Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology,Sixth Edition
Chapter 20Lecture PPT
Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College
Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s
Cha
pter
20
Emotion
Portrait: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobe
• J.P.– Normal intelligence– Emotional problems; showed only anger– Had no fear of being lost, inappropriate social
behaviors– Behavioral problems – Missing right frontal lobe and 50% of the left
The Nature of Emotion
• Emotion older than thought
• Emotion contributes to logical thinking
• Unconscious Interference– Processes outside of awareness– Used by neuropsychologists to refer to
nonconscious brain processes
Feeling Emotion
• Paul Ekman– Six basic emotions
• Anger• Fear• Disgust • Surprise• Happiness• Sadness• All universally recognized
What is Emotion?
• Affect– Conscious subjective feeling about a stimulus
• Four components of emotion– Physiology– Distinctive motor behavior– Self-reported cognition– Unconscious behavior
Historical Views: Investigating the Anatomy
• Bard– Decorticated dogs showed rage behavior– Emotional responses depend on the
diencephalon
• Early studies– The cortex inhibited emotional responses of
the thalamus and hypothalamus
Historical Views: The Emotional Brain
• Papez– Limbic lobe is the basis of emotion– Limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to
produce emotional states
Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion
• Klüver-Bucy Syndrome– Results from bilateral removal of the
amygdala and inferior temporal cortex• Tameness and loss of fear• Indiscriminate dietary behavior• Autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual activity• Hypermetamorphosis• Examination of objects by mouth• Visual agnosia
Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion
• Psychosurgery– Egas Moniz
• Use of frontal lobotomies to treat behavioral problems
– Frontal lobotomies• Severe effects on social and affective behavior
Studies in Normal Subjects
• Laterality studies
• Social cognitive neuroscience
Production of Affective Behavior
• Left side bias in production of facial expressions of emotion
• May be a right hemisphere specialization for expressing and interpreting nonverbal behavior
Perception of Relevant Stimuli
• Vision– Left visual field superiority in the identification
of facial affect – Films are judged more unpleasant and
produce greater ANS activation when presented to the right hemisphere
• Audition– Left ear advantage for the identification of
emotional tone of voice
Personality Differences and Brain Structure
• Canli and colleagues– Extroverts higher activation in the anterior
cingulate to positive stimuli– Higher activation in the amygdala and anterior
cingulate to emotional conflict in individuals high in neuroticism
Candidate Structures in Emotional Behavior
• Processing emotional stimuli– Multiple neural systems for emotional stimuli– Sensory systems for species specific behavior
may be separate • Example: Olfaction in the cat
– Flehmen - behavior produced in the cat when it smells an odor from another cat
Brain Circuits for Emotion
• The limbic system – Amygdala and
prefrontal cortex especially important for emotion
– Amygdala• Input from all sensory
systems• Multimodal cells• Sensitive to threatening
or dangerous stimuli
Frontal Lesions in Monkeys
• Behavioral Changes after Frontal Lesions– Reduced social interaction– Loss of social dominance– Inappropriate social interaction– Altered social preference– Reduced affect– Reduced vocalization
Premorbid Emotional Processes
• Differences in behavior before brain injury leads to different behavior after the brain injury
• Effects of lesions on memory and language are more consistent than effects on emotion
Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
• Somatic Marker Hypothesis– When confronted with a stimulus of biological
importance, the brain and body change– Reductions in body reactions lead to reduced
intensity of emotion– Emotion is fundamental to survival– Emotion is necessary for rationale decisions
Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
• Cognitive-Emotional Interactions– Emotion enhances survival and is interrelated
with cognition– Uses fear conditioning as a model system– Circuits in the amygdala interact with cortical
circuits to influence affective behavior
Snapshot: Brain Activation in Social Cognition
• Camille and colleagues– Examined feelings of regret in normals and
patients with orbitofrontal lesions– Orbitofrontal patients showed no regret
• Coricelli and colleagues– Experience and anticipation of regret was
associated with activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala
Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion
• Cognitive Asymmetry and Emotion– Right hemisphere more engaged in automatic
components of emotion• Generates feelings
– Left hemisphere plays a role in the cognitive control of emotion
• Interprets feelings
Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
• The Production of Emotional Behavior– Left hemisphere lesions lead to a flattened
mood– Anterior lesions reduce facial expressions– Left frontal lesions decrease talking– Aprosodia appears after right hemisphere
lesions • Ross - Development aprosodias analogous to the
aphasias
Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
• Interpretation of Emotional Behavior– Right hemisphere lesions produce deficits in
comprehension and judgment of emotion– Right frontal lobe lesions produce
impairments in understanding and using humor
– Right frontal lobe and temporal lobe lesions produce impairments on facial expression tests
• Effects may depend on the emotion examined
Asymmetry in Emotional Processing
• Temporal Lobe Personality– Distinctive set of personality traits appear
after temporal lobe lesions– Right temporal lobe patients - obsessive– Left temporal lobe patients - personal destiny
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
• Understanding Other’s Actions– Biological motion
• Cells of the STS
– Mirror neurons• Premotor cortex
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
• Understanding Other’s Mind– Theory of mind
• Ability to attribute mental states to self and others• Ability to understand behaviors on the basis of
mental states
– Neural regions active during social judgment• Frontal lobe• Amygdala• STS cortex
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
• The Self and Social Cognition– Generation of the “self”
• Right frontoparietal network– Recognition of our own face
• Cortical midline network– Monitor psychological states in others and the self
Social Cognitive Neuroscience
• Cognitive Control of Emotion– Cognitive processes can change emotional
responses• Example: pain expectancy and pain perception• Activation of the prefrontal and cingulate cortex
during re-appraisal of self-emotions