How to build fuel poverty measurement in the
transport sector?
Audrey Berry*1 In collaboration with Nicolas Coulombel2, Céline Guivarch1, Yves Jouffe2
1 Centre International de la Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement, 45 Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle 94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France 2 Laboratoire Ville Mobilité Transport, Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, 5 Boulevard Descartes 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
* First author: [email protected]
YEEES - 04 June 2015
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
Overview
1. A picture of fuel poverty in France• Fuel poverty in France • Opinion on mobility
2. Some difficulties induced by rising fuel prices• Key drivers of fuel poverty • The mobility side of the issue
3. How to measure exposition to rising fuel prices• Existing indicators • A composite indicator <— Our proposition
4. Conclusion• Learnings and recommandations
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
Fuel poverty in France
of the French limiting car use is because of fuel prices****, behind maintenance costs (35%), air pollution (31%) and traffic jams (30%) .
of the French usually commute by car***, before public transport (15%), walking (11%) and cycling (6%).
of the French could not do without owning a car***.
of the French spend more than 10% of their budget on buying energy*.
more electricity supply disconnections in 2014**than the previous year.
of the French suffer from cold in their home*, because of insufficient heating system, poor insulation or financial constraints.
of the French cut back on heating to keep costs down*.
11%
14%
33%
17%
69%
82%
64%The French are more likely to limit car use for financial reasons.
In today’s mobility, cars remain essential.
Curbing down energy expenses becomes a strategy to save money.
The French face increasing difficulties to afford their energy bills.
* « Chiffre-clés de l’ONPE », data exploitation from ENL 2006** « Chiffre-clés de l’ONPE », MNE for ONPE, data from 2014*** Survey « Les Français et les transports », BVA for Doméo et Presse Régionale, 2015 **** Survey « Le baromètre de l’opinion des Français sur la mobilité durable », Vague 4, Harris Interactive for Les Ateliers de la terre, SNCF et Mobivia, 3
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015 4
Key drivers of fuel povertyLow income High fuel price
Poor energy performance Poor residential location
€€ €
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
What matters when we talk about mobility
• Allow for diverse mobility needs
• Detect restriction behavior
• Evaluate one’s capacity to adapt
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How to measure fuel poverty in the transport sector?
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
Case study: France
• Based on data from the National Transport Survey (Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements)
• Conducted by INSEE every 10-15 years, last available from 2008
• Interviewed a sample of 20 200 French households
• Offers a detailed description of travel behaviors (compared to BDF) at the national level (compared to EMD)
• Focus on places to work and study
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
How to measure?
• Ratio indicator
• LIHC indicator
• Composite indicator
Transposition from domestic fuel poverty
Our proposition
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
How to measure?
• Ratio indicator
• LIHC indicator
• Composite indicator
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Equation:
Ratio indicator
Threshold:2x median
Fuel spending
Income
Identify:Disproportionate share of income spent on fuel
Number of households
% of population
RATIO 2.6 millions 10,5 %
RATIO/IP 0.5 million 2.0 %
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
How to measure?
• Ratio indicator
• LIHC indicator
• Composite indicator
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Equation:
LIHC indicator
Fuel spendingNumber of active
individuals
Income - Fuel spendingNumber of
consumption units
Identify:High fuel spending
Low residual income
Threshold:Median 60% median
Number of households
% of population
LIHC 840 000 3,3%
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What are the differences between the two approaches?
RATIO/IP vs LIHC
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Differences: 1/ LIHC includes middle-class households, whose standard of living is lowered because of their fuel expenses.
2/ LIHC includes poor households, whose individual motorized mobility is higher than half the population.
3/ RATIO includes households with high fuel ratio, whose financial capacity is particularly low.
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
But…
• It brings a normative approach to mobility though mobility needs are diverse: how to interpret?
• Restriction and capacity to adapt are not evaluated: don’t we miss essential features?
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It calls for a new indicator to measure
the different dimensions of fuel poverty.
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
How to measure?
• Ratio indicator
• LIHC indicator
• Composite indicator
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
The composite indicator is a three-dimensions indicator…
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Dimensions Factors
Financial resources Low income
Fuel consumptionHigh spending
Restriction
Conditions of mobility
Poor spatial matching
No alternative
Low vehicle performance or No vehicle
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
…identifying three levels of exposition to rising fuel prices.
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Fuel poor
Vulnerable in mobility
Car dependent
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
How?
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Combinations of factors (gather at least)
Financial resources Fuel consumption Conditions of mobility
Low income High spending Restriction Poor spatial
matchingNo
alternativeLow vehicle performance or No vehicle
x xFuel poor
Level of exposition
x x
x x x
Vulnerable in mobilityx x x
x x x
x x x Car-dependent
Measure:Financial resource Energy consumption Conditions of mobility
Composite indicator
Threshold:Per factor / Across factors
Identify:Disadvantageous combinations of factors
Number of households % of population
1.8 millions 7,1 %2.1 millions 8,2 %1.0 million 3,7 %
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Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
Summary of results
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Factor Threshold(Exposed if)
Number of households
exposed
Share among households with
required mobility / active households
Share among French households
Financial resources Low income <1580 €/UC/month 9 260 000 57,7 % 36,9 %
Fuel consumptionHigh spending >64 €/active/month 2 450 000 15,3 % 9,8 %
Restriction 1 1 300 000 8,1 % 5,2 %
Conditions of mobility
Poor spatial matching >382 km/active/month 8 030 000 50,1 % 32,0 %
No alternative 1 7 190 000 44,8 % 28,7 %
Low vehicle performance or No vehicle
>10c€/km or 1 2 560 000 15,9 % 10,2 %
Composite indicator
Fuel poor 1 770 000 11,0 % 7,1 %
Vulnerable in mobility 3 180 000 19,8 % 12,7 %
Car-dependent 1 870 000 11,7 % 7,5 %
LIHC indicator Fuel poor 840 000 5,2 % 3,3 %
Ratio indicatorFuel poor 2 620 000 16,3 % 10,5 %
Fuel poor (restricted to income poor) 510 000 3,2 % 2,0 %
Audrey Berry YEEES - 04 June 2015
Conclusion
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•Ratio and LIHC are not satisfactory in the transport sector.
•A good fuel poverty indicator should account for: - diverse mobility needs - restriction behaviours - variable capacity to adapt
•A composite indicator can reflect the conditions of mobility and reveal
one’s exposition to rising fuel prices.
Thank you ! [email protected]