Fuels
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/
ME 6163: Combustion Engineering
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6163/
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 1 / 27
Overview
1 Energy Scenario
2 Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Solid Fuels
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 2 / 27
Energy Scenario
Energy Usage in Bangladesh1
T1249
1Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030 (2015). Tech. rep.Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) and Power Division,Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 3 / 27
Fuels
Fuels & Desirable Characteristics of Fuels
T1250
• High energy density (content)
• High heat of combustion (release)
• Good thermal stability (storage)
• Low vapour pressure (volatility)
• Non-toxicity (environmental impact)
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 4 / 27
Fuels
Primary Energy Sources2
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2K. Reif (2015). Gasoline Engine Management: Systems and Components. Springer.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 5 / 27
Fuels
Naming Conventions for HC Fuels3
T587
3S. McAllister, J. Chen, and A. Fernandez-Pello (2011). Fundamentals of Combustion
Processes. Springer.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 6 / 27
Fuels
T1236
H:C atomic ratio of various inorganic hydrocarbon compounds4
4E. Keating (2007). Applied Combustion. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 7 / 27
Fuels
A comparison of some alternative fuels to the traditional petroleum-based
fuels used in transportation
T301
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 8 / 27
Fuels Gaseous Fuels
Typical Volumetric Analysis of Some Gaseous Fuels5
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5G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 9 / 27
Fuels Gaseous Fuels
Typical Heating Value of Some Gaseous Fuels6
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6G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 10 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical Crude Oil Refinery Products7
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7G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 11 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical ASTM Petroleum Distillation Curves
T602
• The 10% and 90% evaporation
temperatures, T10 and T90 , are used
in the volatility specifications.
• T10: indicates the start of vaporization,
is used to characterize the cold starting
behaviour,
• T90: indicates the finish of
vaporization, is used to characterize the
possibility of unburned hydrocarbons.
• The ASTM drivability index (DI) is a
measure of fuel volatility and is defined
as:
DI = 1.5T10 + 3T50 + T90
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 12 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical Composition of Gasoline Fuels8
T589
8C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied
Thermosciences. Wiley.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 13 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Diesel Fuel Specifications (ASTM D975)9
T590
• 1-D: is a light distillate (∼ C12H22 ) for cold weather.
• 2-D: is a middle distillate (∼ C15H25 ) diesel fuel of lower volatility
and is the most common for vehicles.
• 4-D: is a heavy distillate fuel used for stationary applications.9C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied
Thermosciences. Wiley.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 14 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical Properties of Automotive Fuels10
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10G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 15 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Octane Number
Steps to measure the octane number of a test fuel is as follows:
1 Run the CFR engine on the test fuel at either the motor or the
research operating conditions.
2 Slowly increase the compression ratio until the standard amount
of knock occurs.
3 At that compression ratio, run the engine on blends of the
reference fuels isooctane and n-heptane.
4 The octane number is the percentage of isooctane in the blend
that produces the standardized knock at that compression ratio.
Two sets of CFR engine operating conditions for engines are employed
to define two octane numbers:
1 Research Octane Number (RON) (ASTM D908)
2 Motor Octane Number (MON) (ASTM D357)
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 16 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Diesel Cetane Number
• The Cetane number characterizes the ability of the fuel to
auto-ignite, the opposite of octane number.
• For high Cetane numbers, ignition delay is short. Hence,
combustion is initiated while the fuel is being injected, so the
burning rate is controlled by the rate of fuel–air mixing.
• For low Cetane numbers, fuel will not ignite until late in the
injection process. Hence, fuel is well mixed so that once
combustion is initiated, the burning rate is very high, causing
diesel knock to occur.
• Cetane numbers for vehicular diesel range from about 40 to 55.
• The Cetane number of n-cetane is assigned a value of 100, as it is
one of the fastest-igniting hydrocarbon.
• Isocetane (heptamethylnonane) ignites slowly & its CN = 15.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 17 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical Aviation Turbine Fuel Properties11
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11G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 18 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Typical Properties of Fuel Oils12
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12G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 19 / 27
Fuels Liquid Fuels
Lubricants: Engine Oil Viscosity13
T600
µ = C1 exp
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]
T601
• Engine oil reduces the friction between the principal moving parts
of an engine.
• It also acts as a coolant for the pistons, rings, and bearings, to
enhance the rings combustion seal, to control engine wear or
corrosion, and to remove impurities from lubricated regions.13C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied
Thermosciences. Wiley.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 20 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Coal Ranking & Analysis
ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Classifications:
1 Anthracitic coals (class I)
2 Bituminous coals (class II)
3 Subbituminous coals (class III)
4 Lignitic coals (class IV)
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 21 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Coal Composition14
T1239
14B. Miller (2011). Clean Coal Engineering Technology. Elsevier Science.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 22 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Typical Compositions of Solid Fuels15
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15G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 23 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Typical Properties of Solid Fuels16
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16G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 24 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Typical Properties of Solid Fuels (Dry, Ash-free)17
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17G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 25 / 27
Fuels Solid Fuels
Typical Properties of Selected Solid Biofuels (Dry
Basis)18
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18G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 26 / 27
References
References I
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030 (2015). Tech. rep. Sustainableand Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) and Power Division, Ministryof Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh.
Reif, K. (2015). Gasoline Engine Management: Systems and Components. Springer.
McAllister, S., J. Chen, and A. Fernandez-Pello (2011). Fundamentals of Combustion
Processes. Springer.
Keating, E. (2007). Applied Combustion. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis.
Borman, G. and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
Ferguson, C. and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied
Thermosciences. Wiley.
Miller, B. (2011). Clean Coal Engineering Technology. Elsevier Science.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 27 / 27