Unit 2: Early ManGlobal AIS

Neolithic RevolutionVocabulary

Paleolithic Age

Also called the Stone Age Earliest period in human history

Many years after the dinosaurs Before 10,000 BC

Earliest evidence of humans was found in Africa

Hunting and Gathering

The way early humans got their food. Men hunted, women gathered

Migration and Nomads

Migration: moving from one place to another Hunters and gatherers often migrated as

the seasons changed

Nomads: people who have no permanent home

Traditional Economy

Closely linked to the natural environment Characteristics: Subsistence Agriculture,

Hunting and Gathering, Barter System Subsistence Agriculture (Farming)

Grow just enough food to feed their immediate family

Barter System Trading goods and/or services for goods and/or

services People often have the same job as their

parents

Slash and Burn

Existing plants are cut and burned to prepare the land for new crops

Used by subsistence farmers

Neolithic Revolution

The change from hunting and gathering to herding and farming

Summarization Video Show first 2 minutes

Stages of Neolithic Revolution

Timeline and Map (in packet) Things to Notice

Look how long it took to go from the Neolithic Revolution to the first civilization (5,000 years)

Look where the first civilizations started on the map▪ Fertile Crescent: stretch of land from Mediterranean

to Persian Gulf where many early civilizations started▪ Nile River Valley

Notice how early humans migrated to those river valleys

Stages of the Neolithic Revolution

1. Transition from hunting and gathering to herding and farming

2. Built permanent homes 3. Had extra time to think new ideas 4. Began to specialize in jobs and

teach others how to do the job 5. Communities grew and organized

into CIVILIZATIONS!

Things Found in an Organized Society

Organized government Laws and consequences

Organized economy Standardized method of trading, buying

and selling goods and services Urban setting

Communities of permanent homes Writing systems

Methods of communication outside of spoken language

What was the relationship between early people and the environment?

Dependent on environment for food and shelter Environment: a person’s surroundings

Had to work for food and shelter The Neolithic Revolution resulted in

man learning to master his environment to improve his life

What were the main factors that led to the Neolithic Revolution?

People accidentally discovered ways to improve their lives. Ex. Realizing that plants could be

planted and raised. Humans invented new concepts that

made a stationary life possible Agriculture Domestication of animals Permanent homes

What are the changes that took place as a result of the Neolithic Revolution?

Organization into communities Before: Nomadic tribes

Specialization of jobs Before: Working to survive, whatever

was needed Creation of civilizations

Before: Limited contact with other tribes

THIS IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW!

Early Civilizations

Timeline and Map

Egyptian Notice the date (first civilization) Formed in Nile River Valley

Sumerian Formed in Sumer River Valley

Indian Part of Fertile Crescent

Chinese Formed after migration from early

civilizations

Elements that Define a Civilization

Civilization

A highly organized community with advanced elements of culture, politics, economy, art, etc…

Elements that Define a Civilization

Organized Government Written laws (rules) Leaders Protection (military)

Organized Economy Trade within the civilization and with

other civilizations Tokens to represent value (money) Reliable food supply (agriculture and

storage)

Elements that Define a Civilization

Writing System Improved communication Record-keeping Using symbols to represent ideas

Urban Setting (Cities) Many unrelated people living together in

one large, planned community

Four Major River Valley Civilizations

Egyptian (Nile River Valley)

Leader: Pharaoh Role of King, but considered an

extension of Amun-Ra (king of gods) Male or Female Famous Pharaohs▪ Khufu: Built the Great Pyramid▪ King Tutankhamun: Youngest pharaoh (8 or 9)▪ Ramses II: Most powerful pharaoh, married

Nefertari

Egyptian cont’d

Built the Pyramids Tombs for the pharaohs who were

mummified and buried with treasures (including live slaves) for them to use in the afterlife

Great Pyramid of Giza Also built Sphinx

Egyptian Cont’d

Developed Hieroglyphics Picture-based writing Translated by modern linguists using the

Rosetta stone

Sumerian (Sumer River Valley)

Also called Mesopotamia Located in the Fertile Crescent

Sumerian cont’d

Developed Cuneiform Wedge-shaped

writing Invented the wheel

Think about how hard life would be without it

Think about how much it changed their lives

Sumerian Cont’d

First written laws (that we know of) called Code of Hammurabi or Hammurabi’s Code (IMPORTANT) Hammurabi ruled from 1792-1750 BCE “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a

tooth.” 282 laws inscribed on a stone pillar Purposes:▪ Keeping order in his kingdom▪ Unifying the different city-states that he

conquered

More Hammurabi’s Code

“If a man has knocked out the teeth of a man of the same rank, his own teeth shall be knocked out. If he has knocked out the teeth of a commoner, he shall pay one-third of a mina of silver.”

How does this law show that the Sumerians distinguished between social classes?

Indian (Indus)

Two main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Very well-organized

Learned to weave cotton into cloth A skill we’re still using today!

Chinese (Huang He)

Writing symbols represent whole ideas instead of a word or phrase

Called themselves the Middle Kingdom Believed they were the

center of the world Believed they were more

important, better than other civilizations

Connecting Ancient to ModernHow these Civilizations Contributed to Our Lives

New Technologies

Irrigation Getting water to crops Made agriculture possible without constant

rainfall Why civilizations needed to be near rivers

Money Standardized method of payment

Metal Used to make weapons and tools Replaced rock and wood

Architecture

Functional and beautiful Offered protection, storage, shelter Looked good

Multi-purpose Place to live Place to praise gods and rulers

Organized Religions

Polytheism: belief in many gods Ex. Egyptians had over 100 gods

Belief in an afterlife Dead were often judged and the

judgment dictated whether they had a good or bad afterlife

Developed rituals Some are still used today Ex. Preserving the dead (Egypt)

Written Laws

Hammurabi’s Code Gave consequences for infractions Set up consistent rules

Writing Systems

Developed to record trading Helped increase human intelligence

People had to be taught the writing, which made them use their minds more

Picture-based writing systems

Regents PrepLaws and Codes

What the Regents Says

The Regents exams says this instead of “laws” Standardized systems of laws Rules of behavior Written set of laws Items that established legal procedure

THINK BEFORE YOU ANSWER All those phrases point to laws

Different Codes are Often Compared

Qin Dynasty Legalism (China) Harsh punishments for crimes Goal: orderly society

Justinian’s Code (Byzantine Empire) Collections of laws and Roman jury interpretations Basis of European legal system

10 Commandments Laws listed in the Bible Dictate proper human behavior

Napoleonic Code (France) Prohibited privilege based on birth Freedom of religion Government jobs go to the most qualified

How do each of those compare to Hammurabi’s Code?

Slash and burn techniques are typically practiced by

A. Nomads who use pastures for their livestock

B. Farmers who rely on chemical fertilizers

C. Subsistence farmersD. People who live along rivers

One way in which the Code of Hammurabi, The Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code are similar are that they

A. Legalized monotheistic beliefsB. Established legal standardsC. Provided records of economic

activityD. Supported republican governments

What is the main reason the Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in world history?

A. Spoken language was used to improve communication

B. Fire was used as a source of energy for the first time

C. Stone tools and weapons were developed

D. Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops led to settled communities