Atelier Rwanda: September 2010IMUDUGUDU: Urban and Rural Settlement TypologiesIUAV | KIST
instructors: Tomà Berlanda, Sierra Bainbridgetutor: Alice Cappelli
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Contents
Phase 1: Mapping existing settlement typologies Colline Informal Imudugudu Linear
Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives Colline Informal Imudugudu Linear
Phase 3: Working in Kigali Masterplan Elements Final exhibition
Atelier Rwanda: September 2010IUAV | KIST
instructors: Tomà Berlanda, Sierra Bainbridgetutor: Alice Cappelli
students:William BianchiJean Paul BigirimanaBrian CyogereMarie Minerve DukundeLucia Fanetti ZamboniMonica FontanaFlavia GwizaEmmanuel HavugimanaFabiola KaligirwaMaddalena LazzarinRichard MpfiziEmmanuel MutabaziKenneth NkusiJean Bosco NdungutseAlexis NiyongombwaAloys NshimiyimanaMarie Amelie NtigulirwaLambert NyirimanaEnrico PeriniFrancesca TaglioniJean Pierre TuyisengeSeth UwimanaJean Paul UzabakirihoRiccardo ValsesiaChiara Zonta
5Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
Phase 1: Mapping existing settlement typologies
What is the pattern of settlement in Rwanda? How has it come to its current manifestation? What are the various factors (social, economic, climatic, topographical, political) that have helped to determine the settlement’s organization and how can these be represented in a visually compelling way?
The initial task (weeks 1-2) has been for students to determine how to show the answers to the questions they had discovered during their field observations in the first week of the workshop. Every group set out with a very detailed questionnaire which had been generated collectively, with the aim of gathering sufficient evidence supporting the thesis that at present state, four are the existing typologies of settlement:
- Colline- Informal- Linear Market - Imudugudu (government planned neighbourhoods).
The objective has been to represent as simply and clearly as possible the information gathered through sketches and answers to questions. In the set of diagrams that follows, through different scales of representation, the information has been processed and rendered comparable in three main categories:
1. Region 2. Settlement3. Dwelling
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colline 2 Kigeyo
colline 1 Kirenge
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
KigeyoCOLLINE TYPOLOGY Kirenge
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morphologytopography
territorial sections
density
distance to services
vegetation
vegetation density
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
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materialsplan
vegetation
settlement
animals
daily routine (morning)
daily routine (afternoon)
daily routine (evening)
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
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typical house plan
typical house section
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
COLLINE: Kirenge _ Kigeyo
Kirenge plan (not to scale)
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informal 1 Gitega informal 2 Biryogo
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
GitegaINFORMAL TYPOLOGY Biryogo
17Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
INFORMAL: Gitega _ Biryogo
public buildings and infrastructureslocalization
density
topography
territorial sections
intensity of population using services
distances to services
water map
19Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
INFORMAL: Gitega _ Biryogo
house 01figure ground
public and gathering spaces
functions
vegetation
house 02
house 03 plan and section
house 04 plan and section
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imudugudu 1 Batsinda
imudugudu 2 Mandela
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
BatsindaIMUDUGUDU TYPOLOGY Mandela
23Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
IMUDUGUDU: Batsinda _ Mandela
figure groundtopography
density
topography
territorial sections
land cover
vegetation
streets and movement patterns
25Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
IMUDUGUDU: Batsinda _ Mandela
house 01richness
public institutions
services
house 02
typical section
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linear 1 Kinini
linear 2 Nyamirambo
Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
KininiLINEAR MARKET TYPOLOGY Nyamirambo
29Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
LINEAR: Kinini _ Nyamirambo
main public buildings and servicesdensity
territorial sections
density
topography
building functions
land use
empty space between street and houses
31Phase 1: Mapping existing settelement typologies
LINEAR: Kinini _ Nyamirambo
house 01sections
plan house 02
detail section
33Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
In the second phase (week 3) the objective has been to take a larger view of the challenges of densification facing Rwanda in the next 30 years by attempting to understand in a physical way the impact that Rwanda’s future population growth will have on the both the urban and rural landscape. This, coupled with the studio’s observations and analysis of existing urban and rural inhabitation, provide two levels of understanding which are the key in the beginning to be able to project the sufficiency of the strategies for densification currently being employed by Rwanda’s government and to begin to imagine alternatives. The studio’s analysis revealing a comprehensive understanding of the needs and habits of both the rural and urban household may suggest alternatives to programs in place that question assumptions regarding infrastructure, house design, methods of densification requiring transition of land ownership, neighbourhood organizations, and more.
The current population growth at 2.5% indicates that from a current population of 10.6 million people, there will be 14.5 million people in 2020, and 21 million people 2040. This is roughly an increase by 1.5x the current population in 2020, and 2x the current population in 2040. Rwanda is 26320 square km and the current density is 400 people per square km and 4 persons per hectare on average.
In 2040, there will be 800,000 persons per square km, and 8 persons per hectare. Currently, 83.5% of this population is rural, 9 % is urban, and 7.5% is in Kigali.
To understand what this means, relative to the current housing typologies and government strategy for densification, we propose that this projection is made physical on one sample of each typology. For each step below, students were asked to find a way to record each step, including current density, density multiplied by 1,5 and by 2, as well as each following alternative they created:
Step 1: Choice of one example per typology. Creation of a physical base at 1:5000, which reflects the known topography and the existing settlement. This has been executed in clay, keeping in mind that its technique of construction should be malleable in that it should show not only the current settlement but allow for multiplication, alteration, experimentation.
Step 2: Playing out the population growth scenarios based on current trends and types of settlement observed. Initially the current pattern are shown. Next, the projection of how these will be affected by multiplying the current population by 1.5x, and finally, by 2x.
Step 3: Experimenting with alternative methods of densification for each area. Relative to topography, infrastructure, services and technology, are there other possibilities for methods of densification? Is densification necessary? Should the rural be preserved (knowing that 80% of Rwanda’s production is agricultural). While looking at some of these alternatives at 1:5000, students began to imagine how alternatives could be imagined at other scales, including the scale of the house, the community, the town. Sketching, modelling, writing were all viable methods of exploration.
Step 4: Drawing up objectives and conclusions. Based on what students know to be important elements of the Rwandan household (garden, shop, livestock, yard, etc); what they know to be great inadequacies (access to water, electricity, sources of affordable food, education, etc), and what they understand to be the huge pressures of population growth based on the scenarios above. Does the architectural response to this as proposed by Miniloc and others seem adequate? What are the shortfalls? What aspects might be applicable?
The objectives and conclusions agreed upon became the the basis of the final design in the last week.
35Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
COLLINE: Kirenge
INFORMAL: Gitega LINEAR: Nyamirambo
IMUDUGUDU: Mandela
37Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
COLLINE: Kirenge
existing linear
rural 2020 rural 2040
urban 2040
hilltop 2020 hilltop 2040
urban 2020
topography >
infrastructure >
housing >
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
water, electricity >
hilltops
network
fill in boundaries according to need
network
planned specificity, collective agriculture for personal use, collective industry for commercial use
mixed within settlement
central, nodal
39Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
INFORMAL: Gitega
existing
new streets and linear growth
linear development random pattern
branches
topography >
infrastructure >
housing >
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
water, electricity >
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major vertical connections (aerial/terrestrial) + horizontal distribution (formalize existing)
maximum density reached
punctual + linear
mixed
plot by plot
-
41Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
IMUDUGUDU: Mandela
existing
lineareven grid
isolated settlements concentrated
casual sprawl
growth inwards linear block growth inwards radial pattern
growth inwards low rise high density growth inwards megablocks
topography >
infrastructure >
housing >
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
water, electricity >
indifferent
perimeter, growth inwards
linear low rise blocks
infill, connected
zoning, collective agriculture
flexible, essential
nodal
43Phase 2: Scenarios and objectives
LINEAR: Nyamirambo
existing
distribution of secondary services
strengthen circulation
increase in density
linking cross streets
vertical densification
concentration of main services
topography >
infrastructure >
housing >
public services >
land use >
business, other income >
water, electricity >
indifferent
strengthen and differentiate existing linear and dispersed
increase vertically
strengthen and add to existing
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linear along street fronts
linear
45Phase 3: Working in Kigali
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
In light of existing and proposed housing alternatives collectively discussed in the scenario testing, alongside the demographic projections that have been played out on the various sites, emerged a critique to the current approach for housing in Rwanda.
The conclusion of the previous step brought the group to a synthesis of the information gathered in the form of a list of pertinent objectives aimed at informing alternative models of settlement typologies. Starting with the Kigali Concept Master Plan objectives, a more detailed list of the key issues that should be tackled in schematic designs has been formulated.
Thus, the objective for the final phase (week 4) of the workshop has been to build on the understanding of the house and the settlement in the context of Rwanda’s future demographic change and projected models of densification (imudugudu) to test some potential alternate hybrid typologies on a site on the northern slope of Kacyru hill in Kigali. Stretching between the ministerial hilltop, the valley and the adjacent hill where existing informal settlements have been removed to make space for high income neighborhood, the area is destined to be subject to market driven development pressures.
The goal is to question the proposed zoning and settlement model for the site, in what could become a protoypical approach to the future development of Rwanda’s territory.
47Phase 3: Working in Kigali
armature
strips
Stemming from an initial schema presentation of four alternatives, the final design is a synthesis and hybridizing of two proposals:
I. A trans-topographical connection / armature, capable of carrying and supporting certain community program (potentially 2 primary and 1 secondary school, 1 market, 1 health center, 1 library, 10 multiuse centers)
OVERLAID or INTERWOVEN with
II. a mat/strip proposition which organizes land use primarily (potentially various residential typologies, agricultural, livestock, agroforestry, other land based production) but also carrying certain programs that must be evenly spread amongst all residential areas (potentially electricity, water, waste water treatment, internet, playground, garbage collection, self production, public space, sports, parking etc.).
49Phase 3: Working in Kigali
DESIGN: Kacyru masterplan:
strips of housing and fields
health center
school
shops
market
park and multipurpose center
public lavatories
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vegetation
connective corridor
public services
strips
housing
topography
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
DESIGN: Kacyru
layers:
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health center
strips of housing and fields
market
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
DESIGN: Kacyru
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public lavatories
school
shops
park and multipurpose center
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
DESIGN: Kacyru
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housing typologies
house A
house B
house C
house D
house E
Phase 3: Working in Kigali
DESIGN: Kacyru
59Final exhibition
IUAV | KIST Atelier Rwanda: September 2010