11
Introduction to Introduction to BiosensorsBiosensors
Prof. Xingwei WangProf. Xingwei Wang
22
Brain StormBrain Storm
What do you think of biosensor?What do you think of biosensor?
33
Brain StormBrain Storm
What do you think of biosensor?What do you think of biosensor?
44
Significance & Great DemandsSignificance & Great Demands
Food safety
Public Health Pathology
Criminology
Civil defense
Environmental Monitoring
55
Brief HistoryBrief History1956, Prof. Clark, Father of biosensor concept, Invention of the1956, Prof. Clark, Father of biosensor concept, Invention of the oxygen oxygen electrodeelectrode1962, First description of a biosensor1962, First description of a biosensor1972/5, First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments g1972/5, First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments glucose lucose biosensorbiosensor1975, First immunosensor1975, First immunosensor1980, First fibre optic pH sensor for 1980, First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivoin vivo blood gasesblood gases1983, First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor1983, First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor1987, Launch of the MediSense ExacTech1987, Launch of the MediSense ExacTech™™ blood glucose biosensorblood glucose biosensor1990, Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR1990, Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR--based biosensor systembased biosensor system1992, i1992, i--STAT launches handSTAT launches hand--held blood analyserheld blood analyser1996, Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million1996, Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million1998, Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor 1998, Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor 1998, Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche 1998, Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche DiagnosticsDiagnostics2001, LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing bus2001, LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing business iness for $1.3billionfor $1.3billion
66
What is a BiosensorWhat is a BiosensorA device that uses biological components e.g. enzymes to indicate the amount of a biomaterial
Trace biomaterial?
– Unnecessary (Eg. Metal ion, etc.)
Quantitative results?
– Unnecessary (Eg., Pregnancy test)
77
ComponentsComponentsBio Recognition Element
Enzymes; Antibodies; Receptors; Whole cells...
Electrochemical
Optical
Transducer
Signal Output
Requires: Sample Immobilization
Requires:
Simple read out and data interpretation;
Easy to use;
Quick response.
88
Performance FactorsPerformance Factors
Sensitivity: Concentration; weightSensitivity: Concentration; weightSpecificity/Selectivity: Specificity/Selectivity: discriminate between substratesSpeed: BenchSpeed: Bench-->Chip>Chip-->Real Time>Real TimeAccuracy: False signalAccuracy: False signalCostCostEasy to useEasy to useLife timeLife time
99
Biosensing for MacromoleculesBiosensing for Macromolecules
Steps:Steps:ImmobilizationImmobilizationMixingMixingWashing the nonWashing the non--specific bindingsspecific bindingsSignal transductionSignal transduction
Markers:Markers:EnzymesEnzymesFluorescence tagsFluorescence tagsRadioactive tagsRadioactive tags
Molecular:Molecular:WastonWaston--Crick Base Crick Base pairingpairingAntibodyAntibody--Antigen Antigen bindingbinding
1010
ImmunosensorImmunosensor
Antibody can be againstAntibody can be againstBacteriaBacteriaComplex carbohydratesComplex carbohydratesSmaller organic moleculesSmaller organic molecules
1111
DNA Complementary ChainsDNA Complementary Chains
Four nitrogen basesFour nitrogen basesComplementary chainsComplementary chains
C
G
A
T
C G
A T
1212
Six StepsSix Steps1)1) Select the singleSelect the single--stranded capture DNA sequencestranded capture DNA sequence2)2) Attach the capture DNA strand to a probeAttach the capture DNA strand to a probe3)3) Introduce the samples to be identified to the probesIntroduce the samples to be identified to the probes4)4) Hybridization will occur if the sample is Hybridization will occur if the sample is
complementary with the capture sequence on the complementary with the capture sequence on the probeprobe
5)5) Wash away the remaining unattached samplesWash away the remaining unattached samples6)6) JudgmentJudgment
1313
TransducerTransducer
Electrochemical (Potentiometric, Electrochemical (Potentiometric, Voltammetric, Amperometry, Conductimetric)Voltammetric, Amperometry, Conductimetric)Optical (Fluorescence, Absorbance, Light Optical (Fluorescence, Absorbance, Light scattering, Refractive index)scattering, Refractive index)Mechanical, Thermal, Piezoelectric, MagneticMechanical, Thermal, Piezoelectric, Magnetic
1414
Glucose SensorGlucose Sensor
http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue6/Biosensors-%20Elements.htm
1515
MicrocantileversMicrocantilevers
From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
1616
Medical TelesensorMedical Telesensor
From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
• Military: Locate wounded soldiers• Domestic: Intensive patients
• An array of chips to monitor body functions• Wireless transmission
1717
MiniaturizationMiniaturization
• Infrared microspectrometer• Size of a sugar cube
From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
1818
Broad Potential ApplicationsBroad Potential Applications
(Picture from www.primordial.com/.../Hardware_Soldier_w640.png)
Warfighter Physiological Status Monitoring (WPSM): remote triage of injured Soldiers
Heart rate, breaths taken, skin temperature and ballistic impact
Foster-Miller (Waltham, Mass.) Putting these sensors on a belt that's sewn into a shirt
1919
BenefitsBenefits
Industry Military
Academia
Biosensor
2020
Challenges and TrendChallenges and Trend
CostCostSensitivitySensitivitySelectivitySelectivitySpeedSpeedSmall?Small?Ease to use?Ease to use?
CheapCheapSensitiveSensitiveSelectiveSelectiveSpeed Speed PortablePortableSimpleSimpleIntegratedIntegratedMass producedMass producedMultiple analytesMultiple analytes
2121
Multidisciplinary NatureMultidisciplinary Nature
Biosensor Chemistry
Biology
PhysicsInstrumentation
Electronics
OpticsMarket
2222
Worldwide Biosensor Vendor Market, Worldwide Biosensor Vendor Market, 20032003
2323
References (Reading List 1)References (Reading List 1)
http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biohttp://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htmsens.htmhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/history.hthttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/history.htmmhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/events.hthttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/events.htmmSensors in Biomedical applications Sensors in Biomedical applications -- fundamentals, fundamentals, technology and applications, by Gabor Harsanyi, technology and applications, by Gabor Harsanyi, ISBN: 1ISBN: 1--5667656676--885885--3, CRC Press; 20003, CRC Press; 2000
2424
Who I am?Who I am?EducationEducation
MS,MS, Ph.D., Electrical Engineering Virginia TechPh.D., Electrical Engineering Virginia TechCertificate, Future ProfessoriateCertificate, Future Professoriate Virginia TechVirginia Tech
http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/ContactContact
Office Hours: Wednesday 3:30 am Office Hours: Wednesday 3:30 am –– 5:30 pm;5:30 pm;or, make an appointmentor, make an appointmentPhone: 978Phone: 978--934934--19811981Office:Office: BL 421ABL 421AEmail:Email: [email protected][email protected]
2525
SyllabusSyllabus
http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/16.541/syllabus.hhttp://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/16.541/syllabus.htmtmThe account name: Class_WangThe account name: Class_WangPassword:Password: Circuit34567Circuit34567
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewReportReportPresentationPresentation
2626
Grading PolicyGrading PolicyAttendance 10%
Presentation I 10%
Report I 10%
Presentation II 10%
Report II 10%Final Presentation 25%Final Report/Project 25%
Total 100%
2727
Project topicsProject topics
1.1. Ultrahigh sensitive biosensorsUltrahigh sensitive biosensors2.2. Fast response biosensorsFast response biosensors3.3. InIn--vivo blood pressure sensor (St. Jude vivo blood pressure sensor (St. Jude Medical)Medical)4.4. Intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS) Intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS) (Volcano)(Volcano)5.5. Biosensor integration/miniaturizationBiosensor integration/miniaturization6.6. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)Optical coherence tomography (OCT)7. 7. Glucose sensorGlucose sensor8. 8. NanoNano--BiosensorBiosensor
2828
Class ScheduleClass Schedule
Tentative. Please check frequently for updates. Tentative. Please check frequently for updates. Lecture topics do NOT necessarily follow the Lecture topics do NOT necessarily follow the order of the schedule.order of the schedule.Topic contents may need more or less time Topic contents may need more or less time than what is allocated. than what is allocated.
2929
About YouAbout You……
You areYou are……??