranarea.Density–themeasureofhowcrowdedaplaceis.Workedoutbydividingthetotalpopulationbythearea.Theworldisunevenlydistributed.70%ofpeoplenowliveinurbanareas(citiesandtown)thaninruralareas(countryside).Mostpeopleliveoncoastlinesoralongwatersources(rivers).
Whataffectswherepeoplelive?Therearemanyreasonsforpopulationdistribution.Thosethatencouragepeoplearecalledpositive(pull)factorsandthosethatdiscouragearecallednegative(push)factors.
Denselypopulated–positivefactorsPleasantclimate,Flatland,Goodsoil(crops),Goodfoodsupply,Goodwatersupply,Moneyavailable,Goodroads,rail,ports,Naturalresources,Industryandjobsetc.Sparselypopulated–negativefactorsToohotortoocold,Toowetortoodry,Steepslopes,Poorsoils,Denseforests,Poorwatersupply,Fewnaturalresources,Poortransport,Littleindustry,Lackofinvestment
PopulationgrowthPopulationgrowthhasnotbeeneventhroughouttheworldhoweverthegrowthoverthepast60yearshasbeenextremelyrapid.Thishascreatedmanyproblems.
TheDemographicTransitionModel
Keyterms–birthrate,deathrate,populationgrowth
PopulationpyramidsThestructureandshapeofapopulationpyramidcangiveaclearindicationofacountry'sdevelopment.
ManagingpopulationchangeYouthfulpopulation:China’sOneChildPopulationPolicy–anattempttoreducethepopulation.
Ageingpopulation:Manyareashavelowfertilityratesthereforeneedtointroduceprenatalpolicies
MigrationTypesofmig
ration:
Forced,voluntary,perma
nentandtemporary,
internationaland
regional.
Pushandpullfactors
MexicototheUSA
Causeandeffect
Populationchallenges
Whatisurbanisation?Thisisanincreaseintheamountofpeoplelivinginurbanareassuchastownsorcities.In2007,theUNannouncedthatforthefirsttime,morethan50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinurbanareas.Themegacityhascomeaboutduetorapidurbanisation.Amegacityhasmorethan10millioninhabitants.CausesofurbanisationRural-urbanmigration
BrownfieldVGreenfieldsitesTheUKisshortofsuitablehousing.Approximately3millionnewhomesareneededby2030.Theyneedtobebuiltsomewhere.TheoptionsareusingBrownfieldsitesorGreenfieldsites.Brownfieldsiteisoftenderelictordisusedlandinacity/town.
AGreenfieldsiteisanareawhichhasnotbeenpreviouslybuilton–thisincludesthegreenbeltlandaroundcities.
RapidurbanisationinLICsInformalsettlements:areunplannedandspontaneousdevelopmentsoftengrowinguponpoorqualityland.Residencehavenolegallandownership.Housesarebuiltusingcheapmaterialsandmanypeoplearecrammedintoasmallarealeadingtoovercrowdingwithnocleanwaterorsewagedisposal.Therearenoschoolsorhospitals,fewjobopportunitiesandahighlevelofdiseaseandillness.ImprovingtheshantytownOvertimetheconditionsinshantytownsmayimprove.Threewaysinwhichtheycanbeimproved–selfhelpschemes,siteandserviceandruralinvestment.Informalsettlement–casestudyRiodeJaneiroChallengesShantytownscalledFavelasareestablishedaroundthecity,typicallyonunfavourableland,suchashills.Thereareasevereshortageofhousing,schoolsandhealthcarecentresavailable.Thecitysuffersfromahighcrimeratethatincludesgun/gangviolenceanddrugs.Therapidurbanisationcausesdangerouslevelsofpollutionandtrafficcongestion.Largescalesocialinequality,iscreatingtensionsbetweentherichandpoor.SolutionsTheauthoritieshaveprovidedbasicmaterialstoimprovepeopleshomesGovernmenthasdemolishedhousesandcreatednewestates.CommunitypolicinghasbeenestablishedGreaterinvestmentinnewroadsandrailnetworkstoreducepollutionandincreaseconnectionsbetweenrichandpoorareas.
KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT2
Settlement–urbanfeatures
Whatisasettlement?Asettlementisaplacewherepeoplelive.Settlementscanbeassmallasasinglehouseinaremoteareaorasalargeasamegacity.SiteandsituationThepieceoflanduponwhichasettlementisbuiltisthesettlementsite.Thesituationisthesettlementspositioninrelationtothesurroundinghumanandphysicalfeatures.SettlementfunctionsThemaintypeofactivity,usuallyeconomic,thatisperformedinasettlemente.g.markettown,port…SettlementhierarchiesGroupandclassifyanumberofsettlementsaccordingtotheirsizeandshape,theresultissettlementhierarchy.UrbanmodelsinHICsandLICsGeographershaveputtogethermodelsoflandusetoshowhowa'typical'cityislaidout.OneofthemostfamousoftheseforaHICistheBurgessorconcentriczoneModel.AlthougheveryLICcityhasitsowncharacteristics,modelscanbeusedtoillustrateatypicalLICcity.Therural-urbanfringeThisisfoundtownmeetscountry.ItiscommonforthisareainHICstohaveamixtureoflandusessuchassomehousing,golfcourses,businessparksandairportswhereasinLICthisareaismostoftenusedforinformalsettlements(shantytowns).
StagesofeconomicdevelopmentRostow’smodelpredictshowacountry’slevelofeconomicdevelopmentchangesovertime.Themodelalsoshowshowpeople'sstandardoflivingimproves.
LevelsofdevelopmentLIC–low-incomecountry–poorestcountries-ZimbabweNEE–newlyemergingeconomy–thesecountriesaregetting-wealthierastheireconomiesaregrowing-NigeriaHIC–high-incomecountry–thesearethewealthycountries–Japan.Unevendevelopment-DevelopmentisgloballyunevenwithmostHICslocatedinEurope,NorthAmericaandOceania.MostNEEsareinAsiaandSouthAmerica,whilstmostLICsareinAfrica.Developmenthowevercanalsovarywithincountriestoo.
Unevenregionaldevelopment(coreandperipherymodel)anditsimpactonpeople’squalityoflife-Casestudy:BrazilRegionaldisparities–majorcitieslikeSaoPauloandRiodeJaneiroaredevelopedandthrivinghowevertheinteriorofthecountryisstruggling-coreandperipheralregions.
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KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT3
Development
Whatisdevelopment?Developmentisanimprovementinlivingstandardsthroughbetteruseofresources.Economicdevelopment-Thisisprogressineconomicgrowththroughlevelsofindustrialisationanduseoftechnology.Socialdevelopment-Thisisanimprovementinpeople’sstandardofliving.Forexample,cleanwaterandelectricity.Environmentaldevelopment-advancesinthemanagementandprotectionoftheenvironment.MeasuringdevelopmentThereareusedtocompareandunderstandacountry’slevelofdevelopment.EconomicindictorsEmploymenttype–proportionofthepopulationworkinginprimary,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarysector.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)–thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedinacountryperpersonperyear.GrossNationalIncome(GNI)–averageincomeperpersonperyear.SocialindicatorsInfantmortality–numberofchildrenwhodiebeforereaching1per1000babiesLiteracyrates–percentageofpopulationovertheageof15whocanreadandwrite.Lifeexpectancy–averagelifespanofsomeoneborninthatcountry.MixedindicatorsHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)-Anumberthatuseslifeexpectancy,educationlevelandincomeperperson. Physicalfactorsaffecting
developmentNaturalresources–fuel,water,resources.Climate–rainfall,temperature,extremesandclimatecaninfluencetourism.Hazards–tectonic,weather,flooding.Location–landlockedcountries,mountainterrain,deserts,forests.
HumanfactorsaffectingdevelopmentPolitics-stabilityofacountrygovernmentisvitalfrogrowth–corruptionneedstobeeradicated.Trade-countriesthatexportmorethanimporthaveatradesurplus,whichhelpsinwardinvestmentEducation-educationcreatesaskilledworkforcemeansmoregoodsandservicesproduced.Healthpeoplewhoareillwillstruggletoworkandcontributetowardsastrongeconomy.Aid–aidcanhelpcountriesdevelopandbuildinfrastructurewhichbenefitsthecountry.However,toomuchrelianceonAidcouldbeahindrance.History–colonialismhashelpedEuropedevelopandkeptothercountriesdown.
BarrierstoendingpovertyDebt–manyLICshavehugenationaldebtfromborrowingfromwealthycountries.Duetohighinterestratesthesedebtsaredifficulttowideout.Thismakesitdifficultforthesecountriestodevelop.Trade–countrieswithanegativebalanceoftrade–importmorethantheyexportverydifficultforthemtodevelop.Politicalunrest–dissatisfactionwiththegovernmentcanleadtounrest,corruptionandlackofinvestment.
IncreasingdevelopmentthroughtourismTanzaniaisblessedwithabeautifulenvironmentandenviableclimate,whichpullsinthetourists.DiscoverhowtourismwiththehelpofTNCsbenefitsanddisadvantagesacountry.
Therearethreemainriverprocessesnamely–erosion,transportationanddeposition.
ErosionKeywords–hydraulicaction,abrasion,attritionandcorrosion.
TransportationKeywords–traction,saltation,suspensionandsolution
Deposition–whentheriversenergydecreasesitlosesenergyanddepositstheload.Heaviestmaterialdepositedfirst.
KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT4
Fluvialprocesses-Rivers
ThehydrologicalcycleKeywords:EvaporationTranspirationCondensationPrecipitationInfiltrationRun-off/groundwater
Drainagebasin–theareaoflanddrainedbyariveranditstributaries(catchmentarea).Keywords–watershedriversourcetributarymouth confluence
Longandcrossprofileofariver–Theshapeofboththelongprofile(aslicethroughtheriverfromsourcetomoth)andthecrossprofile(asliceacrosstheriver)changeastheriverflowsfromthesourcetothemouth.Keywords–uppermiddlelowercourseslongandcrossprofiles
Riverlandforms-withineachofthestagesofthelongprofile(upper,middleandlowerstages)differentlandformscanbeidentified.Intheupperstagesmostofthelandformsareduetoerosionwhereasinthelatterstagestheyaredominantlyformedbydeposition.
Uppercourse–landformsDominantlandformsare–interlockingspurs,gorges,rapids,potholesandwaterfalls.
Middlestage-thegradientbecomesgentler,sothewaterhaslessenergyandmovesmoreslowly.Erodeislateralmakingtheriverwiderandmeandersbecomeprominent.Lowerstages–landformsDominantlandformsare–meanders,floodplains,ox-bowlakes,levees,estuariesanddeltas.
FollowtheRiv
erSevern
frommouthto
source.
Flooding–Boscastle,UK–casestudyPhysicalcauses–weather/climate,windsandthetopography.Humancauses–landuse,lackofafloodcontrolsystemandthedrainagesystems.Impacts–social,economicandenvironmental.HydrographforBoscastle
Climatechange–whoseresponsibleLIC-CountriesinAfrica,suchasKenya,emitlowlevelsofcarbondioxide.ThisisduetothesecountriesnotbeingindustrialisedorhavingapopulationwealthyenoughtoconsumelotsofenergyNEE–CountriessuchasChinaandIndiaareincreasinglymoreindustrialisedandthereforeareemittingmorecarbondioxide.Theincreasingpopulationsizesandsteadilyincreasingwealthmeanmoreenergyisbeingconsumed.HIC-CountriessuchastheUSAandUKareindustrialisedwithawealthierpopulationthatenjoylifestyleswhichrequiredalargeconsumptionofenergy.
Casestudy–desertification–TheSahelThearearunsfromtheAtlanticOceantotheHornofAfricaandincludesSudan(Darfur),Chadandmanyotherparts.Causes–over-cultivation,overgrazing,deforestation,lowrainfall,civilwarsandclimatechange.Solutions–afforestation,rainwaterharvesting,rockbunds,internationalgreenwall.
KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT5
GlobalissuesGeographicnatureofconflictandclimatechange
Conflict–definedasadisagreementcausedbytheactualorperceptualoppositionofneeds,valuesandinterestsbetweenpeople.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfighting:itcansimplybeanexpressionofdifferentopinions.OriginsofconflictIdentity–asenseofbelongingtoaparticulargrouporgeographicareawheretherearethesamegenericcharacteristicse.g.language.Ethnicity–groupingofpeopleaccordingtotheirethnicorigins–theracialmake-upofapopulation.Inrecentyearschangedtoincludenationaltribe,religious,linguisticorculturalbackground.Culture–isthecustomarybeliefs,socialnormsandthesetofsharedattitudesandvaluesthegroupfollows.Territory–geographicalareaunderthejurisdictionofagovernmentauthority.Ideology–bodyofconceptsregardinghumanlifeorculturee.g.westernviewofdemocracy.Wealth–thehavesandhavenot’s.
PatternsofconflictInternational–involvesmorethanonecountrye.g.Afghanistan.National–takesplacewithinacountrye.g.Syria.Regional–conflictwithinanareaofonecountry.Thiscouldincludecivilware.g.DarfurregioninSudan.Local–localismbringingpeopletogetheragainstacommonconcerne.g.closureoflocalservices.
ExpressionsofconflictNon-violent–doesnotinvolveforceorarmedstruggle.Politicalactivity–involvesgroupswithinacountyseekingtoacquirepoliticalpowerthroughgovernment.Terrorism–forceorviolenceforthepurposeofintimidation,coercionorransom.Insurrection–actofrevoltagainstcivilauthorityusuallyinvolvingrebellionagainsttherulesofthatgovernment.War–conflictbetweenstatesornations.
Casestudy–Darfur,SudanConflicthasbeenbetweenAfricanfarmersandArabherdersmadeworsebythecontinualdryperiods–climatechange.Darfurisasemi-aridprovinceinSudan–Africa’largestcountry.DarfuristhesizeofFrance.
Climatechange–large-scale,long-termshiftintheplanet’sweatherpatternsoraveragetemperature.EvidenceofclimatechangeTemperaturerecords–accuraterecordsforthepast200yearsIcemelt–icesheetretreatSealevels–levelsoverthepast100yearshaveincreasedIcecores–coresfromAntarcticaprovideevidencegoingback10,000years.
CausesofclimatechangeMilankovitchcycle–explainthroughtheorbitalcyclearoundthesun.Sunspots–increasetheamountofenergytheEarthreceivesfromthesun.Volcanicactivity–volcanoesreleaselargeamountsofdustcontaininggases.Thesecanblockoutsunlightandresultsincoolingtemperatures.Naturalgreenhouseeffect-solarradiationhitstheEarth,someisreflectedbackintospace.However,greenhousegaseshelptrapthesun’sradiation.Enhancedgreenhouseeffect–beeninfluencedbytheburningoffossilfuels–humanimpact.
GlobalimpactsofclimatechangeExtremeweather–moreunpredictableandsevereweathereventse.g.morefrequentandpowerfulhurricanes.Risingsealevels–sealevelsrisen20cmsince1901–impactingareasliketheMaldives.Foodsupply–warmertemperaturesandchangingrainfallmakeithardertoproducereliablefood.Plantandanimal–manywillbecomeextinct.Diseaseandhealth–warmertemperatureswillincreasethespreadofinfectiousdiseases.Watersupply–freshwaterwillbeoutoftheof1billionpeopleby2025.Climaterefugees–peopleareforcedtoleavetheirhomesduetotheimpactofclimatechange–sealevelsorextremeweathere.g.drought
ExtremeweatherintheUKFloodinginSomerset2014duetoprolongedandheavyrainfall.Impactswereeconomic,socialandenvironmental.Responsesandsolutionstotheflooding.
Anemergingnarr
ativepoints
toglobalwarming
asadriver
ofconflictintheS
ahel.
HowtouseinGeographyKeyterms–testyouknowledgeofdefinitionsandexamples.Casestudies–revisethefacts,statsandspecifics.Processes–drawadiagramandwriteadescription.Narrative–createtoshowtheformationoflandforms,orderofevents–suchasthecause,consequenceandresponsetodesertification.Commandterms–commandwordsanddescriptions
TopicsPopulationchangeSettlement(urban)DevelopmentRiversConflictandclimatechange
KnowledgeOrganiserGeography–Year9HT6
Examinationpreparation–howtorevise?
Beorganised–revisiontimetableDistributedrevisionandswitchingbetweentopics(interleaving)isproventohavehighimpactonmemory.Createarevisionplannotjustforgeographyincludeallsubjects.Thenbreakdownthesubjectintotopics;tryinterleavingthetopicssoyouswitchbetweentopicsratherthanblockingeachtopicandnotcomingbacktoitforsometime.
TopicblocksBreakthepaperintotopicblocks.Ratherthancoveringeachtopiconceandmovingontothenexttryinterleavingthemlikebelow
ChunkrevisionTrynotrevisingalltopicsinonego.Breaktopicsupintochunks.Chunking–spend15minutesatatimeoneachtopic(chunk)afterwhichyoumoveontoanothertopic(chunk)foranother15minutes.Repeatoveraone-hourperiod.
RAG(red,amberandgreen)Prioritisethetopics(chunks)youfeellessconfidentwith.ToworkoutyourconfidencelevelsRAGeachtopic(chunk)thiswillindicatewhereyourstrengthsandweaknesseslie.Createaquizusingyourrevisionnotes.Completethequizseveraldayslater.Dependingonhowyoudoeitheraddthetopictoyournextrevisionsessionorstoreyournotesforfuturerevision.
FlashcardsPossiblythesimplestofmethodstohelprecallknowledge.Createcardswithquestionsononesideandtheanswersontheother.
RevisionclockThismethodinvolvesyoubreakingyourtopicdownovera1hourperiod.You’llneedanA3sheetandaclockimageinthecentre.Splitthesheetinto5or10-minutechunks.Giveeachsectionafocusfromthetopic.Spendnolongerthanthetimedesignatedtoeachsectiononthatpartofthetopic.
HowtouseinGeographySpaced–testonoldandnewsubjectcontent.Mustknow–usetocreatemustknowquizzes.Examples–givetwoexamplesof…Casestudies–identifythecauseofandtwoimpactsofdesertification–forexample.
KnowledgeorganiserThismethodinvolvesyoucreatingasummaryofthetopicsintojustthe‘needtoknow’information.Forgetthefluff.Whatmustyoureallyknow?Thereareplentyofreadymadeexamplesouttherewhichyoucanmakeuseoftocreateotherrevisionmaterialsoryoucancreateyourownfromscratch.