Excellence for all
GCSE: Physical Education
Knowledge Booklet
Name: …………………………………
Tutor Group: ………………………….
Using your knowledge organiser for homework
Use the knowledge organisers and test yourself after learning.
1. Check the homework you have every day on the timetable.
2. Read a section of your knowledge organiser for the homework given.
3. Cover it up.
4. Write out what you remember.
5. Check the knowledge organiser to see if you are right.
6. Mark and correct your work using a green pen.
7. Remember your teachers will test you to see how much you remember
Do this every day to help commit the information to your long-term memory
How to present homework
1. Write the date, title and subject from the knowledge organiser.
2. Underline using a ruler. Use a black pen to write.
3. If your homework is on learning keywords, write the first five words in your exercise book. Leave two lines between each word.
4. Cover the definitions apart from the first; read it, cover it, say it in your head and check it.
5. If you got it right, move on and quiz yourself on the rest in your head, one by one.
6. Cover up all definitions and write them out from memory
7. Correct your answers using a green pen
8. Repeat the process for other tasks
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Components of Fitness
Type Example Bones Possible movements
Ball and socket
Shoulder Humerus and Scapula Flexion and Extension
Adduction and Abduction
Rotation
Circumduction Hip Femur and Pelvis
Hinge Elbow Humerus, Radius and Ulna
Flexion and Extension Knee Femur and Tibia
2.
Function Definition How does it affect performance? Shape and support Bones give shape to our body and keeps vital
organs in place The spine holds the body upright
Movement Allows movement of the body Performers need to be able to move to “play the game”
Protection Bones protect vital organs Reduces the chances of injury. Rib cage protects heart and lungs when a rugby player is tackled.
Production of blood cells Red blood cells are produced The more red blood cells, the more oxygen can be carried to the working muscles.
Storage of minerals Storage of calcium and iron Essential for good health and growth.
2. Functions of the skeleton
1. Location of Major Bones 3. Types of Joints
The Skeletal System
Type of movement
Definition Sporting example
FLEXION Closing the angle at a joint Holding the javelin before the throw
EXTENSION Opening the angle at a joint Basketball player’s elbow when shooting
ADDUCTION Movement towards the centre of the line of the body Preparation to throw the discus
ABDUCTION Movement away from the centre line of the body Shoulder action when throwing the discus
ROTATION Joint moves in a circular way Tennis player’s shoulder when serving
CIRCUMDUCTION Continuous circular movement around a joint Swimmer’s arm when performing front stroke
Adduction Abduction
Component Function
Ligaments Attach bone to bone;
Keep joint stable.
Tendons Attach muscle to bone;
Transmits power to move bones.
Cartilage Reduces friction;
Shock absorber for the joint.
4. Types of movement possible at a joint
5. Components
Contracting muscle Movement taking place
Trapezius Extension at the neck
Deltoids Abduction at the shoulder
Biceps Flexion at the elbow
Triceps Extension at the elbow
Pectorals Adduction at the shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi Adduction at the shoulder
Abdominals Flexion at the hip
Gluteus Maximus Extension at the hip
Quadriceps Extension at the knee
Hamstrings Flexion at the knee
Gastrocmenius Extension at the elbow
1. Muscles of the body
Physical Education- The Muscular System
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
Muscles that work in pairs; as one muscle contracts,
the other relaxes to bring about movement
e.g. Biceps and Triceps; Quadriceps and Hamstrings
2. Muscle Contractions
3. Types of muscles
4. Antagonistic pairs
Types of Muscles:
Voluntary – skeletal muscles – we can consciously control these muscles – eg bicep
Involuntary – not controlled they work automatically – eg digestive system
Cardiac – found in the heart – never rests
Agonist – the muscle that is working (contracting) and produces the desired joint movement Antagonist – counters or opposes the action of the agonist (relaxes)
1. The Heart
5. Functions of the heart
2. Functions of vessels
3. Effects of exercise on the heart
Short term effects of exercise
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – The structure and function of the cardiovascular system in sport
Inspiration Expiration
The intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards causing the chest to expand
The intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move downwards and inwards under their own weight.
The chest gets smaller.
The diaphragm contacts. It pulls down and flattens out the floor of the rib cage
The diaphragm relaxes. It is pushed back into a domed position by the organs underneath it.
The lung increases in size as the chest expands The lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller. They are squeezed by the ribs and diaphragm.
The pressure inside our lungs falls as they expand. The higher pressure of air outside means air is now
such into the lungs through the mouth and nose
The pressure inside the lungs increase as they get smaller. The air pressure is now lower than in our
lungs. Air is forced out of the lungs though the nose and mouth.
4. Process of gaseous exchange in the alveoli
Gaseous exchange takes place at the alveoli. These are tiny air sacs in the lungs. When you breathe in they fill with air. This is where oxygen is transferred into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from
the blood. To help this process the body has the following features
The alveoli are covered in capillaries. Gases pass through the thin walls and into the bloodstream
A large blood supply. Increased red blood cell increase the amount of oxygen supplied to the muscles and tissues
Capillaries are close to the alveoli to the diffusion distance in short
Alveoli have a large surface area to allow diffusion to take place
Thin walls (one cell thick) allows quick diffusion.
Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Task5: To understand the difference between aerobic and anaerobic activity
Aerobic (with o2) Glucose + oxygen >>> energy + Co2 + water Marathon runner
Anaerobic (without o2) Glucose >>> energy + lactic acid Shot put
Nose/ Mouth
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Respiratory system
1. Pathway of air
Oxygen travels along the following pathway from the
mouth and nose to the alveoli.
2. mechanics of breathing
Breathing rate- The number of breaths per minute. This
is typically 12-20 breaths per minute for a healthy adult
at rest.
Tidal Volume-The volume of air inspired or expired per
breath. This increases during exercise.
Minute Ventilation-The amount of air a person
breathes out in a minute.
Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume = Minute Ventilation
3. key respiratory terms
Spo
rtin
g ex
amp
le
Plane of movement Diagram Sporting example
Saggital Splits body left to right Movement: Flexion & extension
Transverse Splits body upper and lower Movement: Rotation
Frontal Splits body front to back Movement: Abduction and Adduction
5. Axes and sporting examples
Longitudinal Runs vertically from top to bottom
Transverse Runs horizontally from left to right Frontal Runs horizontally from back to front
2. Mechanical advantage
Levers are used to make a small amount of force into a bigger amount of force. This is known as gaining a
mechanical advantage.
A mechanical advantage is when a lever allows you to move a large load with a smaller effort.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Movement analysis
1. levers of the body
3. Planes of the body
SKELETAL SYSTEM: There are no short term effect of exercise on the skeletal system!!!!!
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: When we exercise our muscle respond in a number of ways
• The temperature of our muscles increases. • Build up of waste products like Lactic acid in the muscles. • Blood is redistributed to the working muscles, known as the
vascular. So there is an increased supply of oxygen to the muscles.
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: • Heart rate increases. The heart beats faster to increase the flow of
blood around the body especially to the working muscles. • Stroke volume increases. More blood is pumped per beat as the
heart expands to allow more blood in and out per beat. • Cardiac Output increases (HR X SV = CO) • Vascular Shunt occurs = Blood is redistributed to the working
muscles.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 1. Respiratory rate increases. 2. Minute ventilation increases. 3. Tidal volume increases.
SKELETAL SYSTEM: 1. Bone density increases
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: 1. Muscle hypertrophy occurs. 2. Muscular strength increases. 3. Muscular endurance increases. 4. Resistance to fatigue increases.
CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: 1. Heart hypertrophy occurs. 2. Resting heart rate decreases. 3. Resting stroke volume increases. 4. Cardiac output increases. 5. Recovery rate increases.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 1. Aerobic capacity increases. 2. Respiratory muscles become stronger. 3. Tidal volume during exercise increases. 4. Minute ventilation during exercise increases.
2. Short term effects of exercise.
3. Long terms effects of exercise
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Effects of Exercise
1. The Four body systems
4. Long term effects of exercise and sedentary lifestyles
Cardiovascular Fitness
Muscular Endurance
Muscular Strength
Flexibility Power Agility Balance Coordination Speed Reaction Time
12 Minute Cooper Run
60 Second Sit-Ups
Hand Grip Dynamometer
Standing Stork Test
Sargent Jump Illinois Agility Run
Standing Stork
Alternate Hand Wall
Throw.
30 Metre Sprint
Ruler Drop Test
1. Components of fitness
2. Tests for components of fitness
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Components of Fitness
Cardiovascular Fitness- The ability to work the entire body
for long periods of time without tiring.
Muscular Endurance- To work the same muscle over and
over without tiring.
Muscular Strength- The maximum amount of force a muscle
can exert in one movement.
Flexibility- The range of movement at a joint.
Power- The combination of strength and speed.
Agility- The ability to change direction at speed.
Balance- The ability of the performer to retain their centre of
mass over their base of support without falling.
Coordination- The ability to move two or more body parts at
the same time.
Reaction Time- The time between the presentation of a
stimulus and movement.
Speed- The ability to cover a distance in the shortest time
possible.
Body Composition- The % of fat, muscle and bone.
3. Sporting examples.
You should definitely work on
Cardiovascular and Muscular
Endurance, Mo.
Hi David, you should be focussing
on Agility and Reaction time. Then
Leicester might not beat you…
1. Principles of training
2. FITT principles
3. Methods of training
4. Training programmes
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – The Principles and Methods of Training
1. Preventing injury
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Injury Prevention
2. Sporting examples.
At a park, you need to check the pitch for any
hazards (like glass), then make sure the
equipment is safe. Also, make sure you are
wearing your boots.
Make sure you have the correct clothing on,
and running spikes. Then check the track to
make sure it’s not too slippy, Mo.
We must also know potential hazards of in a range of physical activities and
sport settings and be able to apply examples:
Sports Hall (Spilled waters, equipment left out, incorrect equipment,
courts being too close to walls).
Fitness Centre (Weights left around, weights too heavy, spilled
water/sweat, incorrect lifting techniques).
Playing field/artificial outdoor areas (Equipment left out, hazards in the
grass, hazards if public area, unsuitable facilities such as goal posts).
Swimming Pool (Water on the side of the pool, overcrowded pool, too
many chemicals, pool too deep)
3. Task2- Hazard awareness
In GCSE PE, we must understand how the risk of injury in physical
activity can be minimised and be able to apply examples:
Personal protective equipment (pads and helmets in
cricket, gum shield in Rugby or shin pads in football.
Correct clothing footwear (Football boots, high ankled
trainers in basketball, leather clothing in motor sports and
running spikes.
Appropriate level of competition (Age, Gender, Weight,
Experience).
Lifting and carrying equipment safely (bending at the knees,
holding weights by your side, making sure there aren’t any
obstacles in your way).
Use of warm up and a cool down (stretching muscles to
increase elasticity, increasing mobility, reducing delayed
onset of muscle soreness)
2. Increasing paricipation
3. Strategies to improve participation 1. Engagement factors
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Engagement patterns and current trends in sport
Type of media Example Sporting example
TV and Visual Watching live games
Sky football
Internet Club website LCFC website
Social media Facebook, twitter and Insta
BBC Sport twitter
Newspaper / Magazines
National and local
The times or 4-4-2 Positives Negatives
More media coverage of a sport will result in more companies wanting to sponsor them.
Less popular sports will not receive as much money from sponsorship deals as their brand will not get as much promotion.
This will increase the standard of the sport as the clubs will have more money to invest in better players and facilities.
This leads to less money, which can lead to less funds to invest in better players, coaches and facilities.
Increased coverage of the sport will result in more children participating, which will result in more sales of products such as boots.
Participation rates may go down in smaller, minority sports as a result of less coverage/popularity.
3. the golden triangle and its +/-
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Commercialisation
1. Definition of commercialisation
Commercialisation is the act of making something
available to be bought or sold for financial profit
2. influence of sponsorship and its +/-
Sponsorship is a form of advertising where a company pays to be associated with an event,
team or sports person.
Types of sponsorship include facilities, clothing, equipment and financial
Those affected Positives Negatives
Players/Athletes Allows athletes in lower paid jobs to be paid It can lead to further roles once they have finished
Favours men over women Promoting brands they don’t believe in Lesser athletes get less
The fans Wider range of sports More TV on sport Can lead to higher funding
Can make sport more expensive Increased adverts/breaks
Officials Allows for better tech (VAR) Officials earn more money
Bad decisions analysed and criticised
Sport Raised overall profile of sport Provides more funding Better facilities/equipment Improves overall standard
Less popular sports get less money Match timing changed for TV Changes to sports format
Performance enhancing drug Benefits Sporting example
Anabolic Steroids Rapid increase in strength Increase muscle recovery Allows performers to train harder
Weightlifter Boxer Sprinter
Beta Blockers Controls heart rate Reduces adrenaline Relaxes performer
Golfer Darts Snooker
Stimulants Increased alertness Reduced tiredness Increased endurance
Sprinter Football Boxing
Why performers take drugs? A desire to win at all costs
They lack moral boundaries Influenced by others
Under pressure to win
3. Violence in sport
Controlled aggression is a fundamental part of many sports. Sometimes, however, this can spill over into an uncontrolled situation where serious physical injury
can be caused. Violence is ‘behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone’.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Ethics, PEDs and Violence
1. sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance 2. PEDs drugs and their advantages
Ethics
Sportsmanship means playing within
the rules and understanding and using
sports etiquette
Example- Shaking hands, walking in
cricket, putting the ball out when
someone is injured
Gamesmanship means deliberately
bending the rules to gain an advantage
Example- Diving in football and faking
injury
Deviance- Deliberately breaking the
rules
Example- PEDs, bribery, fighting
5. Skill classification
3. Goals setting
Goal setting is when we establish specific, measurable and time-
targeted objectives.
1. Motor skills
2. Characteristics of s skilful movement
4. Goals setting short and long term
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Sports Psychology PART 1
A Motor skill – the physical execution of a movement, they form the basis
of all sports.
Type of feedback Advantages Sporting example
Intrinsic Feedback from within ‘Feel of a shot’
Good for experienced learner
A cover drive coming out of the middle of the bat
Extrinsic Feedback from others ‘Feedback from a coach’
Good if given with detailed information
A coach giving verbal feedback to a player after performance
Knowledge of performance Quality of performance ‘A cricketers performance’
Good when linked to extrinsic feedback
A footballer feeling his performance levels increase
Knowledge of results Result of game/tournament ‘Winning a tournament’
Have quantities data to use, to support them
Leicester city winning the premier league
Positive Receiving a compliment ‘coach stating well done’
Can increase confidence A coach shouting positive feedback to a performer after scoring
Negative Receiving a poor comment ‘Why did you do that’
Can be detrimental to performance
A coach berating their player after missing a penalty.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Sports Psychology 2
Types of guidance
Visual is when a performer can see the skill being performed or practised
Verbal is given by an observer after watching your performance
Manual is when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach.
Mechanical is when a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer
learn and practise a skill.
Advantages Disadvantages
Good for novice learners Not good for experienced learners if not detailed
Can help focus on technique for elite learners
Not good if not a simple instruction
Improves confidence and safety Too much dependence/lack of feel for the skill
Improves confidence and safety Not good for experience/too dependant
2. types of guidance and their +/-
1. Mental preperation 3. different types of feedback and their +/-
Imagery- is a mental or psychological
technique in which the performer imagines
or visualises themselves being successful in
their performance.
Mental rehearsal- is where the performer
pictures themselves executing a skill and
practises the skill in their mind, focusing on
the specific stages and correct technique.
Selective attention- is where the performer
focuses their concentration on what they are
doing or about to do and ignores all other
distractions.
Positive thinking- is the performer being
optimistic (about future performance),
thinking and being confident about doing
well and winning, shutting out negative
thoughts and feeling well prepared.
Component Example
Carbohydrates Bread, rice, pasta
Protein Meat, eggs, nuts
Fats Fish, butter, oils
Vitamins A, B, C and D
Minerals Calcium and Iron
Fibre Cereals
Water 2-3 litres per day
PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Health, fitness and wellbeing
1. health, fitness and well-being
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the
environment.
Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, healthy and
happy
A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with little or no
physical activity
2. benefits of physical activity for physical, social and emotional
3. components of a balanced diet