Kingdom: BACTERIA AND
ARCHAEA
These are Prokaryotes!!
Bacteria
Bacteria are literally everywhere. Skin, air, door handles, water fountains, ponds, desks, on food, in your intestines, ect
Your skin has on average 100,000 bacteria per square centimeter.
Bacteria a variety of environments from 0*C to 100*C and above. To us Americans that temperatures between 32*F and over 212*F
Binary Fission
Bacterial replication – Extremely simple It is a form of asexual reproduction The bacteria divides and to form an exact
copy of itself. Some rare cases – bacteria will exchange
genetic information through a tube. This is a form of sexual reproduction that gives some genetic diversity. (“grab-bag recomb”)
Bacteria Shape: Coccus
Simplest bacteria shape
Spherical or ball shaped
Typically grouped together
Staphylococcus Streptococcus
Bacteria Shape: Bacillus
Rod-shaped bacteria
Almost always Gram negative.
Typically have thin cell walls
E. coli is the most well known Bacilli bacteria
Bacteria Shape: Spirillium
Typically are spiral shaped, but can come in a variety of shapes.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Require oxygen to breakdown food.
Metabolism is similar to most animals.
Found in temperate climates and habitats. Shallow waters as well.
Do not require oxygen to breakdown food.
Several forms of anaerobic bacteria can be found in your intestines.
Found also in deep water and deep soil.
Gram Negative vs. Gram Positive
Gram negative– Thin cell wall, very
little peptidoglycan– Gram negative
bacteria stain “Pink” when a Gram stain is done
Gram positive– Thick cell wall, high
in peptidoglycan– Gram positive
bacteria stain purple or very dark blue
Cyanobacteria
Producer eubacteria. They make their own food by “photosynthesis.”
Normally blue or green in color, but can be red, yellow, or black
Normally group together in chains.– They can do this because they are covered in jelly
like substance that lets them stick to each other.
Positive uses of Bacteria
Pasteurization of thinks like milk and juice Culturing foods such as cheeses. Cleaning up waste Bioremediation
Saprophytes and Nitrogen fixers
“Consumer bacteria”– Saprophytes use dead and decaying matter as
their food source. – They are responsible for nutrient recycling
Nitrogen fixing bacteria– These bacteria change nitrogen gas to a form that
plants and animals can use. – Found typically in the soil, around the roots of
plants
Bioremediation
What is Bioremediation?? Bioremediation is the completely safe and
natural process of cleaning up organic contaminants through the use of microbes.
EZ Definition: Using bacteria to clean up waste
Harmful bacteria: Pathogens
Bacteria that can make you sick. Produce toxins, which are chemicals that are
poisonous to the body. Botulism, TB, Pneumonia are examples. Vaccines…..remember them. They help prevent many bacterial diseases.
Kingdom: Archaebacteria
EXTREME-O-PHILE BACTERIA– Thermophiles “ Heat lovers”– Methanophiles “Methane lovers”– “Sulfur lovers”– “Salt lovers”
Archaea features
No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Live in the most extreme conditions Were considered in Bacteria kingdom, until
the 1970’s Researched by Dr. Carl Woese and
colleagues at Univ. of Illinois