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Introduction to BiosensorsIntroduction to Biosensors
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Xingwei (Vivian) Wang, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
Phone: (978) [email protected]
http://Faculty.uml.edu/xwang
Xingwei (Vivian) Wang, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell
Phone: (978) [email protected]
http://Faculty.uml.edu/xwang
IntroductionPeople & Achievements
Dr. Xingwei Wang:Optical bio/medical sensors; optical fiber sensors; MEMS
1 Postdoc: Dr. Nan WuOptical fiber sensing technology
2 PhD students with various background; 2 Master students and 2 REU students
RA position has opening!
Equipment & Facilities
Optical sensing analyzerMicron Optics Si720
Optical fiber splicerFurukawa S177A
Tunable laserNewFocus TLB-6600-H-CL
Access to Focus ion beam (FIB) in UML Zeiss AURIGA ($ 1.15M)
Access to the Cleanroom in Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS)
NSF CAREER Award;MLSC Young Investigator Research Award
Sponsors and media reports
1. http://www.masshightech.com
2. The Boston Globe (May 9, 2011)
Overview of projects
Optical fibers
In-vivo blood pressure measurement
Blast wave measurement
Biosensor
Temperature sensor
Strain sensor
FIB nanofabrication
Ultrasound transducer for imaging
Optical Sensors and ActuatorsXingwei Wang (Vivian)
Xingwei Wang (Vivian)Ph.D. Associate Professor
• NSF Career award (2010)• Massachusetts Life Science Center Young Investigator Research award (2008)
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell. [email protected] http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang
Advantages:•125µm diameter •Immunity to EMI•High temperature survivability
•Fast response
Ultrafast blast wave measurement for TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury)
Titanium machining temperature monitoring
Photoacousticbiomedical imaging
-2 -1 0 1 20
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Lateral Position (mm)
-40
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0 Nor
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Mag
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Axi
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1.2 mm
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Focal point
Photoacoustic membrane characterization
Nano/micro fabrication on fiber and other materials
Fiber optic microgripperwith 3D motion control
Label freebiosensor
In-vivo blood pressure&temperature measurement
Who I am?• Education
– MS, Ph.D., Electrical Engineering Virginia Tech
– Certificate, Future Professoriate Virginia Tech
• http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/• Contact
– Phone: 978-934-1981– Office: BL 403– Email: [email protected]
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About You…
• Background – Undergraduate? Graduate? – Major? – Biosensor related experience?
• Why do you choose this course?• What do you expect from this course?
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Brain Storm
• What do you think of biosensors?
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Brain Storm
• What do you think of biosensor?
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Significance & Great Demands
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Food safety
Public Health Pathology
Criminology
Civil defense
Environmental Monitoring
Brief History• 1956, Prof. Clark, Father of biosensor concept, Invention of the
oxygen electrode• 1962, First description of a biosensor• 1972/5, First commercial biosensor: Yellow Springs Instruments
glucose biosensor• 1975, First immunosensor• 1980, First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases• 1983, First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor• 1987, Launch of the MediSense ExacTech™ blood glucose
biosensor• 1990, Launch of the Pharmacia BIACore SPR-based biosensor
system• 1992, i-STAT launches hand-held blood analyser• 1996, Abbott acquires MediSense for $867 million• 1998, Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor • 1998, Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche
Diagnostics• 2001, LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing
business for $1.3billion 11
What is a Biosensor
• A device that uses biological components e.g. enzymes to indicate the amount of a biomaterial
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Trace biomaterial?
– Unnecessary (Eg. Metal ion, etc.)
Quantitative results?
– Unnecessary (Eg., Pregnancy test)
Components
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Bio Recognition Element
Enzymes; Antibodies; Receptors; Whole cells...
Electrochemical
Optical
Transducer
Signal Output
Requires: Sample Immobilization
Requires:
Simple read out and data interpretation;
Easy to use;
Quick response.
Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KChAkSAizCw (introduction)
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Performance Factors
• Sensitivity: Concentration; weight• Specificity/Selectivity: discriminate
between substrates• Speed: Bench->Chip->Real Time• Accuracy: False signal• Cost• Easy to use• Life time
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Biosensing for Macromolecules
• Steps:–Immobilization
–Mixing
–Washing the non-specific bindings
–Signal transduction
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Markers:
Enzymes
Fluorescence tags
Radioactive tags
Molecular:
Waston-Crick Base pairing
Antibody-Antigen binding
Immunosensor
• Antibody can be against– Bacteria– Complex carbohydrates– Smaller organic molecules
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DNA Complementary Chains
• Four nitrogen bases• Complementary
chains
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C
G
A
T
C G
A T
Six Steps1) Select the single-stranded capture DNA
sequence2) Attach the capture DNA strand to a probe3) Introduce the samples to be identified to the
probes4) Hybridization will occur if the sample is
complementary with the capture sequence onthe probe
5) Wash away the remaining unattached samples6) Judgment
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Transducer
• Electrochemical (Potentiometric, Voltammetric, Amperometry, Conductimetric)
• Optical (Fluorescence, Absorbance, Light scattering, Refractive index)
• Mechanical, Thermal, Piezoelectric, Magnetic
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Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9yP7FzLKMc (Biosensor - Microorganism Detection)
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Glucose Sensor
22http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue6/Biosensors-%20Elements.htm
Microcantilevers
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From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
Medical Telesensor
24From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
• Military: Locate wounded soldiers• Domestic: Intensive patients
• An array of chips to monitor body functions• Wireless transmission
Miniaturization
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• Infrared microspectrometer• Size of a sugar cube
From http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
Broad Potential Applications
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(Picture from www.primordial.com/.../Hardware_Soldier_w640.png)
Warfighter Physiological Status Monitoring (WPSM): remote triage of injured Soldiers Heart rate, breaths taken, skin temperature and ballistic impact Foster-Miller (Waltham, Mass.) Putting these sensors on a belt that's sewn into a shirt
Videos• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhPnPjvbGLI (Nanosensor
chips for early cancer detection)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvDZh8hmR84 (DNA lab on a chip)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz_DV7elpxw (robot monkey mind control)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2JcYpLv4Bs (biosensor project)
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Benefits
Industry Military
Academia
Biosensor
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Challenges and Trend
• Cost• Sensitivity• Selectivity• Speed• Small?• Ease to use?
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Cheap
Sensitive
Selective
Speed
Portable
Simple
Integrated
Mass produced
Multiple analytes
Multidisciplinary Nature
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Biosensor Chemistry
Biology
PhysicsInstrumentation
Electronics
OpticsMarket
Worldwide Biosensor Vendor Market, 2003
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References (Reading List 1)
• http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm
• http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/history.htm
• http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/events.htm
• Sensors in Biomedical applications -fundamentals, technology and applications, by Gabor Harsanyi, ISBN: 1-56676-885-3, CRC Press; 2000
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Syllabus
• http://faculty.uml.edu/xwang/16.541/syllabus.htm
• Literature Review• Report• Presentation
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Grading PolicyAttendance/Group competition 10%Presentation I 10%Report I 10%Presentation II 10%Report II 10%Presentation III 10%Report III 10%Final Presentation 15%Final Report/Project 15%Total 100%
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Suggested Project Topics• 1. Photoacoustic/ultrasound sensors for
biomedical applications• 2. Fast response biosensors• 3. In-vivo blood pressure sensor (St. Jude
Medical)• 4. Intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS)
(Volcano)• 5. Biosensor integration/miniaturization• 6. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)• 7. Nano-Biosensor• 8. Bio-inspired sensors• 9. Other topics related to your background
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Class Schedule
• Tentative. Please check frequently for updates.
• Lecture topics do NOT necessarily follow the order of the schedule.
• Topic contents may need more or less time than what is allocated.
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Q & A
• Group competition..
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Lab Tour
• Let’s take a walk!
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