GPC 126GPC 126
Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCCDean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCCMETU-NCC
Spring 2017Spring 2017
PsychopharmacologPsychopharmacologyy
Lecture 5Lecture 5
Lecture 5This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in the text
Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby
Neil R. Carlson
All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.
Special OpportunitySpecial OpportunityThe research team of
R. Perim Atalay & Ibrahim Sonmez
Wish to announce a vacancy on their research team. Candidates must possess the following qualifications:1.Be currently enrolled in GPC 126 or PSYC 3742.Be eager to work and contribute toward preparing an amazing class presentation.
See either of the team members to arrange for an interview.
Lecture 5This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in the text
Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby
Neil R. Carlson
All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.
Plan for the day
3. Review the basic categories of psychoactive drugs.
1. Research Team Topics
4. Discuss specific classes of psychoactive drugs and their actions & effects.
2. Review of basic definitions of pharmacological terms and phrases
5. Caffeine Consumption Record Form
But First….some housekeeping
Research Teams
Night Watchers: Effects of smoking on the fetus
Research Teams
MermaidsPsychology of Love and Attraction
Research Teams
Sharks Parkinson’s Disease
Research Teams
Beetles Bulimia Nervosa
Research Teams
Wildwings Cerebral Palsy
Research Teams
Amigos Alzheimer’s Disease
Research Teams
Queen Bees Psychology of Happiness
Research Teams
Cockroaches Dyslexia
Research Teams
Wild Westerners Hemispherical Dominance
Research Teams
Sleep Lovers Narcolepsy
Research Teams
Rolling PandasSleep & Dreaming
Research Teams
Huskies Medical Marijuana
Research Teams
Dragons LSD
Research Teams
Dark Horse Obsessive compulsive disorder ??
Can this be discussed in terms of neuroscience or neurobiology???
Research Teams
Doubtless RaccoonsVelociraptors Sky HawksDesert Eagles Dark PassengersElephants Dark HorseRough Bees HeadshrinkersLady Leopards Galactic UnicornsFlying Sea Horses
PsychopharmacologyPsychopharmacology
Definitions
PsychopharmacologyPsychopharmacologyThe scientific study of the actions of substances and how they affect all three domains of human behavior (cognitive, affective, and psycho-motor).
Psycho-pharmacologyBoth naturally occurring as well as manufactured substances are studied because of their psychoactive characteristics.
The basic questions are :What do these substances do?How do they work?
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
A psychoactive drug, psycho-pharmaceutical, or psychotropic refers to any chemical substance that can migrate across the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system causing changes to brain function. These changes in brain functioning can result in further changes to:
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
These changes in brain functioning can result in further changes to:
Overt BehaviorOvert Behavior
ADD/ADHDAttention deficit disorderAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
PerceptionPerceptionLysergic acid diethylamide LSD
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
MoodMood
ElavilWellbutrin
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Sedatives/hypnotics
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
What does it mean for a drug to be PSYCHOACTIVE?
CognitionCognitionStimulants and others….
Source: ttp://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm
Psychopharmacology
Drug Action: Drug Action: The specific interaction or mechanism by which substances interact with neural receptors (how does it do it)
Drug Effect: Drug Effect: The specific and often widespread changes in physiological or psychological functioning. (what does it do?)
Psychopharmacology
History of Drug Use
Psychopharmacology
History of Drug Use
Archeological evidence at least 10,000 BCE
Historical evidence from at least 5,000 BCE
Betel Nut
Coca Leaves
Cannabis
Psychopharmacology
History of Drug Use
Seems that psychoactive substances have always been with us…from the beginning of man……as medicines to heal and bring relief….and to kill…..(Poisons and weapons)
Some of these substances include….
Psychopharmacology
History of Drug Use
Betel Nut
Psychopharmacology
History of Drug Use Betel Nut
The seed from the Areca PalmMixed with leaves and chewed releases arecoline with effects similar to nicotine.Evidence exists from at least 2000 BCE
Psychopharmacology
Coca LeavesCoca Leaves (cocaine)
Psychopharmacology
Peyote Cactus Peyote Cactus
Used by native American cultures for more than 2000 years for healing and spiritual/religious
ceremonies
Psychopharmacology
Cannabis
The book of Pên-ts’ao Ching, attributed to the Emperor Shen-nung of about 2000 B.C.E. provides the first historical evidence of the medical use of cannabis. Used to treat:Menstrual fatigueGoutRheumatismMalariaConstipation
As anesthesia prior to surgery.
Used widely across Asia to:Stimulate appetite of sick peopleInduce sleepDiarrhea
Psychopharmacology
Alcohol
Psychopharmacology
Earliest evidence of wine production comes from Georgia….7000 BCE
Alcohol
Behold the rain which descends from heaven upon our vineyards, there it enters the roots of the vines, to be changed into wine, a constant proof that God loves us, and loves to see us happy. Benjamin Franklin….
Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.
Psychopharmacology
Long used in the Americas and brought to Europe by Columbus….
Tobacco Tobacco Second most common drug in the world
Psychopharmacology
Tobacco Tobacco
Second most common drug in the world
Entheogen: psychoactive substance used in religious ceremonies….hallucinogen
Smoke carried prayers upward toward the “Great Spirit”…..
Psychopharmacology
Caffeine Caffeine The world’s most popular mood altering drugThe world’s most popular mood altering drugCaffeine is a strong CNS stimulant that can be found in more than 60 different plants and also made synthetically and added to food products. In it’s pure form it is a white, bitter tasting, powder.
Psychopharmacology
Family Medicine
Herbal teaHerbal teaTavuk çorbası
Psychopharmacology
Folk Medicine
The healing practices and ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to some in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.
Source: Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. pp 440.
Psychopharmacology
Folk Medicine
Source: Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. pp 440.
The history of Islamic medicine has deep roots in Azerbaijan. Early man used herbs and vegetation in his first efforts to cure illnesses. The experience he gained during the centuries was passed down generation to generation and developed into folk medicine. With the appearance of writing, the development of oral and written branches of folk medicine became separated. Scientific medicine became based on the written word.
Psychopharmacology
Modern psychopharmacology
Modern psychopharmacology began with the use of psychiatric drugs to treat psychological problems primarily through sedation using opiates and barbituates.
Laudanum (tincture of opium)
Early patent medicines contained opium and were powerful narcotics. These were medicines sold “over the counter”…no prescription or doctor’s order was required.
Psychopharmacology
Modern psychopharmacology
In the early stages, psychopharmacology was primarily used for sedation.
Psychopharmacology
Modern psychopharmacology
During the 1950s drugs began to be used for the treatment of mental disorders :
Chlorpromazine for psychoses,
Lithium carbonate for mania,
Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors,
benzodiazepines, for treatment of depression
Psychopharmacology
Modern psychopharmacology
Since 1960: Revolution in pharmaceutical research and manufacturing.
Psychopharmacology
This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:
1. Better research methods: Placebo-controlled, double-blind studies.
Psychopharmacology
This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:
2. Better methods for analyzing blood chemistry
Psychopharmacology
3. Dramatic increase in biochemical brain research into the effects of psychoactive substances on brain functioning.
This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:
Psychopharmacology
4. Rapidly expanding understanding of the role and function of neurotransmitters.
This revolution has been pushed by:This revolution has been pushed by:
DDescriptionescription
EExplanationxplanation
PPredictionrediction
CControlontrol
Psychopharmacology
…but how do drugs work?
Psychopharmacology
Drugs work by Modifying Chemical Signals andchanging the way neurons communicate with each other…..
Psychopharmacology
Psychoactive drugs exert their sensory and behavioral effects almost entirely through action on neurotransmitters, and modifying one or more aspects of synaptic transmission.
Psychopharmacology
Drugs may act by
1) serving as a chemical that triggers the action of a neurotransmitter;
2) Slowing or stopping the production of neurotransmitter;
3) preventing storage of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic vesicle;
Psychopharmacology
Drugs may act by
4) stimulating or inhibiting neurotransmitter release;
5) stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptors;
6) inhibiting neurotransmission breakdown; or
7) blocking neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron.
Psychopharmacology
HormonesA hormone (from Greek ''ὁρμή'' - "impetus") is a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is essentially a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another.
Psychopharmacology
Endocrine Glands
Psychopharmacology
Endocrine Gland production can have a dramatic effect on behavior.
Psychopharmacology
Classes of Classes of Psychoactive Psychoactive
DrugsDrugs
Psychopharmacology
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Opiates
4. Hallucinogens
5. Neruoleptics (antipsychotics)
Psychopharmacology
1. CNS Depressants Inhibit neurological activity-Slow
down brain activity
Depressants (hypnotics or sedative)s. These drugs slow and inhibit neurological activity. Depressants produce fatigue in the user. Alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates and the prescription drug Valium are examples of depressants.
Common usage medically and illicitly.Common usage medically and illicitly.
Anti-AnxietyAnti-Anxiety Lowered blood pressureLowered blood pressurePain reliefPain relief Lowered heart rateLowered heart rateSedationSedation Slowed respirationSlowed respirationMuscle relaxationMuscle relaxation Complete anesthesiaComplete anesthesiaAnticonvulsantAnticonvulsant DeathDeath
Psychopharmacology
1. CNS Depressants Inhibit neurological activity-Slow
down brain activity
Medical Use
Anti-AnxietyPain ReliefSedationMuscle relaxationAnticonvulsant
Used illicitly
Lowered blood pressureLowered heart rateSlowed respirationComplete anesthesiaDeath
Psychopharmacology
2.2. Behavioral StimulantsBehavioral Stimulants: Caffeine
and Nicotine Cocaine, Ecstasy, and amphetamines (diet meds.)
Stimulants increase brain activity.
Commonly used stimulants are caffeine and nicotine. Amphetamine and cocaine are also stimulants. Some stimulants are used recreationally and others, such as anti-depressants, have medicinal purposes and are available by prescription.
Psychopharmacology
Military Breakfast
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Caffeine: A powerful CNS stimulantCaffeine: A powerful CNS stimulant
Psychopharmacology
3. Opiates: pain killers heroin morphine and codeine
Opiates alleviate painful sensations. Opiates are derived from opium and produce effects by interacting with opiate receptors in the brain. Opium is naturally produced in opium poppies. Codeine and morphine are clinically-administered opiates used to treat pain. The illegal drug heroin is an opiate. Opiates are highly addictive.
Opiates
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Opium poppies have been cultivated since at least neolithic times (new stone age). The plant has been grown as a source of food, anesthesia and for ritual purposes.
The archeological record suggests that Sumerian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, Minoan, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab cultures all made use of opium where it was used primarily for pain relief. Ancient surgeons relied upon opium as an anesthetic during surgery.
Psychopharmacology
4. Hallucinogens PCP, LSD
Hallucinogens are substances that alter the cognition and sensory perception of the user. Marijuana, psilocybin and mescaline are naturally-derived hallucinogens. Such drugs as LSD and ecstasy are synthetic hallucinogens. Unlike other psychoactive drugs, most hallucinogens are not lethal at high doses. Most hallucinogens are classified as Schedule I drugs by the United States, meaning the government deems them unsafe and of no medicinal value.
Psychopharmacology
Peyote (mescaline)
Psychopharmacology
Psilocybin MushroomsPsilocybin MushroomsIndole alkaloids
Used since pre-history and recent evidence from Johns Hopkins University and Imperial College, London, suggest that when used correctly, it is an antidepressant.
Psychopharmacology
Lysergic Acid Diethylamidepsychological effects: 1.Altered thinking processes, 2.Closed and open eye visuals,3.Synesthesia: Hear pictures or see sounds4.Altered sense of time.5.Spiritual experiences
LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage and has low toxicity.
However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible
Psychopharmacology
LSD
Psychopharmacology
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
Psychopharmacology
5. Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics) Treatment of Bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia. These drugs work by inhibiting the reuptake of neurological signals, or inhibiting dopamine within the brain
An antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) is a psychiatric medication used to treat psychosis (delusions or hallucinations) as well as disordered thought (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)
Side effects (particularly with prolonged use) may include
Shorter life expectancy WeaknessWeight gain motor impairmentDecreased brain volume Repetitive body movementsDiabetes Sexual dysfunction
Psychopharmacology
2013National Drug IQ Challenge
Psychopharmacology
1. An opioid is a mind-altering chemicalThat can come from a plant (the opium
poppy) or be man-made. Which of these drugs is NOT an opioid?
A. VicodinB. MorphineC. HeroinD. Cocaine
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
D. CocaineD. Cocaine
Psychopharmacology
2. What percentage of people who smoke marijuana every day become addicted?
A. 5 -10%B. 80-90%C. 25-50%D. 60-75%
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
C. 25-50%C. 25-50%
Psychopharmacology
3. For several years now, there have been more deathsfrom prescription pain reliever overdoses than fromheroin and cocaine combined. The deaths usually result from:A. Damage to the brain, causing a strokeB. Heart valve collapseC. Respiratory failure (breathing stops)D. Choking
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
C. Respiratory failureC. Respiratory failure
Psychopharmacology
4. People who take drugs can develop tolerance overtime. This means:
A. They become nicer, calmer people.B. They easily get sick to their stomach.C. They need to take more of a drug to get the same effect.D. They get physically stronger.
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
CC
Psychopharmacology
5. Sharing your ADHD medications with a friend is:
A. Okay because a doctor prescribes these medications.B. Prescription drug abuse.C. Only abuse if the friend uses them to get high.D. Legal.
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
BB
Psychopharmacology
6. What is NOT true about “bath salts,” often sold in head shops:
A. They can cause intense cravings similar to whatMethamphetamine users experience.B. They usually contain some type of stimulant drug alongwith other unknown ingredients.C. They are really only dangerous if snorted or injected.D.They have sent hundreds of people to the emergency room.
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
CC
Psychopharmacology
7. K2 or Spice is a mixture of chemicals and herbsSometimes called “fake marijuana.” If you smoke it, what
will you be inhaling?
A. Natural materials from eucalyptus leaves.B. Incense approved by the FDA.C. Powerful chemicals similar to the active ingredient inmarijuana, but much stronger and untested in humans.D. Dried wildflowers
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
CC
Psychopharmacology
Taking drugs can lead to HIV/AIDS—either through sharedneedles or risky sexual behaviors. About how many peoplein the US become infected with HIV each year?
A. 7,000 B. 12,000C. 50,000 D. 110,000
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
CC
Psychopharmacology
9. What is the worst thing that can happen to you if you “sniff”
an inhalant?
A. You can pass out.B. You can die.C. You can start coughing uncontrollably.D. You can get serious muscle spasms.
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
BB
Psychopharmacology
10. Which best describes a good drug treatment program:
A. Never uses medicines to treat addiction. B. Tailors treatment to the needs of each patient.C. Doesn’t drag on past 2 or 3 weeks.D. Expels anyone who relapses while in treatment
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
BB
Psychopharmacology
11. What do all drugs of abuse have in common when itcomes to the brain?
A. They disrupt a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, whichinfluences thirst, appetite, and body temperature.
B. They overstimulate the cerebellum, the part of the brain that helpsus coordinate movements.
C. They cause a spike in dopamine levels, which makes us feelpleasure and want to repeat the experience.
D. They increase the grey matter in the cerebral cortex, making usmore aware and alert.
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
C C
Psychopharmacology
12.Which drugs work by mimicking a chemicalnaturally found in the brain?
A. HeroinB. MarijuanaC. NicotineD. AlcoholE. All of the aboveF. A, B, and C
2013 National Drug IQ Challenge
F F
Psychopharmacology
AlcoholAlcohol is a CNS depressant and the most commonly used recreational drug in the world.
Effects vary with dosage frequency and chronicity
Low doses: relaxation, lowered anxietyquiet settings: drowsinessactive settings: uninhibited and confident.
High doses: Amnesiareduced muscular coordinationslurred speechimpaired fine-motor skillsdelayed reaction time
Extreme doses: Alcoholic Toxicity: Loss of consciousness and death
Field Sobriety Test
Psychopharmacology
Antidepressants
Psychopharmacology
AntidepressantsReduce symptoms of mood disorders primarily through the regulation of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are the oldest class of antidepressants. They encourage increased levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-HT and increase the actions of these neurotransmitters at their receptors. MAOIs have been somewhat disfavored because of their reputation for more serious side effects.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) work through binding to the presynaptic transporter proteins and blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine or 5-HT into the presynaptic terminal, prolonging the duration of transmitter action at the synapse.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) selectively block the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT). This increases the availability of 5-HT in the synaptic cleft. The main parameters to consider in choosing an antidepressant are side effects and safety. Most SSRIs are available generically and are relatively inexpensive.
Psychopharmacology
Treatment of DepressionTreatment of Depression
Increased risk of suicide in children and adolescentsIncreased risk of suicide in children and adolescents
Psychopharmacology
Treatment of Depression Treatment of Depression
http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/exercise-depression
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043
English Idiom
There is no free lunch!Meaning: There is a cost for everything…..
Therapeutic Effects
Vs
Side effects
and finally, some more housekeeping
Please help me return the classroom to it Please help me return the classroom to it original condition…..original condition…..
1. Take your rubbish with you……
2. Place the student desks in their original order.
Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür ederim, ありがとう , Asante, gratias ago vos,Dank u, Takk skal du ha, спасибо ……
Harika!!
Too many drugs??