Network / Graph
a graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of objects are connected by links. (Wikipedia)
“Questa struttura definisce una Rete
The interconnected objects are represented by mathematical abstractions called vertices, and the links that connect some pairs of vertices are called edges. Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. (Wikipedia)
“
La topologia di una rete descrive la distribuzione degli elementi che la compongono e lo studio di
questa struttura rappresenta una branca delle scienze matematiche
I nodi possono rappresentare persone, oggetti, sottosistemi, ecc.
I link possono rappresentare interazioni, dipendenze, canali di comunicazione, ecc.
Diametro della rete: distanza media di tutte le coppie di nodi
Distanza tra due punti: percorso più corto (in numero di links) per connettere due punti
comunità o cluster
l’analisi delle comunità (o graph clustering) serve a rivelare gruppi di nodi (cluster) con un alto numero di connessioni interne
ma un esiguo numero di connessioni esterne con altri gruppi.
La centralità di un nodo è la misura della sua importanza all’interno della rete.
L’importanza di un nodo può essere semplicisticamente misurata attraverso il suo degree
(ma non è sempre vero)
La betweenness rappresenta il numero totale di passaggi brevi (shortest paths) tra tutte le coppie di
nodi che passano attraverso quel nodo.
Network Dynamics
in che modo i fenomeni di rottura si propagano all’interno di una rete?
“cascade failures”epidemie e contagi
consenso e sincronizzazione
Life extension & immortality
Biological disorders+ Mental / neural disorders
Longevity
Articles dedicated to di!erent disordersrelated to ageing (but not only).
A very speci"c subset of articlesdedicated mostly to people thathad a very long life.We excluded many lists of olderpeople and records of longevity.We can still "nd the Guiness World Records.
Many articles are dedicated topeople or institutes.
Special Search American_Academy_of_Anti_Aging_Medicine
Special Search Charlotte_Hughes_supercentenarian
Parkinson
Alzheimer
Memory_and_ageing
Andropause
Free Radical_Theory
Hayflick_Limit
Reliability_theory_of_ageing_and_longevity
Ageing_ disambiguation
Sirtuin
Ageing_of_Europe
Mandatory_retirement_age
Biomarkers_of_aging
John_Painter_ supercentenarian
John_Evans_ supercentenarian
Thomas_Peters_ supercentenarian
Charlotte_Hughes_ supercentenarian
Mental_health
Spirituality
Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory
Retirement_home
Martha_Graham_ supercentenarian
Working_memory
Stress_ biological
Activity_theory_ aging
Continuity_theory_ aging
Disengagement_theory
Menopause
Free_radicals
Free_radical_theoryMichael_Ristow
Population_ageing
Ageing_brain
Gompertz_law
Retirement
Anti aging
Methuselah_Mouse_Prize
Quality_of_life
Aging_movement_control
Werner_syndrome
Natural_selectionCompensation_law_of_mortality
Late life_mortality_deceleration
Semantic_memory
Progeria
Cell_cycle
Biodemography
Jeanne_Calment
Gerontology_Research_Group
Movement_disorder
Poliomyelitis
Homeostasis
Geriatrics
Resveratrol
Cerebrovascular_disease
Osteoporosis
Hormone
Diabetes_mellitus_type_2
Old_age
National_Institute_on_Aging
Biogerontology
Free_radical
Biodemography_of_human_longevity
Transient_global_amnesia
Memory
Insomnia Autopsy
Diabetes_mellitus
Telomerase
Guinness_World_Records
Neurodegenerative_disease
Hypertension
Heart_disease
Mortality_rate
Cardiovascular_disease
Free radical_theory_of_aging
Network_theory_of_aging
Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
Plant_senescence
Incomplete_longevity_claims
Extreme_longevity_tracking
Immune_system
Longevity_claims
Immunosenescence
Centenarian
Longevity_myths
Oxidative_stress
Telomere
Parkinson's_disease
Dementia
Evolution_of_ageing
Atherosclerosis
Negligible_senescence
Diabetes
Programmed_cell_death
Regeneration_ biology
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Stroke
Reliability_theory_of_aging_and_longevity
Immortality
Hayflick_limit
Supercentenarian
DNA_repair
Oldest_people
Alzheimer's_disease
William_H _Andrews_ biologist
Sierra_Sciences
Durk_Pearson
Life_Extension_Foundation
Sandy_Shaw
Michael_D _West
KrioRus
Cryonics_Society
American_Cryonics_Society
Immortalist_Society
Index_of_life_extension related_topics
Alcor_Life_Extension_Foundation
Saul_Kent
The_First_Immortal
Cryonics_Institute
Immortality_Institute
SENS_Foundation
Ending_Aging
Aging
Suspended_animation
American_Academy_of_Anti Aging_Medicine
Life_expectancy
Stem_cell_treatments
Alliance_for_Aging_Research
Methuselah_Foundation
Roy_Walford
Apoptosis
Free radical_theory
Denham_Harman
Physical_exercise
American_Aging_Association
Death
Cryonics
Biological_immortality
Aubrey_de_Grey
Cancer
Leonard_Hayflick
Maximum_life_span
Antioxidant
Indefinite_lifespan
Longevity
Ageing
Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence
Gerontology
Senescence
Life_extension
Aging on Wikipedia� In this map
Life extension & immortality
152 Wikipedia articles related to Agingand the 2976 hyperlinks between them
� Aging mainly as a biological phenomenon
� Where are the societal concerns?
43% of the articles are dedicated to Aging as a biological phenomenon.These topics are Senescence & free radicals (19%), Biological disorders(13%) and Mental / neural disorders (11%).
Very few articles are dedicated to Aging in a societalfashion. We !nd them only in Age in general& related topics (11%).
� Senescence is the central conceptThe generic articles are not in the center. They do notplay the role of bridge. Instead, the topic Senescence& free radicals connects the di"erent parts of thedomain.This topic is able to structure biological aspects(Biological disorders) with scienti!c issues (Lifeextension & immortality) and Age in general.
� The arti!cial !eld of Life extensionLife extension & immortality has very speci!c properties.It is mostly dedicated to people or institutions.It has the incredible internal links density of 77%This is due to the systematic presence of a list of linksdedicated to the Life Extension topic, also gatheredin the Life Extension article itself.This topic cites more other topics that it is cited by,It cites 191 times Senescence & free radical but iscited only 74 times. It cites Biological disorders versus cited 4 times. It cites Longevity 74 times versuscited 41 times.This assymmetry is even more spectacular for singlearticles. Some articles are very cited by Life extension& immortality but no article cites many of them.Also, scienti!c concepts are very cited, whereas no bigscienti!c article cites many of them.
Most cited by Life extensionMost citing Life extension
� The taboo of DeathOnly 5 Wikipedia articles (3%) are dedicated to Death:Autopsy, Death, Mortality Rate, Natural Selection, and Programmed Cell Death.54 articles (36%) are dedicated to avoiding or delaying death:the topics Longevity and Life extension and Immortality,including the article Immortality.
Senescence & free radicalsBiological disordersLongevityAge in general & related topicsMental / neural disordersAging as a science (theories)Death
35 articles29 articles20 articles19 articles17 articles17 articles10 articles
5 articles
23%19%
13%13%
11%11%
7%3%
33 - Strategies for Engineered Negligible Sen.Maximum life span - 7Ageing - 6
Biogerontology - 6Gerontology - 6
Free radical theory - 6
31 - Senescence 31 - Gerontology31 - Longevity31 - Stem cell treatments
Free Radical_Theory
Hayflick_Limit
Sirtuin
Ageing_of_Europe
Biomarkers_of_aging
Reproductive Cell_Cycle_Theory
Free_radicals
Free_radical_theoryMichael_Ristow
Population_ageing
Anti aging
Aging_movement_control
Werner_syndromeProgeria
Cell_cycleHomeostasis
Geriatrics
Resveratrol
Diabetes_mellitus_type_2
Old_age
National_Institute_on_Aging
Biogerontology
Free_radical
Autopsy
Telomerase
Heart_disease
Mortality_rate
Cardiovascular_disease
Free radical_theory_of_aging
Network_theory_of_agingPlant_senescence Extreme_longevity_tracking
Immune_system
Immunosenescence
Centenarian
Oxidative_stress
Telomere
Evolution_of_ageing
Atherosclerosis
Negligible_senescence
Diabetes
Programmed_cell_death
Regeneration_ biology
DNA_damage_theory_of_aging
Immortality
Hayflick_limit
DNA_repair
Aging
Life_expectancy
Apoptosis
Free radical_theory
Death
Biological_immortality
Cancer
Maximum_life_span
Antioxidant Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence
Gerontology
Senescence
Life_extension
!"#$% 01 & "
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AGEING ON WIKIPEDIA | Mapping relationships between articles!"# $%&' ()*%+,"&-!,.- /)+#))& ,--0)- %&1 2%+)3"(,)-4 ! The map visualize each wikipedia page related to ageing as a donut piechart. A line separates the left part of the piechart, which indicates the categories of pages that cite the article, from the right part, which indicates the categories of pages that are linked by the named page. The color of the central circle reflects the article category.
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WORLD CLASS ARCHI-MEMES DISTRIBUTION MAPFrammento di una tassonomia/A taxonomy fragment
CANADA
067
GREENLAND
066
DENMARK
015007
023 023 058 272
010
236 257 255
279
001
052
292021 022
260 265
275 284 295
002
011
287
077
261
276
005
040
285
286
294
141 150
200
113134220
ITALY
055383
119 306 303
176
093
146 414
GERMANY
050
069
289
278
SWEDEN
CZECH REPUBLIC
012
035
FINLAND
148
078
070
240
ALBANIA
054
008
266027 025
014 395
NORWAY
AZERBAIJAN
051
KAZAKHSTAN
038
147
230
192
104
SPAIN
422
207300
321
322
241
UNITED KINGDOM
174
180
210
399
194 183213 170
172
182
359
195
234
344
169 173 171
186
034
369
THE NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
296
156
298
308
309
397
400
226 013 072
106
107
139 382
370
076068081
329
USA
085
372
374
MEXICO
BRAZIL
091
436
095
098
123130
384159
SWITZERLAND
403
097
117
362
302365
205160
FRANCE
MONACO
336
MONTENEGRO
042
OSTERREICH
125
LITHUANIA
037
SAUDI ARABIA
313
INDIA
149
RUSSIA
318
MONGOLIA
389
SINGAPORE
155
ICELAND
020
FAROE ISLANDS
053
ESTONIA
047
UAE
017
084019
323
056 231
246
183 345
392
TAIWAN
JAPA
299355288
120
048404
224
206401
441
164
161353
325
PRC
283
293
ANYWHERE
115
281
BELGIUM
509
508
501
275 284 295287 294
141 150
200
113134220
ITALY
055383
119 306 303
176
093
146 414
GERMANYCZECH REPUBLIC
012
035
070
240
ALBANIA
AZERBAIJAN
051
KAZAKHSTAN
038
174
180
210
399
194 183213 170
172
182
359
195
234
344
169 173 171
186
034
369
THE NETHERLANDS
equator line
095
098
123130
384159
SWITZERLAND
362
302
205
MONACO
336
MONTENEGRO
042
OSTERREICH
125
SAUDI ARABIA
313
INDIA
149
MONGOLIA
389
SINGAPORE
155
UAE
017
084019
323
056 231
246
183 345
392
TAIWAN
387
427378 428
385
388419
108
179
307
423
420 425
429 438
415
JAPAN
299355288
120
048404
224
206401
441
164
161353
325
PRC
SOUTH KOREA
253
338
249228
314
209
281
BELGIUM
508
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