Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology,Sixth Edition

Chapter 20Lecture PPT

Prepared by Gina Mollet, Adams State College

Bryan Kolb & Ian Q. Whishaw’s

Cha

pter

20

Emotion

Portrait: Agenesis of the Frontal Lobe

• J.P.– Normal intelligence– Emotional problems; showed only anger– Had no fear of being lost, inappropriate social

behaviors– Behavioral problems – Missing right frontal lobe and 50% of the left

The Nature of Emotion

• Emotion older than thought

• Emotion contributes to logical thinking

• Unconscious Interference– Processes outside of awareness– Used by neuropsychologists to refer to

nonconscious brain processes

Feeling Emotion

• Paul Ekman– Six basic emotions

• Anger• Fear• Disgust • Surprise• Happiness• Sadness• All universally recognized

What is Emotion?

• Affect– Conscious subjective feeling about a stimulus

• Four components of emotion– Physiology– Distinctive motor behavior– Self-reported cognition– Unconscious behavior

Historical Views: Investigating the Anatomy

• Bard– Decorticated dogs showed rage behavior– Emotional responses depend on the

diencephalon

• Early studies– The cortex inhibited emotional responses of

the thalamus and hypothalamus

Historical Views: The Emotional Brain

• Papez– Limbic lobe is the basis of emotion– Limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to

produce emotional states

Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion

• Klüver-Bucy Syndrome– Results from bilateral removal of the

amygdala and inferior temporal cortex• Tameness and loss of fear• Indiscriminate dietary behavior• Autoerotic, homosexual, and heterosexual activity• Hypermetamorphosis• Examination of objects by mouth• Visual agnosia

Historical Views: Cortical Connections of Emotion

• Psychosurgery– Egas Moniz

• Use of frontal lobotomies to treat behavioral problems

– Frontal lobotomies• Severe effects on social and affective behavior

Studies in Normal Subjects

• Laterality studies

• Social cognitive neuroscience

Production of Affective Behavior

• Left side bias in production of facial expressions of emotion

• May be a right hemisphere specialization for expressing and interpreting nonverbal behavior

Perception of Relevant Stimuli

• Vision– Left visual field superiority in the identification

of facial affect – Films are judged more unpleasant and

produce greater ANS activation when presented to the right hemisphere

• Audition– Left ear advantage for the identification of

emotional tone of voice

Personality Differences and Brain Structure

• Canli and colleagues– Extroverts higher activation in the anterior

cingulate to positive stimuli– Higher activation in the amygdala and anterior

cingulate to emotional conflict in individuals high in neuroticism

Candidate Structures in Emotional Behavior

• Processing emotional stimuli– Multiple neural systems for emotional stimuli– Sensory systems for species specific behavior

may be separate • Example: Olfaction in the cat

– Flehmen - behavior produced in the cat when it smells an odor from another cat

Brain Circuits for Emotion

• The limbic system – Amygdala and

prefrontal cortex especially important for emotion

– Amygdala• Input from all sensory

systems• Multimodal cells• Sensitive to threatening

or dangerous stimuli

Frontal Lesions in Monkeys

• Behavioral Changes after Frontal Lesions– Reduced social interaction– Loss of social dominance– Inappropriate social interaction– Altered social preference– Reduced affect– Reduced vocalization

Premorbid Emotional Processes

• Differences in behavior before brain injury leads to different behavior after the brain injury

• Effects of lesions on memory and language are more consistent than effects on emotion

Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion

• Somatic Marker Hypothesis– When confronted with a stimulus of biological

importance, the brain and body change– Reductions in body reactions lead to reduced

intensity of emotion– Emotion is fundamental to survival– Emotion is necessary for rationale decisions

Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion

• Cognitive-Emotional Interactions– Emotion enhances survival and is interrelated

with cognition– Uses fear conditioning as a model system– Circuits in the amygdala interact with cortical

circuits to influence affective behavior

Snapshot: Brain Activation in Social Cognition

• Camille and colleagues– Examined feelings of regret in normals and

patients with orbitofrontal lesions– Orbitofrontal patients showed no regret

• Coricelli and colleagues– Experience and anticipation of regret was

associated with activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

Neuropsychological Theories of Emotion

• Cognitive Asymmetry and Emotion– Right hemisphere more engaged in automatic

components of emotion• Generates feelings

– Left hemisphere plays a role in the cognitive control of emotion

• Interprets feelings

Asymmetry in Emotional Processing

• The Production of Emotional Behavior– Left hemisphere lesions lead to a flattened

mood– Anterior lesions reduce facial expressions– Left frontal lesions decrease talking– Aprosodia appears after right hemisphere

lesions • Ross - Development aprosodias analogous to the

aphasias

Asymmetry in Emotional Processing

• Interpretation of Emotional Behavior– Right hemisphere lesions produce deficits in

comprehension and judgment of emotion– Right frontal lobe lesions produce

impairments in understanding and using humor

– Right frontal lobe and temporal lobe lesions produce impairments on facial expression tests

• Effects may depend on the emotion examined

Asymmetry in Emotional Processing

• Temporal Lobe Personality– Distinctive set of personality traits appear

after temporal lobe lesions– Right temporal lobe patients - obsessive– Left temporal lobe patients - personal destiny

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

• Understanding Other’s Actions– Biological motion

• Cells of the STS

– Mirror neurons• Premotor cortex

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

• Understanding Other’s Mind– Theory of mind

• Ability to attribute mental states to self and others• Ability to understand behaviors on the basis of

mental states

– Neural regions active during social judgment• Frontal lobe• Amygdala• STS cortex

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

• The Self and Social Cognition– Generation of the “self”

• Right frontoparietal network– Recognition of our own face

• Cortical midline network– Monitor psychological states in others and the self

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

• Cognitive Control of Emotion– Cognitive processes can change emotional

responses• Example: pain expectancy and pain perception• Activation of the prefrontal and cingulate cortex

during re-appraisal of self-emotions