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Hartmut Abele

Atominstitut

Strings, Axions and cold Neutrons

Exploring the Properties of Fundamental Interactions with neutrons

Up To and Including Gravity

a, A, B, C

Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 22

Acceleration of the UniverseFriedman DGL

2

Hubble parameter: .

8Friedman Eq.: 3

Gravity Energy

4accelerated universe:

N

aH consta

H G

aa

( 2 )

3NG


Friedman DGL

2

Hubble parameter: .

8Friedman Eq.: 3

Gravity Energy

4accelerated universe:

N

aH consta

H G

aa

( 2 )

3NG

2

Hubble parameter: .

8Friedman Eq.: 3

... ...

new Gravity Vacuum E ne r gy

N

aH consta

H G

4

accelerated universe: ( 2 )3

NGaa

/1 2( ) (1 )rm mV r G er

ADD ‘99: Repulsive forces gauge fields in the bulk

Strength = 106

– 109

, range < 100 µm,

B&C ‘05: Cosmological Constant linked to

Size of extra dimensions

~ 5µm, < 106

Axions

0.2 µm < < 2 cm

Dark Matter

1. Quantum Bounce the dynamics of ultra-cold neutrons in the gravity potential

Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. J. Phys.1999

Quantum interference: sensitivity to fifth forces

Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien


Limits

Count rate: 0.5s-1 N = 106 after 25 daysObservation time T = 100ms

6 3

6

2

10 10/

/

/ 0.33 / 6 10 peV

N

Nt E tE t

E T s

6

6

6 5 2

10

6 10 peV

3 10 10 10

N

E

2 2| |/ 12( , ) 2 2 10 peVznV z m Ge

Fifth force:

2.1 Limits on Axions/CP-Violation

SM: 0 < q < 2 EDM neutron→ q < 10-10 Axion: Spin-Mass coupling gsgp/ħc: q 0

Science week TU Munich 08, Georg Raffelt:

2 cmc

2 cm 0.2 µm

A. Westphal, H.A. et al. 2007

λ [m]

|gSg

P|/ħ

c

10-6 10-4 10-2 100

10 -30

10 -27

10 -24

10 -21

10 -18

10 -15

10 -12

PVLAS

Youdin et al., 1996

Ni et al., 1999

Heckel et al., 2006

Heckel et al., 2006:

Ni et al., 1999:

Our limit

Polarized Particle is an electron

Polarized Particle is a neutron

S. Hoedl et al.,

prospect

Hammond et al., 2007

Axion Limits Baeßler et al., PRD 2007

Westphal, Baeßler, H.A. arXiv:hep-ph/0703108

The Experimental Team:T. Jenke, H. Lemmel, H.A., ATI Vienna

P. Geltenbort, ILL

D. Stadler, Univ. HD

H. Saul, G. Kessler, T. Lins, TUM


3. P-Violation, the SM and β-decay of the neutron

Beta-Decay of the Neutron

See review article: The neutron. Its properties and basic interactions,

Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60 1-81 (2008)

3. The Neutron Alphabet, Observables

Electron

Proton

Neutrino

Neutron Spin

A

B

C

A: P-odd, Dr. Mund (2007) B: P-odd, Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)C: P-odd, Schumann et al., PRL 100, 151801 (2008)a aSPECTb project D: T-odd, Dr. PlonkaG PSI 08, Bodek et al.N PSI 08, Bodek et al.R: T-odd, PSI 08, Bodek et al. PNPI

a

D

R N



Hartmut Abele, ATI Vienna 13

a,A = gA/ gV

A + Vud from CKM matrix

A + B + Right Handed Currents (RHC)?

Letters and SM spelling

WL WR

PERKEO: Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)

Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut TU Wien 14

Why ratio = gA/ gV from Neutrons?Processes with the same Feynman-Diagram

Slide from D. Dubbers


a,A = gA/ gV



0%

50%

100%

'down' 'strange' 'bottom'

down strange bottom

ud us ub

cd cs cb

td ts tb

V V VV V VV V V

d ds sb b

|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 1-

Quark mixing is rotation in flavor space

CKM-Matrix is unitary

5 4

1 2 2 23 7(1 3 ) 2

Re

ud Ff mV cG

h

Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, Wien 16

Is Unitary in the quark sector violated?

94.4%

4.8%

0.00001%

Vus

Vud

VubCKM Unitarity test first row

with A = - 0.1189(7)we get = gA/gV = -1.2739(19)

rad.corr.

0.9713(13)0.9717(4) (4)(12)

udV

Kaon

B-Meson (PDG 2002)

0.2196(23)0.0036(9)

us

ub

V

V

2 2 2 1ud us ubV V V

3 (PERKEO 2002)

2 2 2 10.0084 0.0028 ,

ud us ubV V V

Hartmut Abele, ATI Vienna 17

a,A = gA/ gV


A + B + Right Handed Currents (RHC)?


WL WR

PERKEO: Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)

1818

Origin of nature’s lefthandednessStandard Model: Elektroweak interaction 100% lefthanded

Grand unified theories:Universe was left-right symmetric at the beginningParity violation = 'emergent' Order parameter <100%

Neutron decay: Correlation B + A:Mass right handed W-Boson: mR > 280 GeV/c2

Phase: -0.20 <<0.07

WL WR


A + B + C, Neutrons 19

A + B + C Scalar Interactions Tensor Interactions

Letters and SM spellingS, TV-A

World average 2007

gT/gA gT/gA

PERKEO: Schumann et al.,

PRL 100, 151801 (2008)

New SM: Role of low energy studies in the LHC era

Double frontier in the search for new physics- Collider experiments (pp, e+e-, etc) at higher energies (E >> MZ)

- Searches at lower energies (E < MZ) but high precision

(and beyond!)

Ramsey-Musolf: ILL workshop `08

Super symmetry effects:B-coefficientEffect large:

g-2

neutron-beta-decy

3

~

~ 10W

SUSY

M M

9

~

~

~ 10W

SUSY

M m

m M

10

-5

Ramsey-Musolf: http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0608064v2H. Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien


Cold Neutrons @ PF1B, MEPHISTO, (PSI)

High Flux: = 2 x 1010 cm-2s-1

Decay rate of 1 MHz / metre

Polarizer: 99.7 ± 0.1 %Spin Flipper: 100.05 ± 0.1 %Analyzer: 100 % 3He-cells

Spectrometer

v- selector

Spin flipper

PolarizerDecay Volume, 8m

Chopper

Beam stop

e,p selector Analyzing area

PERC: A clean, bright and versatile source of neutron decay products

n-guide + solenoid: field B0polarized, monochromatic n-pulse

n + γ-beam stopsolenoid, field B1

solenoid, field B2p+ + e− window-framep+ + e− beam

D. Dubbers, H. Abele, S. Baeßler, B. Maerkisch, M. Schumann, T. Soldner, O. Zimmer, arXiv:0709.4440.

Hartmut Abele, ATI Wien 24

..I.ILn 16n

6n

0β s10411063

Expected count ratesCont. unpol:

After mag. Barrier:

Polarized to 98%:

Pulsed:

Pulsed polarized 99.7%

,n.nBB

byx

I 14ββ

1

02

00s s106170

24

21

Tn·Is=1.2104s−1

.

.I.Iz'L'L

L'L

I'I

'I 13ss

22

0

n

ns s105080

91

Tn'Is'=300s−1

.


SOURCE OF ERROR COMMENT SIZE OF CORRECT.

SIZE OF ERROR:

non-uniform n-beam for ΔΦ/Φ = 10 % over 1 cm width 2.5·10−4 5·10−5

other edge effects on e/p-window for worst case at max. energy 4·10−4 1·10−4

magn. mirror effect, contin's n-beam 1.4·10−2 2·10−4

magn. mirror effect, pulsed n-beam for ΔB/B = 10 % over 8 m length 5·10−5 <10−5

non-adiabatic e/p-transport 5·10−5 5·10−5

background from n-guide}is separately measurable

2∙10−3 1·10−4

background from n-beam stop 2·10−4 1·10−5

backscattering off e/p-window 2·10−5 1·10−5

backscattering off e/p-beam dump 5∙10−5 1∙10−5

backscatt. off plastic scintillator}for worst case

2∙10−3 4·10−4

~ same with active e/p-beam dump − 1·10−4

neutron polarisation present status 3·10−3 1·10−3

Dubbers, Baessler, Märkisch, Schumann, Soldner, Zimmer, H.A., arXiv 2007

Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, Wien 26

CASCADE-Project @ University of HD

a GEM-based gasdetector for neutronsSolid converter systemHighly integrated readout electronics

- Accessories:- Electronics.- Gas flow controllers.- 10B coatings.

ElectronsIons

pict

ures

from

Sau

li

The GEM inherently has high rates capability of 10 MHz/cm2

!

10 B-Converter

taken from Sauli et al.: http://www.cern.ch/GDD

Neutrons

http://www.cern.ch/GDD

http://www.cern.ch/GDD

CASCADE-U for UCN and VCN Detection

Readout structure

Converter gap

Entrance gap

Kapton Copper

GEM Entrance Window

Transfer gap GEM

Drift electrode

Gas In Gas Out

Boron layer

n n n

CASCADE-U Detection Principle

Adapter to Wilson-flange

Teflon ring

Top-flange

Sidewall-flange

Bottom-flange

Transparency by M. Klein, CASCADE-Detector

Standard-Model-Parameters- Axial vector to Vector coupling

- CKM-Matrix element

- Unitarity test

- Phase

- Weak Magnetismus

other variablesall -p weak cross sections

Number of neutrino flavors

Baryon density in the universe

22

4908 2sec(1 3 )udV

2 2 2 1us us usV V V

A

V

gg

q T-symm. V-A 1ie

2cm38/ 0.67 10 /p E GeV

2.5 0.6N

(3/ .3 0.7)%crit

q 180.06(7)

And beyond:

RHC- Mass W boson

- Mixing Angle

Scalar interactions gs

Tensor interactions gt

Fierz interference b

Neutrino helicity <1

< GeV

-0.20 0.07

< <

2280 /RWm c

Schumann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 191803 (2007), arXiv:0706.3788.

1. String-Theories & NeutronsGravitation and the question of large extra dimensions

2. CP-Violation & NeutronsAxionsBaryon asymmetry of the universe SUSY

3. P-Violation & NeutronsCorrelation coefficients in neutron beta-decay and

Mixing of quarksSUSY

See review article: The neutron. Its properties and basic interactions,

H.A., Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60 (2008) 1-81