SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF SOME
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF
WATARI RESERVOIR, TREATED AND
POTABLE WATER, IN KANO STATE
NIGERIA.
*Adamu, G.A; Sallau, M.S; Idris, S.O; and Agbaji, E.B*Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Kano State Polytechnic
Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
*Correspondent author e-mail – [email protected] +2348062894269
Presented at ICAPAS Conference Dynasty Hotel,
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, on 3rd and 4th Nov. 2014 1
Introduction Dams are structural barriers built to obstruct or
control the flow of water into rivers and
streams. Reservoirs have many purposes in
Nigeria.
Due to increased population, industrialization,
use of fertilizers in agriculture and man-made
activities, the natural aquatic environment is
increasingly polluted leading to depletion of
aquatic biota and water quality.
2
Introduction…Contd.
Impairment of water quality in reservoirs
arises largely from anthropogenic
contamination and natural mineralization
[16].
The physical and chemical parameters serve
as pollution indicators in water quality
monitoring which is a fundamental tool in the
management of fresh water resources.
3
Potable Water Water treatment process include
sedimentation, filtration,
coagulation/ flocculation and the
essential pretreatment.
Drinking water is water that is
intended to be ingested by
humans . Estimates suggest
that nearly 1.5 billion people
lack safe drinking water and that
at least 5 million deaths per year
can be attributed to water borne
diseases 4
Aims of the Research
Identifying trends in water quality over
time,
Identifying emerging water quality
problems,
monitoring the quality of Watari reservoir,
Kano state Nigeria for drinking water
purpose
5
Pollution of The Kano Environment Wastes are disposed indiscriminately especially
for small and medium scale industries andtherefore proposes constant river watermonitoring as a step towards pollution abatement.
Many researchers [8], [3], [10] postulate thethreat of pollution on the quality of waterresources in Kano state and the need tomonitor and evaluate the quality of watermeant for human consumption.
6
Study Area Kano state covering a perimeter extending
between latitudes of 120 40’ and 100 30’ and
longitudes of 70 40’ and 90 30’ [2].
Bagwai (Watari) dam is located in Bagwai
local government area, Kano state, Nigeria
on 12°9'24"N 8°8'12"E [14].
The Reservoir have a capacity of 104.55
million cubic meters) serving a total
population of about 117,000 people of Bichi,
Bagwai and Northern districts of Kano state.
7
Fig. I: Map of Watari Reservoir showing the sampling sites
8
Materials and Method
Sampling Sites
Reservoir: 1litre of water was collected fromfive points at each of the five sampling stationswhere rivers meet the reservoir (Figure I).Kankani (Bagwai river), Gogori (Watari river),Tabanni (Wuyan kanyi), spill way and center ofthe reservoir.
Treated Water: five samples were collectedfrom the new water treatment plant at Bagwaitown.
Potable Water: 1 liter of water was collecteddirectly from the tap at five stations (towns)Bagwai (Ramin Abashe), Kasuwar Laraba,Madawaki, Gurdo and Jan ruwa.
The sampling was repeated for three seasonsduring the study period.
9
Methodology
Physical parameters temperature, total
dissolved solids, conductivity, turbidity
and suspended solids; chemical
parameters. pH, total hardness, DO,
BOD, Cl-, NO2-, NO3
-, COD, and PO43-
were analyzed using standard methods
and procedures [7],[13]. Some of the
parameters were determined in the field
using pre-calibrated hand held
equipment.10
Results and DiscussionFig. II: Mean values of Physical and Chemical Parameters for Cold Season
(Standard Units)
0.0000
100.0000
200.0000
300.0000
400.0000
500.0000
600.0000
Co
ncen
trati
on
(S
td U
nit
s)
RESERVIOR
TREATED
PORTABLE
11
Fig. III: Mean Values of Physical and Chemical
Parameters for Dry Season (Standard Units)
0.0000
20.0000
40.0000
60.0000
80.0000
100.0000
120.0000
140.0000
160.0000
180.0000
Co
ncen
trati
on
(S
TD
UN
ITS
)
RESERVIOUR
TREATED
PORTABLE
12
Fig. IV: Mean Values of Physical and Chemical
Parameters for Rainy Season (Standard Units)
0.0000
50.0000
100.0000
150.0000
200.0000
250.0000
300.0000
350.0000
400.0000
Co
ncen
trati
on
(S
TD
UN
ITS
)
RESERVIOUR
TREATED
PORTABLE
13
Fig. V: Mean Values of Seasonal variation of Physical and
Chemical Parameters for Watari Reservoir (Std. Units)
COLD RESERVOIR
RAINY RESERVO1R
0.0000
100.0000
200.0000
300.0000
400.0000
500.0000
600.0000
COLD RESERVOIR
DRY RESERVOIR
RAINY RESERVO1R
14
Fig. VI: Mean Values of Seasonal variations of Physical and
Chemical Parameters for Watari Treated Water (Std. Units)
COLD TREATED
RAINY TREATED
0.00000
20.00000
40.00000
60.00000
80.00000
100.00000
120.00000
140.00000
160.00000
180.00000
COLD TREATED
DRY TREATED
RAINY TREATED
15
Fig. VII: Mean Values Seasonal variations of Physical and
Chemical Parameters for Watari Potable Water (Std. Units)
COLD PORTABLE
RAINY…
0.00000
20.00000
40.00000
60.00000
80.00000
100.00000
120.00000
COLD PORTABLE
DRY PORTABLE
RAINY PORTABLE
16
Conclusion The overall quality assessment of Watari reservoir
shows that most of the parameters are within the
WHO and NIS recommended values for drinking
water quality with few exceptions.
The treated water was found to have excellent
quality indicating efficiency of the treatment
process.
However, slight increase in the values of some
parameters at the consumer end (potable water)
may point to possible leakages along the supply
lines and deserve attention of the authorities
concerned.
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