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Introduction to bioplastics and biocomposites
IfBB – Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites www.ifbb-hannover.de 14.02.2019
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) M. Neudecker
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Siebert-RathsProf. Dr.-Ing. H-J. Endres
Bio2AN – Rotorua - Scion – 14.02.2019 Sou
rce:
Chi
na H
opso
n
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Introducing bioplastics
Polymer production Processing Use End‐of‐LifeRaw material
production
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Agenda
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Defining bioplastics
Bioplastics market data
Land use for bioplastics
Pros and cons of bioplastics
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Bio-degradable?
Compostable?
Polymers fromrenewable resources?
Sustainable?Degradable?
Water soluble?
Renewable?
Bio-compatible?
Opposite ofconventional plastics?
Biogenicmacromolecules?
Oxodegradable?
Bioplastics?
„White“Biotechnology?
Natural fiber reinforced plastics?
What are Bioplastics?
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The evolution of bioplastics
Starch polymers PHA
4th Bioplastics generation
Residue utilization, bioeconomy
3rd Bioplastics generation
Bio-PA, Bio-PE, Bio-PET, PTT, Bio-PP
2nd Bioplastics generation
Starch blends PLA PBAT PBS
1st Bioplastics generation
Generations of technical bioplastics
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Bioplastics
Old Economy New Economy
Rubber
Regenerated Cellulose
Cellulose Acetates
Linoleum
etc.
Novel Drop-Ins
PLA
PHA
PEF
Starch Blends
etc.
Bio-PA
Bio-PE
Bio-PET
Bio-PP
DefinitionOld and New Economy Bioplastics
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No new material group classification in the class and the spectrum of plastics.
Classification into:
• Degradable petro-based bioplastics
• Degradable (predominantly) bio-based bioplastics
• Non-degradable, bio-based bioplastics
Facts about bio-based plastics:
• Renewable raw material base• Raw material production for bio-based plastics requires less energy• Novel material properties (except drop-ins)• Various disposal options (material recycling, composting, climate-neutral
energy recovery)
But still, what are Bioplastics?
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Non-degradable
Petro-based
Bio-degradable
Bio-based
Bio-degradablepetro-based
1. Cellulose AcetatesRubber, Casein…
4.Polylactide,
Starch blends,Cellulose Hydrates,
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
2.Polyethylene
PolypropylenePolyvinylchloride
…
3.PolycaprolactonePolyvinyl alcohols
Polyesters (PBAT, PBS,..)
…
5.Bio-PA, Bio-PE
Bio-PET, PTT,…
Bio-degradable and bio-based
Bio-basednon-degradable
Source: H.-J. Endres, A. Siebert-Raths; Engineering Biopolymers, Carl Hanser-Verlag, 2011
Definition of Bioplastics“The bioplastics cross"
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9Seite 9
www.alibaba.com
www.greenject.de
https://de.dreamstime.com www.bakerross.de
www.innovativeindustry.net
https://www.asdreports.comPLA
https://http://www.pbat.info/en.html
joyforce-chem.com
Conventional plastics
www.pressreleasefinder.com
Bioplastics applications
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Non-degradable
Petro-based
Bio-degradable
Bio-based
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Market figures for bioplastics
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New economy bioplastics production capacities 2017
www.ifbb-hannover.de/de/facts-and-statistics.html
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Market figures for bioplastics
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New economy bioplastics production capacities 2022
www.ifbb-hannover.de/de/facts-and-statistics.html
2017 = 2.27 million tons
2022 = 4.31 million tons
+ 190 %Mainly pushed
by PLA & Bio-PP
+ 8.2 %
New
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Market figures for bioplastics: Land area usage
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Global land area = 13.4 billion ha = 100%
Agricultural area = 5 billion ha = 36.5%
Pasture = 3.5 billion ha = 26.1%
Arable land = 1.4 billion ha = 10.4%
Food & Feed = 1.24 billion ha = 9.25%
Biofuel = 53 million ha = 0.39%
Bioplastics 2022 = 1.04 million ha = 0.008%
www.ifbb-hannover.de/de/facts-and-statistics.html
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Same for the Drop-Ins / Others often comparable but some show weaknesses
Biodegradability / new, special and unique material properties
Independence from oil (for the bio-based) as a finite source of raw __material
Is getting better but needs to be improved / Often only little or outdated __information's
Competitive for some materials like PLA, but most are still more expensive
• Performance compared to conventional plastics
• Special features
• Feedstock
• Processing and material data basis
• Price
Pros and cons of bioplastics
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Contact:
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Marco Neudecker
Hochschule Hannover - University of Applied Sciences and ArtsIfBB – Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites
Faculty II – Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering
Heisterbergallee 10A30453 Hannover
Germany
Phone: +49 5 11 / 92 96 – 22 32Fax: +49 5 11 / 92 96 – 99 28 23
E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.ifbb-hannover.de
Thank you for your attention
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Processing
Polymer production Processing Use End‐of‐LifeRaw material
production
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Agenda
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2
3
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(Bio)Plastics Overview & market share
“The bioplastics processing challenges”
Processing bioplastics
Bioplastics processing hints & information´s
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Plastics Overview & market share
Source: www.plasticseurope.org
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Source: www.plasticseurope.org A
Europe ~ 19 %
Injection molding ~ 16 %
Extrusion~ 33 %
Source: Ceresan study
Plastics Overview & market share
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Biolastics Overview & market share
~ 1.2 %* of world plastics production
* Comparison between production data 2017 and production capacity data 2022
Extrusion & injection molding are also the biggest applications for bioplastics
New economy bioplastics production capacities by region 2022
www.ifbb-hannover.de/de/facts-and-statistics.html
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“The bioplastics processing challenges”- The bad news (does not apply for drop-ins)
• Very limited material data available
• Limited processing knowledge available
• Limited information on pre-treatment / drying available
• Bioplastics need to provide "better" data if they want to displace traditional plastics in technical applications
• No/not enough bio-based additives available
• No/not enough bio-based master batches on the market
• Often higher material prices due to low production capacities
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• Bioplastics are also just plastics
• Processing them is normally as complex as switching from one plastics type to another, if there specific needs are observed
• They have very interesting an unique properties which can be beneficial
• Prices drop down with increasing production capacities and demand
“The bioplastics processing challenges”- The good news
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Processing Bioplastics- The bioplastics processing project
Manufacturing and Processing of Bio-Based Plastics and Establishment of a Competence Network within the
Biopolymer Network maintained by the FNR (project management)
Task III
Integration Into The FNR Network
Task II
Knowledge Transfer
Task I
Determination Of Process Data
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Decision-making aids for a switch over from oil-based plastics to bio-based plastics (concerning twin screw extrusion)
Source: © IfBB
Processing instructions
Processing Bioplastics - Thermoplastics – Extrusion
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Processing Bioplastics - Thermoplastics – Injection Molding
• Rheological properties
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Processing Bioplastics - Thermoplastics – Injection Molding• Filling pressure vs. melt temperature
low viscositycf.
PA 6
Increased viscosity cf.
PBT filled
High viscositycf.
PC amorphous
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
fillin
g pr
essu
re [b
ar]
melt temperature [°C]
(Bio-PE+NF) JELUWPC Bio PE H50-500-20(Bio-PE) FKuRTerralene HD 3505
(Bio-PA 6) EvonikVestamid Terra HS16
(PBS) Showa DenkoBionolle 1020MD
(PHB) MetabolixP1004
Various bioplasticstool: tension rod 1A i.a.w ISO 527
In cooperation with UL TTC
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Processing Bioplastics - Thermoplastics – Injection Molding
• Dimensional stability (Traffic light rating)– Shrinkage and warpage of bioplastics
Processed according to ISO 294 In co-operation with UL TTC
Flow direction (FD)
Cross-flow direction (CD)
FD/CD
Test plate 60 x 60 x 2 mmAnisotropy factor FD/CD
not measurable, caused by surface structure
almost isotropic despite high filler (60 wt-%)
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Bioplastics processing hints & information´s- List of contents
Processing Bioplastics
Go to:hs-h.de/processing-bioplastics
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Further hints & information´swww.materialdatacenter.com
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Further hints & information´s
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Contact:
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Marco Neudecker
Hochschule Hannover - University of Applied Sciences and ArtsIfBB – Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites
Faculty II – Mechanical and Bioprocess Engineering
Heisterbergallee 10A30453 Hannover
Germany
Phone: +49 5 11 / 92 96 – 22 32Fax: +49 5 11 / 92 96 – 99 28 23
E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.ifbb-hannover.de
Thank you for your attention