FINAL EXAM REVIEW
World History Fall 2013
Ms. Suhrstedt
World History Themes Throughout human history: • There has been a struggle between
continuity and change.
EXAMPLES: Protestant Reformation Scientific Revolution Industrial Revolution Decline of Feudalism
World History Themes Throughout human history: • There has been an everchanging
relationship between the human and natural worlds.
EXAMPLES: 15th century exploration geographical barriers climate
World History Themes Throughout human history: • There have been continuous efforts to
solve the problem of scarcity. EXAMPLES:
food gold industrial resources
World History Themes Throughout human history: • Knowledge, ideas, and beliefs are
acquired, applied, expressed, and suppressed.
EXAMPLES: world religions spreading Hitler burning books Inquisition
World History Themes Throughout human history: • There have been interactions between
cultures. EXAMPLES:
Europe discovers Americas Muslim trading with West African empires Europeans spheres of influence in China
World History Themes Throughout human history: • Factors exist which contribute to the
acquisition and loss of power. EXAMPLES:
Spanish domination in the Americas Napoleon’s rise and fall Hitler’s rise and fall
1000 AD
• Cities were located near sources of fresh water.
• Most of the world’s population was concerned with agriculture and food production.
Religion Major Beliefs Number of Gods Hinduism • Reincarnation
• Rewards in life results from good behavior in previous life.
• Polytheistic • Brahman
Buddhism • Seek Nirvana • Follow Eightfold Path
• None – Buddha
Judaism • God loves everyone • Do good works
• Monotheistic – Yaweh
Christianity • Christ is god’s son • Do good works
• Monotheistic – God
Islam • 5 Pillars of Islam • Monotheistic- Allah
World Religions
Japanese Shogunate
• Obedience between the social classes was key to their relationship.
West African kingdoms
• Cultural diffusion: Spread and adoption of different cultures.
• Islamic beliefs and traditions had a great impact.
Middle Ages
Why did feudalism last so long? 1. Protected all levels of society 2. Economically self-sufficient 3. Easy system for the king to keep control 4. The system failed when kings and
merchants tried maintain control over larger nation-states.
Black Death
Results 1. Population decline 2. Employment opportunities 3. Wage increases 4. Decline in international trade
Mongol Empire
Once the Mongols took over they created a lasting peace and encouraged trading to take place between Europe and Asia.
Resulted in religious tolerance, technological
exchange, and more trade.
Renaissance
Changes in thinking 1. Away from religion 2. Humanism – interest in human body and
individual potential; dominant idea 3. Secularism – shows interest in human
activities (not religious)
Renaissance
Changes in thought – • Political – Machiavelli wrote about how to
keep power viewing political behavior as a science. Machiavelli’s book, The Prince, was based on secular thoughts.
Renaissance
Changes in thought – • Scientific – Before Renaissance scientific
events were explained either through the Bible or by using logic
– During the Renaissance scientists like Leonardo Da Vinci challenged accepted thought by experimenting and using mathematical reasoning.
Renaissance
Why did humanism and secularism dominate the Renaissance?
People came to realize that their life on earth was just as important as their life in heaven.
People should explore their potential
Protestant Reformation The historical struggle during the Protestant
Reformation was a challenge to the policies of the Catholic Church.
The theme that best illustrates this struggle… Struggle between continuity and change.
Chinese Dynasties 1. Dynastic cycle justified new rulers.
Overseas Exploration What motivated Europeans to conduct
overseas exploration? 1. Wealth and power 2. Spread Christianity 3. National Pride 4. New maritime technology
Overseas Exploration and Colonization
What caused the significant decline of Native Americans in the Spanish colonies in America?
1. Introduction of disease pathogens What was a major impact of colonization? 1. Using Africans as slaves
Overseas Exploration What was the Triangle Trade System? • System of trade developed between
THE AMERICAS
EUROPE
AFRICA
Mercantilism
• Expansion of global trade and business competition.
Absolute Rule
• Monarchs (Kings, queens, royalty) held complete control.
• Used their power and wealth to benefit themselves.
French Revolution Which group in society gained power and
which lost power as a result of the Revolution?
• Gained Power – Peasants (3rd Estate) – 98% of the population
• Lost Power – Monarchy and Clergy (2nd and 1st Estates), opposed change because they held the power and wealth.
Industrial Revolution
Changes in Europe Short Term – horrible living and working
conditions Long Term – • Wealth • Better living and working conditions • Increased Wages • Better quality of life
Industrial Revolution
• Western Europe was able to industrialize.. 1. People moved to cities 2. New technologies 3. Water sources for power and
transportation.
Industrial Revolution
Impact of Unions • Higher Wages • Safer Working conditions • Rights for Workers • Limits on working hours
Enlightenment thinkers
• Voltaire believed people had a right to express their beliefs.
• Enlightenment ideas spread to the Americas which inspired revolutions.
Imperialism
Imperialism Stronger countries take over weaker
countries and dominate them economically, politically, and socially. Build an empire.
Increased rivalries between European countries.
Imperialism Forms of Imperialism 1. Colony India 2. Protectorate Puerto Rico 3. Sphere of Influence China 4. Economic Imperialism Dole Fruit Co.
Imperialism Berlin Conference 1884 • European powers met and came to an
agreement on how to divide up Africa into territories
• Created guidelines about “effective occupation” and control of African territory
• African nations had no input
World War I Trench warfare: 1. New weapons led to high casualties. 2. Lack of new military tactics.
World War I Underlying Causes 1. Militarism-strong military 2. Alliances-agreements between nations 3. Imperialism-takeover territory 4. Nationalism-proud to belong to a group
Russian Revolution Underlying Causes 1. Economic Problems 2. Harsh Autocratic Rule from Czar 3. Russo Japanese War 4. Bloody Sunday
Great Depression Results 1. High Unemployment 2. Bank Failures 3. Businesses Bankrupt 4. Inflation 5. Shortages
World War II Countries with Totalitarian Leaders Germany Adolph Hitler Italy Benito Mussolini Japan Emperor Hirohito
World War II
• Appeasement: 1. 1930s British and French policy to avoid
another world war. 2. Gave Hitler what he wanted.
Holocaust
• Nazi policy of eliminating the Jewish population.
• Final stage of genocide in Europe. • 6m Jews were killed.
Post World War II
Effects in Europe and Asia: 1. Huge loss of life 2. Soviet Union becomes a world power 3. Colonies become independent of Europe
Post World War II
Gandhi • Nonviolent non-compliance – simply
put, don’t do what they are telling you to do.
• Used passive resistance as opposed to armed resistance
Post World War II
Apartheid • Policy instituted in South Africa by
the ruling white minority separating whites from blacks.
• Other nations imposed economic sanctions to end Apartheid.
Post World War II
Containment • President Truman policy designed to stop
the spread of communism. • Truman Doctrine – support any country
who wanted a democratic form of government.
• Marshall Plan – gave $ to European countries after World War II who decided to pursue a democratic way of life.
• Korean and Vietnam Wars were containment wars.
Post World War II
Cold War • Period of tension between the end of
World War II and 1990 in which the US and Soviet Union waged indirect warfare through other nations.
• Neither wished war with the other because both possessed countless nuclear weapons.
Post World War II
Communist takeover of China 1.Decreased European influence in China
and Asia
Post World War II
Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Arab-Israeli Conflict Arabs (Palestinians) and Jews (Israelis)
both want control of the same land. Result There has been warfare and violence
between the two groups since the establishment of Israel after WWII.
Post World War II
Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Apartheid Government policy of segregation between
whites and blacks in South Africa. Result Several African nations now overwhelmed with
tribal and ethnic hatred on the verge of war.
Post World War II
Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Rwanda – ethnic hatred between Hutus
and Tutsis resulted in civil war resulting in over 1 million deaths in 1990’s.
Result – Several African nations now
overwhelmed with tribal and ethnic hatred on the verge of war.
Post World War II
Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Nationalism in India Nonviolent non-compliance—simply put,
don’t do what they are telling you to do.
Result Used passive resistance instead of
armed resistance.
Resistance to Change
Transition b/w feudalism and nation states • People struggled to shift from farms
to towns • Nobles struggle as they lose power
when workers unite against them in towns
Resistance to Change
Protestant Reformation • Leaders of the Catholic Church refuse
to change to meet the demands of the people
• They form the Inquisition to try to stop the Reformation
Resistance to Change
Chinese isolationism • Emperors refused to let outsiders
trade with China. They were afraid of losing power.
Resistance to Change
Colonization/Decolonization • Colonization – conquered people
struggle with the loss of their independence
• Decolonization – Imperial powers fight to hold onto their colonies.
Resistance to Change
Industrial Revolution • Struggle to keep pace with the
changes including the massive overcrowding of cities, harsh living and working conditions.
• Workers form unions
Resistance to Change
Scientific Revolution • Scientists make discoveries that
directly challenge the teachings of the Catholic Church.
• Church leaders refuse to admit they are wrong despite overwhelming evidence.
Treaty of Versailles
To what degree did the Treaty of Versailles (which ended WWI) lead to WWII?
*Be sure to include counterpoints and use evidence!
• Treaty of Versailles leads to WWI because it never addressed the underlying causes of WWI: nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
• Treaty written by Allied powers who blamed Germany for everything
Treaty of Versailles
• Germany lost land and had to pay reparations (money for the damage, death, etc. they caused in WWI)
• Treaty should have… – Decreased military buildup in nations around the
world (only Germany required to decrease size of military)
– Give up colonies/allow for self-determination (only Germany required to give up land)
Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty leads to economic hardships in Germany • These economic hardships led to the rise of the
Fascist Party in Germany (and other places like Italy) – They turned to dictators (like Hitler) in hopes that they
will be able to end the suffering • No one stops the spread of fascism and growth
of Germany’s power – Appeasement – Germany broke the Treaty and all of this led to WWII