Tyto materiály byly vytvořeny v rámci projektu ESF OP VK: Inovace a rozvoj studia nanomateriálů na Technické univerzitě v Liberci

Inovace a rozvoj studia nanomateriálů na TUL

nano.tul.cz

Nanotechnology in the Future

Contents

Recent innovations

Nanotools

Rewriting the laws of physics

Bio-nanotech

Nanoscientists view of the future

Public opinion

Trends in technology

Industrial/Economic scale

Socio-economic implications

Shift of development power

Questions

End

Microscopic folds and wrinkles in the material

Increases efficiency by 47% in plastic photovoltaic cells

10.6 percent energy generation efficiency

Can be used with any polymer, not only plastic or silicon

Inspired by the Leaf

Relieves mechanical stress from bending, increases durability

Increases absorption near infrared spectrum by 600%

the folds on the surface of the panels channel light waves through the material in much the same way that canals guide water through farmland. By curving the light through the material, the researchers essentially trap the light inside the photovoltaic material for a longer time, which leads to greater absorption of light and generation of energy.

Microscopic folds and wrinkles in the material

Increases efficiency by 47% in plastic photovoltaic cells

10.6 percent energy generation efficiency

Can be used with any polymer, not only plastic or silicon

Inspired by the Leaf

Relieves mechanical stress from bending, increases durability

Increases absorption near infrared spectrum by 600%

the folds on the surface of the panels channel light waves through the material in much the same way that canals guide water through farmland. By curving the light through the material, the researchers essentially trap the light inside the photovoltaic material for a longer time, which leads to greater absorption of light and generation of energy.

The steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. The walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales.

TiO2 case

Electrode using crystalline

nanoparticles

40,000 charge/discharge cycles

Comparison 400 charge/discharge cycles for typical lithium battery

Crystalline copper hexacyanoferrate

Open framework crystal

Extremely fast movement of ions

No damage to electrode nanocrystals

Hydrated potassium

Extremely cheap, easily industrially scaled

Width of electrode material 100 atoms

Perfect solution to the power drop-offs in solar and wind energy

Graphene-based nanotechnology

Supercapacitors

Lithium-ion batteries

Solar cells

High current density

20% elasticity

Stronger than diamond

High thermal and electrical conductivity

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Pictures of Carbon

Effect of two-layered graphene

Graphene sheets on Gallium arsenide layer

Exposed by optical microscope with green

light filter

When cut lithographically, electron spins align at the edge of non-magnetic graphene

One-dimensional magnet

Highly sensitive to thermal disruption (above abs. zero)

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Nanolithography

Nanopatterns

Sub 100 nm range

Top-down method optical lithography

Next Generation Lithography (NGL) candidates

UV, X-ray, electron beam lithography

Bottom-up method

Nanolithography

Redefining physical laws

Wiedermann-Franz Law 1853

Ratio of thermal and electrical conductivity

Purple bronze contains one-dimensional atomic chain

In this one-dimensional world, the electrons split into two distinct components or excitations, one carrying spin but not charge (the spinon), the other carrying charge but not spin (the holon). When the holon encounters an impurity in the chain of atoms it has no choice but for its motion to be reflected. The spinon, on the other hand, has the ability to tunnel through the impurity and then continue along the chain.

Holon carries charge, spinon carries spin, and electrical conductivity

Bio-nanotech Confluence of biology and

nanotechnology

Interaction of nanostructures with living cells

Imitation or inspiration from nature

Algae have potential to produce 10 times or more biofuel per acre than corn or soybeans

Superalgae, highly efficient at converting sunlight and carbon dioxide into lipids and oils that can be sent to a refinery and made into diesel or jet fuel.

Genetically modified

Silicon nanochips in living cells

Used as intracellular sensors

Silicon -based

nanometric precision by photolithography

– integration of many different materials with different dimensions and geometries

mechanical parts

Early detection of disease

Cellular repair

Study of individual cells

Design by nature

70-80 µm

Nanotechnology visionaries

Thorough and inexpensive control of matter

–- K. Eric Drexler

I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big.

— Richard Feynman

Nanobots

Molecular scale

Self-replication

Modeled on biological machines – enzymes,

mitochondria, single-celled organisms

Nanotechnology and culture

Science fiction

The writing of nanotechnology, as much as or even more than any of its eagerly anticipated technological inventions, is already forging our conceptions of tomorrow. Unleashing its science fictions as science and thereby redrawing the contours of technoculture, nanotechnology instantiates the science-fictionizing of the world.

Science fiction…mimic [scientific research] when [it] is used to argue the cultural status of nanotechnology

The Singularity

Time when machine intelligence surpasses

human intelligence

Moores Law

Moores law states that every eighteen months, the

number of transistors on an integrated circuit

doubles, which essentially means that every

eighteen months, computers get twice as fast for

the same price

Exponential growth of technology at

lower cost

Today light will cost less than a half a second of

your working time if you are on the average

wage: half a second of work for an hour of light!

Had you been using a kerosene lamp in the

1880s, you would have had to work for 15

minutes to get the same amount of light. A tallow

candle in the 1800s: six hours of work. And to get

that much light from a sesame-oil lamp in

Babylon in 1750 BC would have cost you more

than 50 hours work.

--Abundance

Technology trends

We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2023.

We achieve one Human Brain capability (2 * 10^16 cps) for one cent around the year 2037.

We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for $1,000 around the year 2049.

We achieve one Human Race capability (2 * 10^26 cps) for one cent around the year 2059.

Industrial Scale Nanotech

Constant research into industrial scale nanotech

Sapphire energy

1 billion US gallons (3,800,000 m3) of fuel a year by 2025

IBM

Heliatek

Solar energy, graphene, nanolithography, nanoparticle electrode all have or will soon have methods of mass reproduction

Investment in Nanotech

National Nanotech initiative

Funding and awards to universities and research

teams

Socio-economic impact of tech

trends including nanotech

Humanity is now entering a period of radial transformation in which technology has the potential to significantly raise the basic standards of living for every man, woman, and child on the planet.

Abundance is not about providing everyone on this planet with a life of luxury-rather its about providing all with a life of possibility.

Law of Disruption

Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance

human performance, to bring sustainable

development for materials, water, energy, and

food, to protect against unknown bacteria and

viruses, and even to diminish the reasons for

breaking the peace [by creating universal

abundance].

--National Science Foundation

The Rising Billion

Combination of the Internet, microfinance, and wireless communication technology that’s transforming the poorest of the poor into an emerging market force

Imagine a world of nine billion people with clean water, nutritious food, affordablehousing, personalized education, top-tier medical care, and nonpolluting, ubiquitous energy.

Combination of the Internet, microfinance, and wireless communication technology that’s transforming the poorest of the poor into an emerging market force

Imagine a world of nine billion people with clean water, nutritious food, affordablehousing, personalized education, top-tier medical care, and nonpolluting, ubiquitous energy.

Nanotechnology in the developing world

Nano-Dev project

• What are the local cultures of innovation in private and public nanotechnology labs in India? • What are the interactions in early nanotechnology research and development with the general public, public and private stakeholders, and potential users?

Nanotechnologies could deepen the economic divide between Africa and the rest of the world. How to use nanotechnologies for the benefit of Kenya and Africa, and how to make choices about nanotechnologies in a democratic way?

Do we really need nanotechnology?

The End

Sources

http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/nanotubes_mimicking_gecko_feet

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720103517.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_lithography

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080210124107.htm

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24939.php

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111123151916.htm

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120326160655.htm

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=15292.php

http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns