Global Renewable Energy Gerald Tan / 2 P4 May 20111
Slide 2
What is renewable energy? Comes from natural resources E.g.
Sunlight, wind, rain and tides Harnessed from resources that are
naturally replenished Clean energy that does not pollute the
environment Introduction
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Why renewable energy? Drivers of renewable energy Climate
change concerns (a result of pollution) Escalating oil prices
Maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached (following
which the rate of production enters terminal decline). Increasing
government support E.g. renewable energy legislation, incentives
Commercialization Introduction
Slide 4
Main Forms of Renewable Energy Renewable energy now comprises
about a quarter of global power-generating capacity (estimated at
4,800 Gigawatt in 2009) and supplies some 18% of global electricity
production. A breakdown of worldwide renewable power capacities
shows 3 main renewable energy sources that contribute to more than
80% of that total capacity:- Wind energy this is the fastest
growing source of renewable energy with a 41% increase in output
capacity from 2008 to 2009. Hydro energy this is an established
renewal energy source and holds about 15% share of the global
electricity from renewable energy since 2008. It is still growing
steadily at 3% per annum. Solar Energy this is the source with the
most growth potential given its decreasing cost of commercial
production. Renewable Power Capacities: Developing World, EU and
Top 6 Countries, 2009
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3 Main Forms of Renewable Energy Wind power Energy from
airflows that run wind turbines Hydropower Energy from moving water
that is harnessed Solar power Energy derived from the sun
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Renewable Energy Wind Power Electrical Energy Wind flowing
through the turbine blade exerts pressure on the blade and causes
it to spin. The blade is connected to a low speed shaft (18
revolutions per min) To increase the number of revolutions, a large
gear at the end of this shaft is connected to a smaller gear. The
smaller gear can spin up to 1800 revolutions per minute. Power
Generated Kinetic Energy (Wind) Energy Source Mechanical Energy
(via turbine) Process How is energy generated?
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Renewable Energy Hydro Power Process How does a hydraulic
Turbine works? Electrical Energy Kinetic Energy (Water) Mechanical
Energy (via turbine) Energy Source Water flows through a penstock
to a turbine-driven generator below the dam. A hydraulic turbine
converts flowing water into mechanical energy. The force of water
on the turbine blades spins the turbines, which, in turn, drive a
rotor (the moving part of a generator). The rotor contains coils of
wire, wound on an iron frame to create a strong magnetic field. The
above operation of a generator is based on the principles
discovered by Faraday i.e. when a magnet is moved past a conductor,
it caused electricity to flow. As the rotors magnetic field sweeps
past the generators stationary coil, it converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. Share of Global Electricity from Renewable
Energy, 2008 - Hydro Power is the biggest share of global
electricity from renewable energy
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Renewable Energy Solar Power Solar collector panels contain
Photovoltaic (PV) cells that are made of a semi-conductor material
(usually crystalline silicon that absorbs sunlight). Top layer of
silicon is treated to make electricity negative; the back layer is
treated to make electricity positive. When sunlight knocks
electrons loose from the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom
layer of silicon and crowd the electrons in the top layer Electrons
freed from the top layer are collected by electrical contacts on
the surface of the top layer and routed through an external circuit
Thus providing power to the electrical system attached to the
panels Solar Energy (The Sun) Light Energy - (photovoltaic process)
Heat Energy (thermal process) Solar collector panels concentrate
sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid to a high temperature. The
hot heat transfer fluid is then used to generate steam that drives
the power conversion subsystem, producing electricity. Thermal
energy storage provides heat for operation during periods without
adequate sunshine. Conversion of Sunlight into Electricity either
via the Photoelectric or Thermal effect Solar Energy Converting
System
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Global trends reflect strong growth and investments across all
renewable energy in the last 5 years. Solar photovoltaic industry
has grown by an average of 60 percent every year for the past
decade, increasing 100-fold since 2000; Wind power capacity grew an
average of 27 percent annually; Solar hot water by 19 percent
annually; and Ethanol production by 20 percent annually. During the
past several years, there was much more active government policy
around this sector. More than 100 countries had enacted some type
of policy target and/or promotion policy related to renewable
energy, up from 55 countries in early 2005. Singapore has in
particular committed to build a target 50 000 m 2 of photovoltaic
facilities in residential/commercial buildings by year 2013.
Greatly increased investment from both public-sector and
development banks is also driving renewable development,
particularly from banks based in Europe, Asia, and South America.
In the wake of the recent Japan Tsunami and nuclear energy crisis,
renewable energy is becoming an even more critical mass. Renewable
energy development has the potential to create new industries and
generate millions of new jobs. Jobs from renewables now number in
the hundreds of thousands in several countries. Globally, there are
an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries.
Conclusion Future Trends of Renewable Energy and Implications for
Singapore Renewable Energy Is Here to Stay...
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Can Singapore Use hydropower? Use wind power? Use solar
power?
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Singapore does not have very fast-moving river Singapore does
not have highly undulating landscape Singapore does not have
forceful and raging waters Singapore does not have huge rural land
parcels to build wind mills Singapore is a small country and end
user of energy compared to developing countries such as China and
India Conclusion The generation of renewal energy requires
extensive capital funding. Total investments in renewable energy
capacity (excluding large hydro power plants) was about $150
billion in 2009. This is up from the revised $130 billion in 2008.
Given that energy is a precious global commodity, most of such
renewable projects are decided on and funded by global
organizations. Given the above conditions, Singapore is not a
likely candidate in the shortlist of big capital intensive energy
base.
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Singapore however can be a contender in small scale solar
photovoltaic power generation. Conclusion Sufficient beam normal
radiation in Singapore Solar technologies using concentrating
systems for electrical production require sufficient beam normal
radiation, which is the beam radiation which comes from the sun and
passes through the planet's atmosphere without deviation and
refraction. Appropriate site locations are normally situated in
arid to semi-arid regions. On a global scale, the solar resource in
such regions is very high. More exactly, acceptable production
costs of solar electricity typically occur where radiation levels
exceed about 1,700 kWh/m-yr. Growth in popularity and interest in
small scale solar systems Even as the average size of worldwide
photovoltaic projects increases, there is growing interest in very
small-scale, off-grid systems, particularly in developing
countries. These systems account for only some 5 percent of the
global market, but sales and total capacity have increased steadily
since the early 1980s.
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Singapore however can be a contender in small scale solar
photovoltaic power generation. Conclusion Good infrastructural
Support System - Sufficient water supply to cover the demand for
cooling water of its steam cycle and a backup fuel available for
granting firm power during the times when no solar energy is
available. - Good access to roads. - Skilled personnel available to
construct and operate the plants. Price Parity with Fossil fuel
with Improved Technology By 2009, there are 84 small scale solar
systems In Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the hunger for modern
energy is driving the use of PV for mini-grid or grid-less systems,
which in many instances are already at price parity with fossil
fuels.
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Wind power- Technology trends include new growth in off shore
development, the growing popularity of distributed, small scale
grid-connected turbines, and new wind projects in a much wider
variety of geographical locations around the world and within
countries. Firms continue to increase average turbine sizes and
improve technologies, such as with gearless designs. Grid-connected
solar PV- The industry has been responding to price declines and
rapidly changing market conditions by consolidating, scaling up,
and moving into project development. Thin-film PV has experienced a
rapidly growing market share in recent years, reaching 25 percent.
A growing of number of solar PV plants are so- called utilityscale
plants 200-kW and larger, which now account for one-quarter of
total grid-connected solar PV capacity. Solar hot water/heating -
China continues to dominate the world market for solar hot water
collectors, with some 70 percent of the existing global capacity.
Europe is a distant second with 12 percent. Virtually all
installations in China are for hot water only. But there is a trend
in Europe toward larger combi systems that provide both water and
space heating; such systems now account for half of the annual
market. Conclusion On going Technological Enhancement and
Breakthrough in Renewable Energy
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Harnessing wave energy on the surface of the oceans Harnessing
heat produced by underground volcanic activities into energy
Harnessing underwater currents into energy Conclusion On going
Technological Enhancement and Breakthrough in Renewable Energy
Energy harnessed from Human Emotions??? From the movie Monster Inc.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZKZxpwBPG0&feature=related
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When we harness the possibility of technology and design, there
is no limit to what we can accomplish