Tyto materiály byly vytvořeny v rámci projektu ESF OP VK: Inovace a rozvoj studia nanomateriálů na Technické univerzitě v Liberci
Inovace a rozvoj studia nanomateriálů na TUL
nano.tul.cz
Nanotechnology in the Future
Contents
Recent innovations
Nanotools
Rewriting the laws of physics
Bio-nanotech
Nanoscientists view of the future
Public opinion
Trends in technology
Industrial/Economic scale
Socio-economic implications
Shift of development power
Questions
End
Microscopic folds and wrinkles in the material
Increases efficiency by 47% in plastic photovoltaic cells
10.6 percent energy generation efficiency
Can be used with any polymer, not only plastic or silicon
Inspired by the Leaf
Relieves mechanical stress from bending, increases durability
Increases absorption near infrared spectrum by 600%
the folds on the surface of the panels channel light waves through the material in much the same way that canals guide water through farmland. By curving the light through the material, the researchers essentially trap the light inside the photovoltaic material for a longer time, which leads to greater absorption of light and generation of energy.
Microscopic folds and wrinkles in the material
Increases efficiency by 47% in plastic photovoltaic cells
10.6 percent energy generation efficiency
Can be used with any polymer, not only plastic or silicon
Inspired by the Leaf
Relieves mechanical stress from bending, increases durability
Increases absorption near infrared spectrum by 600%
the folds on the surface of the panels channel light waves through the material in much the same way that canals guide water through farmland. By curving the light through the material, the researchers essentially trap the light inside the photovoltaic material for a longer time, which leads to greater absorption of light and generation of energy.
The steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. The walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales.
TiO2 case
Electrode using crystalline
nanoparticles
40,000 charge/discharge cycles
Comparison 400 charge/discharge cycles for typical lithium battery
Crystalline copper hexacyanoferrate
Open framework crystal
Extremely fast movement of ions
No damage to electrode nanocrystals
Hydrated potassium
Extremely cheap, easily industrially scaled
Width of electrode material 100 atoms
Perfect solution to the power drop-offs in solar and wind energy
Graphene-based nanotechnology
Supercapacitors
Lithium-ion batteries
Solar cells
High current density
20% elasticity
Stronger than diamond
High thermal and electrical conductivity
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Pictures of Carbon
Effect of two-layered graphene
Graphene sheets on Gallium arsenide layer
Exposed by optical microscope with green
light filter
When cut lithographically, electron spins align at the edge of non-magnetic graphene
One-dimensional magnet
Highly sensitive to thermal disruption (above abs. zero)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Nanolithography
Nanopatterns
Sub 100 nm range
Top-down method optical lithography
Next Generation Lithography (NGL) candidates
UV, X-ray, electron beam lithography
Bottom-up method
Nanolithography
Redefining physical laws
Wiedermann-Franz Law 1853
Ratio of thermal and electrical conductivity
Purple bronze contains one-dimensional atomic chain
In this one-dimensional world, the electrons split into two distinct components or excitations, one carrying spin but not charge (the spinon), the other carrying charge but not spin (the holon). When the holon encounters an impurity in the chain of atoms it has no choice but for its motion to be reflected. The spinon, on the other hand, has the ability to tunnel through the impurity and then continue along the chain.
Holon carries charge, spinon carries spin, and electrical conductivity
Bio-nanotech Confluence of biology and
nanotechnology
Interaction of nanostructures with living cells
Imitation or inspiration from nature
Algae have potential to produce 10 times or more biofuel per acre than corn or soybeans
Superalgae, highly efficient at converting sunlight and carbon dioxide into lipids and oils that can be sent to a refinery and made into diesel or jet fuel.
Genetically modified
Silicon nanochips in living cells
Used as intracellular sensors
Silicon -based
nanometric precision by photolithography
– integration of many different materials with different dimensions and geometries
mechanical parts
Early detection of disease
Cellular repair
Study of individual cells
Design by nature
70-80 µm
Nanotechnology visionaries
Thorough and inexpensive control of matter
–- K. Eric Drexler
I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.
— Richard Feynman
Nanobots
Molecular scale
Self-replication
Modeled on biological machines – enzymes,
mitochondria, single-celled organisms
Nanotechnology and culture
Science fiction
The writing of nanotechnology, as much as or even more than any of its eagerly anticipated technological inventions, is already forging our conceptions of tomorrow. Unleashing its science fictions as science and thereby redrawing the contours of technoculture, nanotechnology instantiates the science-fictionizing of the world.
Science fiction…mimic [scientific research] when [it] is used to argue the cultural status of nanotechnology
The Singularity
Time when machine intelligence surpasses
human intelligence
Moores Law
Moores law states that every eighteen months, the
number of transistors on an integrated circuit
doubles, which essentially means that every
eighteen months, computers get twice as fast for
the same price
Exponential growth of technology at
lower cost
Today light will cost less than a half a second of
your working time if you are on the average
wage: half a second of work for an hour of light!
Had you been using a kerosene lamp in the
1880s, you would have had to work for 15
minutes to get the same amount of light. A tallow
candle in the 1800s: six hours of work. And to get
that much light from a sesame-oil lamp in
Babylon in 1750 BC would have cost you more
than 50 hours work.
--Abundance
Technology trends
We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2023.
We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for one cent around the year 2037.
We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2049.
We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for one cent around the year 2059.
Industrial Scale Nanotech
Constant research into industrial scale nanotech
Sapphire energy
1 billion US gallons (3,800,000 m3) of fuel a year by 2025
IBM
Heliatek
Solar energy, graphene, nanolithography, nanoparticle electrode all have or will soon have methods of mass reproduction
Investment in Nanotech
National Nanotech initiative
Funding and awards to universities and research
teams
Socio-economic impact of tech
trends including nanotech
Humanity is now entering a period of radial transformation in which technology has the potential to significantly raise the basic standards of living for every man, woman, and child on the planet.
Abundance is not about providing everyone on this planet with a life of luxury-rather its about providing all with a life of possibility.
Law of Disruption
Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance
human performance, to bring sustainable
development for materials, water, energy, and
food, to protect against unknown bacteria and
viruses, and even to diminish the reasons for
breaking the peace [by creating universal
abundance].
--National Science Foundation
The Rising Billion
Combination of the Internet, microfinance, and wireless communication technology that’s transforming the poorest of the poor into an emerging market force
Imagine a world of nine billion people with clean water, nutritious food, affordablehousing, personalized education, top-tier medical care, and nonpolluting, ubiquitous energy.
Combination of the Internet, microfinance, and wireless communication technology that’s transforming the poorest of the poor into an emerging market force
Imagine a world of nine billion people with clean water, nutritious food, affordablehousing, personalized education, top-tier medical care, and nonpolluting, ubiquitous energy.
Nanotechnology in the developing world
Nano-Dev project
• What are the local cultures of innovation in private and public nanotechnology labs in India? • What are the interactions in early nanotechnology research and development with the general public, public and private stakeholders, and potential users?
Nanotechnologies could deepen the economic divide between Africa and the rest of the world. How to use nanotechnologies for the benefit of Kenya and Africa, and how to make choices about nanotechnologies in a democratic way?
Do we really need nanotechnology?
The End
Sources
http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/nanotubes_mimicking_gecko_feet
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720103517.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_lithography
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080210124107.htm
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24939.php
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111123151916.htm
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120326160655.htm
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=15292.php
http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns