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BASF Biodegradables
“Bioplastics 101”
Daniel HebertBASF Canada-Biodegradable Plastics
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Goals of this Presentation
1. Define terms for proper useBiobased, Renewable, Biodegradable, Compostable
2. Explain the value of BioplasticsWhy use them?
3. Inform about BASF Biodegradable PlasticsWhat products and applications?
4. Educate on how Biodegradable Plastics can be usedEnabling Renewable Materials and Organics Recycling
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BASF – The Chemical Company
Sales 2008: €62,304 million Employees as of December 31, 2008: 96,924 North America: 15,168 employees
The world’s leading chemical company
Our portfolio ranges from chemicals, plastics, performance products, agricultural products and fine chemicals to crude oil and natural gas
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Ensure Sustainable Development
Help our customers to be more successful
Earn a premium on our cost of capital
Form the best team in industry
TheChemicalCompany
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The Product LifecycleHow do Bioplastics fit?
Disposal
Feedstocks
Production
Use
Fossil BiobasedRenewable
MineralsFibers
Composting
RecyclingLandfill
Incineration
EnergyLabor
EmissionsLand use
Risk
Litter
Biodegradable?
Renewable?Biobased?
BTU Value?
Methane Emissions?
Additives
Compostable?Biodegradable?
ReprocessReuse
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What about the modern Landfill?
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W. Rathje, “Garbologist
Excavated 15 landfills, throughout NA
Findings
40 % of space comprised of organics
15-40 year old newspapers
5 year old lettuce
15 year old hot dogs
Research on Landfills
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“The truth is, however, that the dynamics of a modern landfill are very nearly the opposite of what most people think. … Well designed and managed landfills seem to be far more apt to preserve their contents for posterity than transform them into humus or mulch. They are not vast composters; rather they are vast mummifiers.”
Source: Rubbish, W. Rathje, p 112
Myth about Landfills
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What do we throw away?
5% typically litteredSource: Keep America Beautiful
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What do we Recycle?
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Organic/Food waste is Recyclablevia Composting
Waste
Composter
Food
Fruit Tray
Peels, Rinds, Spoilage Green Bin
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Composting Defined
Composting is nature's way of recycling. Composting biodegrades organic waste. i.e. food waste, manure, leaves, grass trimmings, paper, wood, feathers, crop residue etc., and turns it into a valuable organic fertilizer.
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Organics Recycling
Composting = Organics Recycling
Licensed ComposterAccepts Food Waste
(n~239)www.findacomposter.co
m
Managed, ControlledMicroorganismsEat Organic
Material
Pathogen-free CompostCompost Added to Soil at Strawberry Farm
Fruit
Food Waste
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Compost is Valuable
Emerging scientific evidence that use of compost:Increases infiltration and permeability of heavy soils, thus
reducing erosion and runoff.Improves water holding capacity, thus reducing water
loss.Supplies a variety of macro and micronutrients, thus
lowers dependence on fertilizers.May control or suppress certain soil-borne plant
pathogens, thus lowers dependence on pesticides.Can bind and degrade specific pollutants.
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What happens in Compost?
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How can we measure Biodegradationin Industrial Compost?
EN 13432 GreenPla ASTM D-6400-99
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Organics Recycling
Composting = Organics Recycling
Licensed ComposterAccepts Food Waste
(n~239)www.findacomposter.co
m
Managed, ControlledMicroorganismsEat Organic
Material
Pathogen-free CompostCompost Added to Soil at Strawberry Farm
Fruit
Food Waste
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Oxo-degradable Additives
“Oxo” – refers to a prodegradant additive that prevents antioxidants in the polymer from working• Oxo additives promote fragmentation of the polymer chain ONLY• Most common additives are metal salts, some potentially regulated metals• No scientific, third party peer review data exist showing biodegradation beyond a few percent for additives in PE, PP, PVC or PS
X
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Comparing Ecoflex®/Ecovio® to PE + Additives
Ecoflex/Ecovio are enabling technologies for Organics Recycling
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ASTM – Source for Test Standardization
Specifications for BioplasticsASTM D6400 or D6868 – Compostable Specification
ASTM D7081 – Marine Biodegradability
Methods for BioplasticsASTM D6866 – Biobased Carbon content
ASTM D5988 – Soil biodegradation
ASTM D5526 – Landfill biodegradability
ASTM D6954 – Oxo-degradable additives
ASTM – Since 1898 the foremost developer of voluntary consensus standards
Test Guides
Test Method Standards
Test Standard Specifications
Details of why to test.
Specific Test Methods
Pass/Fail Criteria
ASTM D6400/D6868 Parts1. Mineralization
- complete conversion to CO2, water, heat, biomass
2. Disintegration - fragments at the same rate as natural materials
3. Soil Toxicity - supports plant growth, soil life with no toxic residues
4. Regulated Metals levels - Country regulated soil metals by type.
Hierarchy of Standards
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How can Bioplastics be used Today?
To Replace Existing Plastics?
(Durable vs. Disposable)
To Market Green products?
(Value vs. Emotion)
To Enable more Recycling?
(Organics vs. Plastics)
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Applications for Ecoflex®/Ecovio® Compostable Plastics
Compostable Can Liners
NettingLawn and Leaf Bags
T-shirt, Retail bags
Mulch Films
Your Brands Here!
Food Packaging
BindersImpact Modifier
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The Major Value Proposition forEcoflex®/Ecovio® Compostable Plastics
Your products/packaging get to enter the Organics Recycling stream, and not the landfill
Your Brands Here!
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Eco-efficiency of biobased materials vs conventional materialsHigh ecoefficiency
Low ecoefficiency
High ecoefficiency
Low ecoefficiency Cost
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
Low
HighLow
n ~18
n ~24 n ~12
n ~17
Cost
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
Low
HighLow
n ~18
n ~24 n ~12
n ~17
Biobased Materials are not always the most eco-efficient.
To Substantiate Claims – Analysis is required!
Analysis Prevents “green-washing” and “eco-confusion”
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Composting Programs in Canada
- Composting and waste diversion programs in Canada are on the rise.
There are about 162 centralized composting facilities in operation or in plan across Canada. These facilities, which include a mix of publicly and privately owned and operated operations processed almost 700,000 tons of organic waste in 1995, an increase of 154% versus 1993.
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Compost Programs in Canada
Launch of new Municipal Compost Programs
In 2009, the City of Québec will be improving its pilot compost project by requiring that home owners and businesses use BNQ (Bureau de normalization du Québec) certified compostable bags as green bin liners for collecting food waste.
By 2013, close to 150,000 homes and businesses in the Greater City of Québec region will participate in the municipal compost program.
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Canadian Waste Management TodayCote Saint-Luc, Quebec
http://www.cotesaintluc.org/en/brownbin
Organic waste collection program starts week of October 20, 2008
What is Côte Saint-Luc’s new program?The City of Côte Saint-Luc is launching a program to collect organic waste door-to-door from single-family homes and duplexes. This program will make Côte Saint-Luc a leader on the island of Montreal for the treatment of residual waste and will help create a better environment for future generations. We are counting on the participation of your family to make this program a success.
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Use of Clear Bags in Waste Collection Programs
Use of Clear Bags is becoming the standard for use in Waste Collection Programs across Canada.
Since 2006 there are around 23 communities in Ontario (including Hamilton and possibly Durham Region), several in Nova Scotia and PEI and some in the U.S. now require clear bags be used by householders for containing garbage.
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Use of Clear Bags in Waste Collection Programs
Points for Consideration:
Use of clear, compostable bags can effectively prevent contamination of any non compostable materials in compost collection programs.
Eliminate the diversion of potentially contaminated clear Poly Ethylene bags used in recycling collection programs to landfill. Contaminated clear compostable bags can be diverted for composting/organics recycling.
Compostable bags made with Ecoflex and Ecovio can offer very good transparency, particularly when proportions of Ecovio used are increased.
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Organics Recycling in Canada2008 Statistics
New Brunswick 1,227,245 tonnes
Quebec 1,004,970 tonnes
Ontario 681,089 tonnes
Alberta 602,810 tonnes
British Columbia 257,757 tonnes
Province/Territory Number of Centralized Composting Facilities
Newfoundland & Labrador 3
Prince Edward Island 1
Nova Scotia 15
New Brunswick 33
Quebec 49
Ontario 71
Manitoba 22
Saskatchewan 19
Alberta 84
British Columbia 46
Yukon 1
TOTAL 344
From 2000 to 2004, composting at centralized facilities increased 70% to 1.7 million tonnes, according to data from the Waste Management Industry Survey.
http://www.compost.org/compostinggrowsstronger.html).
Canadian National Organics Recycling Rates(Includes yard waste)
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How do we best collect and move Organic Waste?
Unlined Bin
Bin Compostable Bag
+
Bin Non-Compostable Bag
+
Food waste to composter
Food waste + Bag to composter
Food waste to composter
Bag to landfill
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Composting sites accepting Food Waste Findacomposter.org
Over 3,000 composting sites exist in North AmericaOver 250 are permitted to take Food Waste
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Life Cycle Analysis – BASF Eco-EfficiencyEnvironmental Impact Categories
water emissions
solid waste
emissions
global warming potential (GWP)
photochemical ozone creation potential
(POCP)
acidificationpotential (AP)
ozone depletion potential (ODP)
risk potential
toxicity potential
energy consumption
raw material consumption
EnvironmentalImpact
land use
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Bag
Hauling & Disposal
Fees
Wastewater
Water
Labor
Detergent
Costs
Life Cycle Analysis – BASF Eco-EfficiencyCost Categories
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Food Waste Collection Study – Base CaseEnvironmental Impact
Ecological Fingerprint
0.00
0.50
1.00Energy consumption
Emissions
Health Effect potential
Risk potential
Resourceconsumption
Land useCompostable
Non-compostableUnlined
36Based on daily washing for Unlined alternative, weekly for other.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Compostable Non-compostable Unlined
$/C
B
Liner Disposal
Labor (Washing and LinerDisposal)Water & Detergent
Liner
Overall costs are highest for the unlined alternative
Food Waste Collection Study – Base CaseCost
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0.0
1.0
2.00.01.02.0
Costs (normalized)
Envi
ronm
enta
l Bur
den
(nor
mal
ized
)
Compostable Polyethylene Unlined
Portfolio
Customer Benefit (CB):
Disposal of 15 kg of food waste in a 20-gallon plastic bin.
Bin lined with compostable bag is the most eco-efficient alternative
Food Waste Collection Study – Base CasePortfolio View
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Food Waste Collection Conclusions
Compostable plastic bags have a slightly higher environmental burden, due mostly to more raw materials usage, but this alternative is the most eco-efficient because of lower overall costs.
The unlined alternative is the least eco-efficient – it is the most costly alternative and has the largest environmental burden primarily due to water and detergent usage.
The overall cost is highest for the unlined alternative, largely due to labor costs associated with cleaning the bins and the frequency with which they are cleaned.
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Do you want to get involved?Sponsor a “Zero Landfill Lunch”Set the Table with Compostable Plastics
Compostable dinnerware Food waste
Bin w/ Compostable Liner
Reusable food service items
Composter Landfill
Recycle boxes, cans, glass &
bottles
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Christopher BradleeBASF Corporation - Biodegradable Plastics
Phone: (734) 324-6867Email: [email protected]
Daniel HebertBASF Canada – Biodegradable Plastics
Phone: 289-360-6066Mobile: 416-346-2914
E-mail: [email protected]
For More Information Contact
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Energy consumption
Primary energy consumption
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Compostable Non-compostable Unlined
MJ/
CB
Truck and Fuel UsageWashingPolyethyleneErucamideEcoflex+PLA+CaC03
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Resource Consumption
Raw materials consumption
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Compostable Non-compostable Unlined
kg/(a
*Mio
t)1/
2 /CB
SandBauxiteLimeIronPhosphorousSulfurNaClLigniteGasOilCoal
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Photochemical Oxidant Creation Potential (Summer Smog)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Compostable Non-compostable Unlined
g E
then
-equ
ival
ent/C
B
Truck and Fuel UsageWashingPolyethyleneErucamideEcoflex+PLA+CaC03
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Solid Waste Emissions
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
Compostable Non-compostable Unlined
kg/C
B
Truck and Fuel UsageWashingPolyethyleneErucamideEcoflex+PLA+CaC03
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Discussion
Washing bins is a costly and a poor environmental choice
Using PE bags adds complexity and keeps the landfill engaged
Key decisions are not only bag cost, but washing and handling cost, which are often not considered.
Inclusion of production, use and disposal data is critical to good decision making
Compostable bags provide an elegant solution for diverting organics
Next steps: Add in benefits of compost vs. landfill of organics.
