Excellence for all

GCSE: Physical Education

Knowledge Booklet

Name: …………………………………

Tutor Group: ………………………….

Using your knowledge organiser for homework

Use the knowledge organisers and test yourself after learning.

1. Check the homework you have every day on the timetable.

2. Read a section of your knowledge organiser for the homework given.

3. Cover it up.

4. Write out what you remember.

5. Check the knowledge organiser to see if you are right.

6. Mark and correct your work using a green pen.

7. Remember your teachers will test you to see how much you remember

Do this every day to help commit the information to your long-term memory

How to present homework

1. Write the date, title and subject from the knowledge organiser.

2. Underline using a ruler. Use a black pen to write.

3. If your homework is on learning keywords, write the first five words in your exercise book. Leave two lines between each word.

4. Cover the definitions apart from the first; read it, cover it, say it in your head and check it.

5. If you got it right, move on and quiz yourself on the rest in your head, one by one.

6. Cover up all definitions and write them out from memory

7. Correct your answers using a green pen

8. Repeat the process for other tasks

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Components of Fitness

Type Example Bones Possible movements

Ball and socket

Shoulder Humerus and Scapula Flexion and Extension

Adduction and Abduction

Rotation

Circumduction Hip Femur and Pelvis

Hinge Elbow Humerus, Radius and Ulna

Flexion and Extension Knee Femur and Tibia

2.

Function Definition How does it affect performance? Shape and support Bones give shape to our body and keeps vital

organs in place The spine holds the body upright

Movement Allows movement of the body Performers need to be able to move to “play the game”

Protection Bones protect vital organs Reduces the chances of injury. Rib cage protects heart and lungs when a rugby player is tackled.

Production of blood cells Red blood cells are produced The more red blood cells, the more oxygen can be carried to the working muscles.

Storage of minerals Storage of calcium and iron Essential for good health and growth.

2. Functions of the skeleton

1. Location of Major Bones 3. Types of Joints

The Skeletal System

Type of movement

Definition Sporting example

FLEXION Closing the angle at a joint Holding the javelin before the throw

EXTENSION Opening the angle at a joint Basketball player’s elbow when shooting

ADDUCTION Movement towards the centre of the line of the body Preparation to throw the discus

ABDUCTION Movement away from the centre line of the body Shoulder action when throwing the discus

ROTATION Joint moves in a circular way Tennis player’s shoulder when serving

CIRCUMDUCTION Continuous circular movement around a joint Swimmer’s arm when performing front stroke

Adduction Abduction

Component Function

Ligaments Attach bone to bone;

Keep joint stable.

Tendons Attach muscle to bone;

Transmits power to move bones.

Cartilage Reduces friction;

Shock absorber for the joint.

4. Types of movement possible at a joint

5. Components

Contracting muscle Movement taking place

Trapezius Extension at the neck

Deltoids Abduction at the shoulder

Biceps Flexion at the elbow

Triceps Extension at the elbow

Pectorals Adduction at the shoulder

Latissimus Dorsi Adduction at the shoulder

Abdominals Flexion at the hip

Gluteus Maximus Extension at the hip

Quadriceps Extension at the knee

Hamstrings Flexion at the knee

Gastrocmenius Extension at the elbow

1. Muscles of the body

Physical Education- The Muscular System

Antagonistic Muscle Pairs

Muscles that work in pairs; as one muscle contracts,

the other relaxes to bring about movement

e.g. Biceps and Triceps; Quadriceps and Hamstrings

2. Muscle Contractions

3. Types of muscles

4. Antagonistic pairs

Types of Muscles:

Voluntary – skeletal muscles – we can consciously control these muscles – eg bicep

Involuntary – not controlled they work automatically – eg digestive system

Cardiac – found in the heart – never rests

Agonist – the muscle that is working (contracting) and produces the desired joint movement Antagonist – counters or opposes the action of the agonist (relaxes)

1. The Heart

5. Functions of the heart

2. Functions of vessels

3. Effects of exercise on the heart

Short term effects of exercise

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – The structure and function of the cardiovascular system in sport

Inspiration Expiration

The intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards causing the chest to expand

The intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move downwards and inwards under their own weight.

The chest gets smaller.

The diaphragm contacts. It pulls down and flattens out the floor of the rib cage

The diaphragm relaxes. It is pushed back into a domed position by the organs underneath it.

The lung increases in size as the chest expands The lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller. They are squeezed by the ribs and diaphragm.

The pressure inside our lungs falls as they expand. The higher pressure of air outside means air is now

such into the lungs through the mouth and nose

The pressure inside the lungs increase as they get smaller. The air pressure is now lower than in our

lungs. Air is forced out of the lungs though the nose and mouth.

4. Process of gaseous exchange in the alveoli

Gaseous exchange takes place at the alveoli. These are tiny air sacs in the lungs. When you breathe in they fill with air. This is where oxygen is transferred into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from

the blood. To help this process the body has the following features

The alveoli are covered in capillaries. Gases pass through the thin walls and into the bloodstream

A large blood supply. Increased red blood cell increase the amount of oxygen supplied to the muscles and tissues

Capillaries are close to the alveoli to the diffusion distance in short

Alveoli have a large surface area to allow diffusion to take place

Thin walls (one cell thick) allows quick diffusion.

Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Task5: To understand the difference between aerobic and anaerobic activity

Aerobic (with o2) Glucose + oxygen >>> energy + Co2 + water Marathon runner

Anaerobic (without o2) Glucose >>> energy + lactic acid Shot put

Nose/ Mouth

Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Respiratory system

1. Pathway of air

Oxygen travels along the following pathway from the

mouth and nose to the alveoli.

2. mechanics of breathing

Breathing rate- The number of breaths per minute. This

is typically 12-20 breaths per minute for a healthy adult

at rest.

Tidal Volume-The volume of air inspired or expired per

breath. This increases during exercise.

Minute Ventilation-The amount of air a person

breathes out in a minute.

Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume = Minute Ventilation

3. key respiratory terms

Spo

rtin

g ex

amp

le

Plane of movement Diagram Sporting example

Saggital Splits body left to right Movement: Flexion & extension

Transverse Splits body upper and lower Movement: Rotation

Frontal Splits body front to back Movement: Abduction and Adduction

5. Axes and sporting examples

Longitudinal Runs vertically from top to bottom

Transverse Runs horizontally from left to right Frontal Runs horizontally from back to front

2. Mechanical advantage

Levers are used to make a small amount of force into a bigger amount of force. This is known as gaining a

mechanical advantage.

A mechanical advantage is when a lever allows you to move a large load with a smaller effort.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Movement analysis

1. levers of the body

3. Planes of the body

SKELETAL SYSTEM: There are no short term effect of exercise on the skeletal system!!!!!

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: When we exercise our muscle respond in a number of ways

• The temperature of our muscles increases. • Build up of waste products like Lactic acid in the muscles. • Blood is redistributed to the working muscles, known as the

vascular. So there is an increased supply of oxygen to the muscles.

CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: • Heart rate increases. The heart beats faster to increase the flow of

blood around the body especially to the working muscles. • Stroke volume increases. More blood is pumped per beat as the

heart expands to allow more blood in and out per beat. • Cardiac Output increases (HR X SV = CO) • Vascular Shunt occurs = Blood is redistributed to the working

muscles.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 1. Respiratory rate increases. 2. Minute ventilation increases. 3. Tidal volume increases.

SKELETAL SYSTEM: 1. Bone density increases

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: 1. Muscle hypertrophy occurs. 2. Muscular strength increases. 3. Muscular endurance increases. 4. Resistance to fatigue increases.

CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: 1. Heart hypertrophy occurs. 2. Resting heart rate decreases. 3. Resting stroke volume increases. 4. Cardiac output increases. 5. Recovery rate increases.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 1. Aerobic capacity increases. 2. Respiratory muscles become stronger. 3. Tidal volume during exercise increases. 4. Minute ventilation during exercise increases.

2. Short term effects of exercise.

3. Long terms effects of exercise

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Effects of Exercise

1. The Four body systems

4. Long term effects of exercise and sedentary lifestyles

Cardiovascular Fitness

Muscular Endurance

Muscular Strength

Flexibility Power Agility Balance Coordination Speed Reaction Time

12 Minute Cooper Run

60 Second Sit-Ups

Hand Grip Dynamometer

Standing Stork Test

Sargent Jump Illinois Agility Run

Standing Stork

Alternate Hand Wall

Throw.

30 Metre Sprint

Ruler Drop Test

1. Components of fitness

2. Tests for components of fitness

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Components of Fitness

Cardiovascular Fitness- The ability to work the entire body

for long periods of time without tiring.

Muscular Endurance- To work the same muscle over and

over without tiring.

Muscular Strength- The maximum amount of force a muscle

can exert in one movement.

Flexibility- The range of movement at a joint.

Power- The combination of strength and speed.

Agility- The ability to change direction at speed.

Balance- The ability of the performer to retain their centre of

mass over their base of support without falling.

Coordination- The ability to move two or more body parts at

the same time.

Reaction Time- The time between the presentation of a

stimulus and movement.

Speed- The ability to cover a distance in the shortest time

possible.

Body Composition- The % of fat, muscle and bone.

3. Sporting examples.

You should definitely work on

Cardiovascular and Muscular

Endurance, Mo.

Hi David, you should be focussing

on Agility and Reaction time. Then

Leicester might not beat you…

1. Principles of training

2. FITT principles

3. Methods of training

4. Training programmes

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – The Principles and Methods of Training

1. Preventing injury

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Injury Prevention

2. Sporting examples.

At a park, you need to check the pitch for any

hazards (like glass), then make sure the

equipment is safe. Also, make sure you are

wearing your boots.

Make sure you have the correct clothing on,

and running spikes. Then check the track to

make sure it’s not too slippy, Mo.

We must also know potential hazards of in a range of physical activities and

sport settings and be able to apply examples:

Sports Hall (Spilled waters, equipment left out, incorrect equipment,

courts being too close to walls).

Fitness Centre (Weights left around, weights too heavy, spilled

water/sweat, incorrect lifting techniques).

Playing field/artificial outdoor areas (Equipment left out, hazards in the

grass, hazards if public area, unsuitable facilities such as goal posts).

Swimming Pool (Water on the side of the pool, overcrowded pool, too

many chemicals, pool too deep)

3. Task2- Hazard awareness

In GCSE PE, we must understand how the risk of injury in physical

activity can be minimised and be able to apply examples:

Personal protective equipment (pads and helmets in

cricket, gum shield in Rugby or shin pads in football.

Correct clothing footwear (Football boots, high ankled

trainers in basketball, leather clothing in motor sports and

running spikes.

Appropriate level of competition (Age, Gender, Weight,

Experience).

Lifting and carrying equipment safely (bending at the knees,

holding weights by your side, making sure there aren’t any

obstacles in your way).

Use of warm up and a cool down (stretching muscles to

increase elasticity, increasing mobility, reducing delayed

onset of muscle soreness)

2. Increasing paricipation

3. Strategies to improve participation 1. Engagement factors

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Engagement patterns and current trends in sport

Type of media Example Sporting example

TV and Visual Watching live games

Sky football

Internet Club website LCFC website

Social media Facebook, twitter and Insta

BBC Sport twitter

Newspaper / Magazines

National and local

The times or 4-4-2 Positives Negatives

More media coverage of a sport will result in more companies wanting to sponsor them.

Less popular sports will not receive as much money from sponsorship deals as their brand will not get as much promotion.

This will increase the standard of the sport as the clubs will have more money to invest in better players and facilities.

This leads to less money, which can lead to less funds to invest in better players, coaches and facilities.

Increased coverage of the sport will result in more children participating, which will result in more sales of products such as boots.

Participation rates may go down in smaller, minority sports as a result of less coverage/popularity.

3. the golden triangle and its +/-

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Commercialisation

1. Definition of commercialisation

Commercialisation is the act of making something

available to be bought or sold for financial profit

2. influence of sponsorship and its +/-

Sponsorship is a form of advertising where a company pays to be associated with an event,

team or sports person.

Types of sponsorship include facilities, clothing, equipment and financial

Those affected Positives Negatives

Players/Athletes Allows athletes in lower paid jobs to be paid It can lead to further roles once they have finished

Favours men over women Promoting brands they don’t believe in Lesser athletes get less

The fans Wider range of sports More TV on sport Can lead to higher funding

Can make sport more expensive Increased adverts/breaks

Officials Allows for better tech (VAR) Officials earn more money

Bad decisions analysed and criticised

Sport Raised overall profile of sport Provides more funding Better facilities/equipment Improves overall standard

Less popular sports get less money Match timing changed for TV Changes to sports format

Performance enhancing drug Benefits Sporting example

Anabolic Steroids Rapid increase in strength Increase muscle recovery Allows performers to train harder

Weightlifter Boxer Sprinter

Beta Blockers Controls heart rate Reduces adrenaline Relaxes performer

Golfer Darts Snooker

Stimulants Increased alertness Reduced tiredness Increased endurance

Sprinter Football Boxing

Why performers take drugs? A desire to win at all costs

They lack moral boundaries Influenced by others

Under pressure to win

3. Violence in sport

Controlled aggression is a fundamental part of many sports. Sometimes, however, this can spill over into an uncontrolled situation where serious physical injury

can be caused. Violence is ‘behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone’.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Ethics, PEDs and Violence

1. sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance 2. PEDs drugs and their advantages

Ethics

Sportsmanship means playing within

the rules and understanding and using

sports etiquette

Example- Shaking hands, walking in

cricket, putting the ball out when

someone is injured

Gamesmanship means deliberately

bending the rules to gain an advantage

Example- Diving in football and faking

injury

Deviance- Deliberately breaking the

rules

Example- PEDs, bribery, fighting

5. Skill classification

3. Goals setting

Goal setting is when we establish specific, measurable and time-

targeted objectives.

1. Motor skills

2. Characteristics of s skilful movement

4. Goals setting short and long term

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Sports Psychology PART 1

A Motor skill – the physical execution of a movement, they form the basis

of all sports.

Type of feedback Advantages Sporting example

Intrinsic Feedback from within ‘Feel of a shot’

Good for experienced learner

A cover drive coming out of the middle of the bat

Extrinsic Feedback from others ‘Feedback from a coach’

Good if given with detailed information

A coach giving verbal feedback to a player after performance

Knowledge of performance Quality of performance ‘A cricketers performance’

Good when linked to extrinsic feedback

A footballer feeling his performance levels increase

Knowledge of results Result of game/tournament ‘Winning a tournament’

Have quantities data to use, to support them

Leicester city winning the premier league

Positive Receiving a compliment ‘coach stating well done’

Can increase confidence A coach shouting positive feedback to a performer after scoring

Negative Receiving a poor comment ‘Why did you do that’

Can be detrimental to performance

A coach berating their player after missing a penalty.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Sports Psychology 2

Types of guidance

Visual is when a performer can see the skill being performed or practised

Verbal is given by an observer after watching your performance

Manual is when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach.

Mechanical is when a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer

learn and practise a skill.

Advantages Disadvantages

Good for novice learners Not good for experienced learners if not detailed

Can help focus on technique for elite learners

Not good if not a simple instruction

Improves confidence and safety Too much dependence/lack of feel for the skill

Improves confidence and safety Not good for experience/too dependant

2. types of guidance and their +/-

1. Mental preperation 3. different types of feedback and their +/-

Imagery- is a mental or psychological

technique in which the performer imagines

or visualises themselves being successful in

their performance.

Mental rehearsal- is where the performer

pictures themselves executing a skill and

practises the skill in their mind, focusing on

the specific stages and correct technique.

Selective attention- is where the performer

focuses their concentration on what they are

doing or about to do and ignores all other

distractions.

Positive thinking- is the performer being

optimistic (about future performance),

thinking and being confident about doing

well and winning, shutting out negative

thoughts and feeling well prepared.

Component Example

Carbohydrates Bread, rice, pasta

Protein Meat, eggs, nuts

Fats Fish, butter, oils

Vitamins A, B, C and D

Minerals Calcium and Iron

Fibre Cereals

Water 2-3 litres per day

PHYSICAL EDUCATION – Health, fitness and wellbeing

1. health, fitness and well-being

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social

wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity.

Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the

environment.

Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, healthy and

happy

A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle with little or no

physical activity

2. benefits of physical activity for physical, social and emotional

3. components of a balanced diet