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1HASP–CRESS;SchmitzandFerlNote:thisdocumentisintendedforthefulfillmentofagencyreportingrequirementsandnotintendedforreleasetothepublic.

FINALSCIENCEREPORT–CRESSDecember9,2016

R.A.Schmitz1,A.M.Ward1,C.LeFrois2,N.J.Sng2,A-LPaul2,3,andR.J.Ferl2,3,4

1CollegeofLiberalArtsandSciences,2PrograminPlantMolecularandCellularBiology,3Horticultural SciencesDepartment,4InterdisciplinaryCenterforBiotechnologyResearch,UniversityofFlorida, Gainesville,Florida32610USA.

StudentDemographicsName Gender Ethnicity Race StudentStatus DisabilityR.AustinSchmitzAnaM.WardNatashaSngCollinLeFrois

MaleFemaleFemaleMale

non-Hispanicnon-Hispanicnon-Hispanicnon-Hispanic

WhiteAsianAsianWhite

UndergraduateUndergraduatePh.D.CandidatePh.D.Candidate

NoNoNoNo

Abstract The CRESS (Cosmic Radiation Exposure System for Seeds) project exposed wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana(Arabidopsis) seeds to the unique cosmic ray environment of the Earth’s stratosphere. At 120,000 feet, highaltitudeballoonsareabove99%oftheEarth’satmosphereandarethereforeexposedtohigherlevelsofvarioustypesofcosmicradiationthanontheground.HighenergyparticlescalledHZEparticles,mainlyprotons,areofparticularinterestduetothedamagingeffectstheseparticlesinflictongenomicmaterial.Thisprojectisaninitialtechnologydevelopmentforconstructingarobust,reusablebiologicalexposureplatformforradiationexposureusingballoons.Thebiologicaltargets,250,000Arabidopsisseeds,flewdormantandwithoutneedforextensivelifesupportduringtheflight.Thoughdormant,theseedsarecapableofcapturingthebiologicaleffectsofanyionizingradiationthatwasencounteredduringtheflight,andthoseeffectswillberevealedbypostflightanalysisofthoseseeds.

MissionTherearetwointerconnectedgoalsfortheCosmicRadiationExposureSystemforSeed(CRESS)Project.ThefirstaimwastodeveloptheflighthardwarenecessarytopresentArabidopsisseedstotheradiationenvironmentofthestratospherebyintegratingthepayloadintoahighaltitudeballoonplatform.ThesegoalswererealizedatintegrationandtestinginPalestine,TexasandflightoperationsinFortSumner,NewMexicothispastAugustandSeptember,respectively.ThesecondaimofthisprojectistoconductaproofofconceptexperimentthatcombinespassiveradiationdetectiontechniqueswithbiologicalassaystoevaluatetheeffectofstratosphericradiationonArabidopsisseeds.


TableofContentsStudentDemographics..............................................................................................................................................1

Abstract.....................................................................................................................................................................1

Mission......................................................................................................................................................................1

HardwareDevelopment............................................................................................................................................3

InitialConcept.......................................................................................................................................................4

FinalPayloadDesign..............................................................................................................................................4

DesignEvolution....................................................................................................................................................5

VacuumChamberTesting.....................................................................................................................................8

ThermalTesting...................................................................................................................................................10

BiologicalPayload...................................................................................................................................................11

BiologicalTesting.................................................................................................................................................11

TemperatureSeedTesting(RT,+40,-80)............................................................................................................11

Temperature/PressureSeedTesting(RT,+40,-20˚[email protected])....................................................11

FlightOperations–FortSumner,NewMexico.......................................................................................................13

Post-FlightProcessing.........................................................................................................................................13

CR-39Processing.............................................................................................................................................13

SeedScreening................................................................................................................................................14

Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................15

PosterPresentations...............................................................................................................................................15

Awards....................................................................................................................................................................15

FundingAwarded....................................................................................................................................................15


HardwareDevelopmentHardwaredesignfortheCRESSpayloadprogressedconsiderablyduringthesix-monthspanbetweenconceptandflight. Design changes were influenced by a continuously evolving understanding of various elements of thepayloadincluding3D-printingmaterials,theexposurelimitsofArabidopsisseeds,andInitialRequirement

- Payloadmustfly100,000seedstotheEarth’supperatmosphere.InitialDesiredFeaturesTheseelementsarepreferredbutnotrequiredforasuccessfulflight.

1. Thermalcontrol2. 1atm.sealedcontainer3. Filmorelectronicradiationdetectionsystem,ideallywithsomephysicalrelationshiptotheseedcassette

toenablephysicalmappingoftheimpacts.4. Recordtheinternalandexternaltemperatureandpressureenvironment(e.g.HOBOdatalogger).

FinalRequirement

- Payloadmustfly250,000seedtotheEarth’supperatmosphere.FinalDesiredFeaturesTheseelementsarepreferredbutnotrequiredforasuccessfulflight.

1. Acontainmentvesselcapableofmaintainingapproximately1-atmosphereofinternal*pressure2. Internaltemperatureandpressuredataforthedurationoftheflightprocesses,includingpreandpost-

flightprocedures.3. CR-39SolidStateNuclearTrackDetector(SSNTD)sheetsfortherecordingofgalacticcosmicrayimpacts.4. Awell-organizedseedcontainerallowingforhighlycontrolledpost-flightprocessingandanalysis.

*Thesealedvolumewithinthecontainmentvessel,containingtheseedsandSolidStateNuclearTrackDetectorSheets.

Inorderforasuccessfulmission,theCRESSpayloadneededtobringseedstotheEarth’supper-atmosphere.Thenoticeablechangeinthequantityofseedsrequired,100,000initiallyto250,000forthefinaldesign,issimplytheresultofthemethodbywhichtheseedswereorganized.Duringdevelopment,itwasdeterminedthat250,000seedcouldbestored.Thereareseveralobviouschangesinthedesiredfeaturesfrominitialdesigntofinaldesign.1. ThermalControlwas removedafter seedexposure testingproved thermal life supportmeasureswerenotnecessary.2.(1atm.sealedcontainer)wasretaineduntilthefinalflightdesign.SeesectionDesignEvolutionformoreinformationonthecontainmentvessel.


InitialConcept

FinalPayloadDesign

A B C

PayloadChassis

ArduinoUNOR3

MountingStructure

AssembledBiologicalPayload

ImpactingGCR

NuclearEmulsionFilm

ArabidopsisSeeds


DesignEvolutionThe initialdesignoftheCRESSpayloadwasheavily influencedbytheperceivedneedtoprotectthebiologicaltarget (seeds) from the extreme environment of the upper atmosphere. It was believed that the freezingtemperaturesandlowpressureenvironmentmayaffectthegerminationratesoftheArabidopsisseeds.Inordertocombattheseextremeconditions,theinitialdesignincludedmicrocontrollerresponsibleforthemeasurementof internalenvironmentalconditionsandthecounteractionofthoseconditionsbytogglinganinternalheatingelement.ThissystemconsistedofanArduinoR3microcontroller,agamutofseveraltemperatureandpressuresensors,asmallresistiveheatingsheet,andappropriatepoweradapters.Thecomplexityoftheabovesystemledtoanumberofcomplicationsinherentinelectricalsystemsoperatinginlow pressure environments. In addition, the viability of Arabidopsis seeds in extreme upper-atmosphericconditions was not well understood. Several tests were performed to define the temperature and pressureconditionsrequiredtoretainviableseeds.ForfurtherdetailsregardingseedenvironmentaltestingseeBiologicalTesting.Itwasdetermined,throughseveralextremeenvironmentalseedtests,therewasnoneedforextensiveenvironmental control. This insight allowed for the removal of the Arduino-controlled thermal managementsystem,greatlysimplifyingthepayload.Thedesign-goaltomaintaininternalatmosphericpressuresatornear1atmwasretainedasaprecautionarymeasure.Inaddition,thenatureofanatmosphericcontainmentvesselhastheaddedbenefitsofhighstructuralintegrity,propensitytoattenuateextremetemperature,andabilitytoreflectdamagingsolarUVradiation.

MicroSDDataStorage BMP180Pressure/TempSensors

ArduinoUnoR3

AnalogueTemp.Sensors


Designtimeline:January2016

Description: “TheCubeSat”wastheinitialdesignforCRESS.The.stlfilefor thisdesignwasfoundonGrabCadbycontributor,ArminYousefi Kanani.Advantages: Easyto3D-print.Properform-factorofa1-Unitcubesatellite.Disadvantages: Thinwalls.Difficulttoaccessinnercomponents.Incapableof containing1atm.ofinternalpressure.

February2016

Description: “Ardusat”wasthesecondform-factorfortheCRESSpayload. Thisdesignwascreatedbythecompany,Ardusat,forspecific usewithArduinomicrocontrollers.Atthetime,CRESSstill implementedtheuseofandArduinoR3microcontrollerfor thermalanddatamanagement.Advantages: Easyto3D-print.Properform-factorofa1-Unitcubesatellite. Easytoaccessinnercomponents.Easytodisassemble.Disadvantages: Faileddroptesting.Incapableofcontainingatm.ofinternal pressure.

March2016Description: MarchmarkedthegreatestchangeinthedesignoftheCRESSpayload.Theneedfora containmentvesselandasimpleintegrationsystemmotivatedthedevelopmentofacustom design.Inaddition,seedexposuretestingprovedthatadvancedthermallifesupportwasnot necessary,leadingtoasimplerdesignthatrequiredonlyasimple,self-containeddatalogger. TheoriginaldesigncalledforaCNC-cutacryliccontainmentvessel(clearstructure)and3D- printedsupportstructure(Middle:shownattachedtotheHASPintegrationPlate).Thisdesign eventuallyevolvedtobecomethefinaliterationthatflewinNewMexico.Advantages: Easyto3D-printsupport.Properform-factorofa1-Unitcubesatellite.Cheapmaterials.Large internalvolumeforseedsanddatalogger.


Disadvantages:DifficulttosealCNC-cutacrylic(incapableofcontaining1atm.pressure).Flimsysupportstructure. Flangedboltsupports(circledinred)of3D-printed-acrylic-substitutecontainmentvesselfailed lidtighteningtest.April2016

Description: SeveralimportantdevelopmentsweremadeinAprilincluding largerflangedboltsupportsandside-wallsaddedtothesupport structure.Theuseofacrylicforthecontainmentvesselwas abandonedandinsteadthecontainmentvesselwas3D-printed usingMakerbotFDM*technology.However,severalvacuum chambertestsprovedthatthe3D-printedcontainmentvessel wasincapableofholding1atm.Advantages: Strongersupport.Easytointegratethecontainmentvessel. Containmentvesselisstructurallysound Disadvantages: Stillincapableofcontaining1atm.ofinternalpressure.

*FilamentDepositionModeling.Themostcommon3D-printingtechnique.UsedbyMakerbotandCraftbot.

May2016

Description: InMayof2016thecontainmentvessel(CV)finaldesignwascompleted.Thewallswerethinned andadditionalsupportswereaddedtotheflangedboltsupports(circledinred).TheCV successfullycontained1atm.ofinternalpressurethroughmultipleexposurestolowpressure. MinoreditstothesupportstructureenabledquickerintegrationoftheCVandseamless integrationtotheHASPintegrationplate.Advantages: ObjetEdenVeroclearmodelcapableofcontaining1atm.ofinternalpressure.Quickandefficient integrationandreintegration.RobustCVandsupport. Disadvantages:FDMCVstillincapableofcontaining1atm.internalpressure.Difficulttoaccessbiologicalpayload andMSRwithinCVafterlidistighteneddown.Veroclearprintsomewhatsensitivetohighheat exposure(seesectionThermalTesting).


June2016

Description: Left:FinalprintofthecontainmentvesseltobeusedforflightinNewMexico.Thismodelwas

usedduringIntegrationandThermal-VacuumtestinginPalestine,Texasprovingthatthepayloadwascapableoffulfillingalldesiredfeatures.Slightwarpingwasobservedafterextendedtimeboltedshut.However,therewerenoissueswiththeCV’sabilitytocontain1atm.ofinternalpressure.

Advantages: Performednominallythroughseveralenvironmentalexposuretests.Theclearmaterialallowsfor easyassessmentofinternaldataloggerstatus.Disadvantages:DifficulttoaccessbiologicalpayloadandinternaldataloggerafterCVisboltedshut.Slightwarping inhighheat.

VacuumChamberTestingInitial pressure testing was completed using a dome vacuum chamber. Thecontainment vessel designs were bolted shut and exposed to the low pressureenvironment of the vacuum chamber for approximately 30 minutes. AbsolutepressureandtemperatureinsidethecontainmentvesselwasrecordedusinganMSRdatalogger.Thisparticularvacuumchamberiscapableofcreatingareducedpressureenvironment near 250mbars. Although this pressure is much higher than thatexperienced during a high altitude flight, these tests proved useful for the initialverificationofthecontainmentvesselseal.3D-PrintedContainmentVesselItwasobservedthattheabovecontainmentvesselconfiguration(Acrylictop,3D-Printedbase)cannotmaintainnormalatmosphericpressureuponpullingavacuum.Thesealbetweentheacrylictopandthe3D-printedbasewasfirstassumedtobethepointoffailure.However,itwasdiscoveredusingasimpletestthatthe3D-Printisactually the point of failure. Filament Deposition Modeling, a technique Craftbot and Makerbot 3D-printersutilizedtoproduceprints,oftenleavestinyspacesbetweenlayersoffilament.Itisthroughthesetinyholesthatallowspassageofgasandfluids.

ContainmentVesselMSR VacuumChamber


Watercoloredblueusingfooddyewasusedtopinpointthe locationair leaks.Soonafterloweringthepressurewithinthe chamber, blue dye was seenpermeatingthewallsofthe3D-printedbaseas seen inphotosBandC to theright.AcrylicContainmentVesselAnacrylic containmentvesselwasconstructed inparallel toa3D-printedcontainmentvessel.Theacrylicwasmilledusinga–axisCNCmill.Theindividualacryliccutswerecementedtogetherusing16FastSetacryliccementfromSCIGRIP™.Uponpullingavacuumonthewater-filledacrylicvesselbubblesbegantoformontheinsideoftheacrylic.Thereareclearlysmallholesalongthecementpoints.Theseinneredgeswerethensealed,butdidnotholdpressureundervacuum.

A CB


The final design in VeroClear resin, printed a containment vessel that performedwell during a 25 hour lowpressuretest@≈170mbars.AnMSRdataloggerwasusedtorecordthepressurewithinthevacuumchamberandwithinthecontainmentvessel.Ambientatmosphericpressurehoveredaround1015mbar.Uponattachingandtighteningthetopofthecontainmentvesseltothebottomofthecontainmentvesseltheinternalpressurejumpedto1037.5mbars.Overthecourseofthe25hourtestthepressurewithinthecontainmentvesselfellfrom1037.5 mbars to 1014.6 mbars. This equates to a loss of 0.9 mbars of internal air pressure per hour thecontainmentvesselisexposedtothelowpressureenvironment.

A follow up test was performed at NASA KSC which subjected the containment vessel to a 0.045 mbarenvironment.Thecontainmentvesselbehavedcomparabletotheinitialtest.Theinternalpressureenvironmentof thecontainmentvesselwasrecordedforthe8hours leadinguptoandthe8hours following lowpressuretestingatKSC.Ithasbeendeterminedthatexternaltemperaturehasafargreaterimpactontheinternalpressurecomparedtotheexternalpressure.Whenplacedwithinarefrigeratorfor5hoursthevesselexperiencedadropof50mbarsascomparedtoadropof20mbarswhensubjectedtoa0.045mbarexternalpressureenvironment.These drops in pressure,whether fromexternal temperature or external pressure, are insignificant and theireffectsliewellwithinthepressureboundsforthesuccessoftheprimarymissiongoal.

ThermalTestingTheFDMmodelandtheVeroClearresinmodelwerebothsubjectedtotemperaturesof50˚-55˚Cfor12hours.The containment vessels are under considerable stresswhen thebolts are tightened to ensure a proper sealbetween the top and bottom. In the figure below, it is obvious that this stress caused a deformation in thestructure’sshapecomparedtotheshapebeforethermaltesting.Thisslightdeformationofthematerialhowever,didnotaffectthecontainmentvessel’sabilitytoholdpressureanddidnotcauseanyharmtotheHASPgondolaorotherpayloads.

1037.5mbars

1014.6mbars

1015.0mbars

170.0mbars

FIGURE

GRAPHA:PressurewithinVacuumChamber GRAPHB:PressurewithinContainmentVessel

GraphAstandsasthecontrolforGraphB.GraphBillustratesthepressureenvironmentwithinthecontainmentvesselasitissubjectedtothe170mbarenvironmentwithinthevacuumchamber.Thenoticeablejumpinpressurehalf-waythroughthetestwasduetoatemporarylossofvacuumcausedbyavacuumpumpmalfunction.

1015.0mbars

A

B


BiologicalPayload

BiologicalTestingAtthetimeofinitialpayloaddesign,thesurvivabilityofArabidopsisseedsintheupperatmospherewasnotwellunderstood.InordertofacilitatethedevelopmentoftheCRESSpayload,environmentaltestingwasperformed.TheresultsofthesetestsdictatedthetechnicaldevelopmentoftheCRESSpayload.TemperatureSeedTesting(RT,+40,-80)SeedswereexposedtoRoomTemperature,40˚Cand-80˚Cfor5days.Theseedswerethensterilizedandallowedtogerminateonsterilenutrientagarosegelplates.

Forthecontrol,roomtemperatureseeds(24˚-27˚C),thegerminationratewas98.6%.Germinationwasslightlylowerforthe+40˚Candthesameforthe-80˚Cseeds.ThesetestssuggestthatseedscansurviveandgerminatewellinconditionsmoreextremethanthoserecordedduringpreviousHASPflights.Temperature/PressureSeedTesting(RT,+40,-20˚[email protected])Columbia-0 seeds were exposed to conditions similar to those present during a high-altitude flight. Despiteextremes of both temperature and pressure high germination rateswere observed. The following studywassupportedthroughtheguidanceandhardwareofDr.AndrewSchuerger.Temperature(˚C) Pressure(mbars) GerminationRate(%)

-20 1020 230/23498.2-20 8 231/23498.724 1020 231/23299.624 8 208/20810040 1020 191/1939940 8 202/20797

ConditionTested #ofSeedsPlanted #ofseedsGerminated %Germination

RoomTemperature 141 139 98.6+40˚Celsius 191 186 97.4-80˚Celsius 217 214 98.6

C DA:TheovenusedtotestboththeFDMandResinmodel.B:BoththeResinandFDMmodelshowcomparabledeformationafterexposureto55˚Cfor12hours.ThiswasexpectedasbothmaterialhavesimilarHDT˚[email protected]:indicatedbytheredarrowsisthelocationthatshowedthemostsignificantdeformation.ThisdeformationdidnotsignificantlyeffecttheinternaldimensionsofthecontainmentvesseltherebyallowingeasyintegrationandremovalofthebiologicalpayloadandMSRdatalogger.


Theseresultindicatethatthecombinationofextremetemperatureandpressureenvironmentobservedduringflightwillnotsignificantlyaffectthegerminationratesofplantseeds.Itwasobviousfromtheseteststhatbiologicallifesupportwasnotnecessary.TheseresultgreatlysimplifiedtheCRESSpayloadbyreducingpayloadweightandcostandincreasingthedesignefficacyofoursystem.

DesignThebiologicaltargetsofthisstudy,250,000Arabidopsisthalianaseeds,wereorganizedinamodified1500wellplate(seedcassette)andstoredwithinthecontainmentvessel.TodeterminethelocationofpotentialGalacticCosmicRayhits,CR-39sheets(suppliedbyTrackAnalysisSystemsLtd.)wereorganizedaroundtheseedcassette.TheorientationandorderoftheCR-39sheetswerewelldocumentedandthispositionwasusedtopinpointhitlocations,andtracethepathofeventsthroughtheseedcassettepost-flight.

DeterminingHitLocationSeedsandSSNTDsheetarede-integratedpost-flight.SSNTDsheetsareprocessedandanalyzedforimpactsbyGCR’s.X,Y,ZCoordinatesofpossiblyimpactedseedsaredetermined.Seedarelocated,removedfromtheseedtray,andpreparedforscreening.

A:Imageoftheloadedseedarraycontainingapproximately250,000Arabidopsisseeds.B:AssembledseedarrayandCR-39SSNTDfilminsert.C:Close-upimageoftheinsertdetailingthethreeCR-39sheets(clear/white)placedaboveandbelowtheseedarray(black)foratotalof6CR-39sheets.D:ImageofseedarrayandCR-39sheetsassemblybeinginsertedwithintheholder(withMSRdataloggerattached).

B C DA

X

YSeedTray

SheetsofCR-39SSNTDsheetsaboveandbelowseedtray

~400Arabidopsisseeds/well

-PathofCosmicRay


FlightOperations–FortSumner,NewMexicoFlight and payload recovery was an overall success. The CRESS containment vessel and support structurewithstoodtheuniquetemperature,pressure,andgenvironmentexperiencedduringthehigh-altitudeballoonlaunch,15hour8minuteflight,andfinalimpact.InternaltemperatureandpressureenvironmentalreadingsfromtheMSRdataloggershowthatthecontainmentvessel performed just as expected and are consistentwith pre-flight environmental testing. The payloadwasrecoveredandstoredon-iceforapproximately12hoursaftertouchdown.CRESS’sintegrationlocationwithintheHASP payload attenuated the harsh desert sunlight and in effect the internal temperature of CRESS onlytemporarilyroseabove30˚C;wellwithintheviabilitylimitsofthebiology.Post-FlightProcessingCR-39ProcessingInordertoexpeditethescreeningprocess,etchingoftheCR-39sheetshasbegun.InitialanalysisshowspossibleGCRimpactsites.TheimpactlocationresultsfromCR-39etchingwilldictatetheselectionofseedsforgrowthandsubsequentscreeningonsterilegrowthplates.

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FLIGHTSTART PAYLOADRECOVEREDFLIGHTTERMINATED


Thebiologyandsolidstatenucleartrackdetector(ssntd)sheetsarede-integratedandcurrentlystoredina4˚Crefrigeratorand-20˚Cfreezer,respectively.Testingandinitialprocessingofboththebiologyandthessntdsheetsisunderway.EarlyscreeningofaflightCR-39ssntdsheetsuggestputativecosmicrayimpactsbutfurtheranalysisisnecessary.SeedScreeningInordertodeterminethepresenceofgalacticcosmicrayinducedgeneticmutationsthatresultinaphenotypicchange,flownseedsmustbescreenedinsuchawaythatbothrootsandshootsareexaminable.Thehighquantityofflownseedsalsoposesanumberoflogisticalchallenges.Wemustbalancetheusehighthroughputscreeningtechniqueswithoutsacrificingthefidelityofthescreeningprocess. Inourinitialassays,themicro-binofseedsindicatedbytheCR-39tracepathswereseparatedfromtheremainingseedsinthetrayandthenplantedonsolidnutrientplatesforgrowthandevaluatedfordeviantphenotypes.

EtchedCR-39SSNTDsheetsareviewedunderacompoundmicroscopetoassessimpactlocations.ImpactsformconicalholesonboththeupperandlowerplaneoftheSSNTDsheets.PicturedrightisapossibleGCRimpactonCR-39sheetsflownonthe2016HASPflight.


BibliographyArenaC,deMiccoV,MacaevaE,QuinensR (2014)Spaceradiationeffectsonplantandmammaliancells.Acta

Astronautica104:419-431BuckerH(1974)TheBiostackExperimentsIandIIaboardApollo16and17.LifeScienceSpaceResearch12:43-50JurgensG,MayerU,BuschM,LukowitzW,LauxT(1995)PatternformationintheArabidopsisembryo:agenetic

perspective.PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci350:19-25KranzAR,BorkU,BuckerH,ReitzG(1990)BiologicaldamageinducedbyionizingcosmicraysindryArabidopsis

seeds.IntJRadApplInstrumD17:155-165KranzAR,GartenbachKE,Pickert-AndresM,SchopperE,BaicanB(1994)Biophysicaleffectofcosmicheavyionsof

distinctLET-classesinaplantmodelsystem.AdvSpaceRes14:1021-1026MetzkerML(2010)Sequencingtechnologies[mdash]thenextgeneration.Naturereviews.Genetics11:31-46ReitzG(1993)Radiationenvironmentinthestratosphere.RadiationProtectionDosimetry48:5-20WeijersD(2014)GeneticcontrolofidentityandgrowthintheearlyArabidopsisembryo.BiochemSocTrans42:

346-351

PosterPresentationsA.M.Ward1,R.A.Schmitz1,N.J.Sng2,,R.J.Ferl1-3,andA-L.Paul1-2.ScreeningforGalacticCosmicRadiationInducedMutationsinArabidopsisSeeds -UFGeneticsSymposium–Gainesville,Florida–November2016R.Austin.Schmitz,AnaM.Ward,E.R.Schultz,N.J.Sng,A-LPaul,R.J.FerlATechnologicalDevelopmentStudyoftheEffectsofCosmicRadiationExposureonSeeds–PosterPresentation -AmericanSocietyforGravitationalandSpaceResearch–Cleveland,Ohio–October2016

Awards1st Place – StudentUndergraduate Poster Competition, American Society forGravitational and SpaceResearchConference,ClevelandOhio

FundingAwarded$6000–NASAFloridaSpaceGrantConsortium:UnsolicitedProposalfortheCosmicRadiationExposureSystemforSeeds(CRESS)Project$2259–UniversityScholarsProgram:Undergraduatestudentresearchsupport$500–UniversityScholarsProgramTravelStipend:FortravelrelatedexpensestopresenttheCRESSprojectatthe2016ASGSRAnnualMeeting