FINAL EXAM REVIEW

World History Fall 2013

Ms. Suhrstedt

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  There has been a struggle between

continuity and change.

EXAMPLES: Protestant Reformation Scientific Revolution Industrial Revolution Decline of Feudalism

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  There has been an everchanging

relationship between the human and natural worlds.

EXAMPLES: 15th century exploration geographical barriers climate

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  There have been continuous efforts to

solve the problem of scarcity. EXAMPLES:

food gold industrial resources

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  Knowledge, ideas, and beliefs are

acquired, applied, expressed, and suppressed.

EXAMPLES: world religions spreading Hitler burning books Inquisition

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  There have been interactions between

cultures. EXAMPLES:

Europe discovers Americas Muslim trading with West African empires Europeans spheres of influence in China

World History Themes Throughout human history: •  Factors exist which contribute to the

acquisition and loss of power. EXAMPLES:

Spanish domination in the Americas Napoleon’s rise and fall Hitler’s rise and fall

1000 AD

•  Cities were located near sources of fresh water.

•  Most of the world’s population was concerned with agriculture and food production.

Religion Major Beliefs Number of Gods Hinduism • Reincarnation

• Rewards in life results from good behavior in previous life.

• Polytheistic • Brahman

Buddhism • Seek Nirvana • Follow Eightfold Path

• None – Buddha

Judaism • God loves everyone • Do good works

• Monotheistic – Yaweh

Christianity • Christ is god’s son • Do good works

• Monotheistic – God

Islam •  5 Pillars of Islam • Monotheistic- Allah

World Religions

Japanese Shogunate

•  Obedience between the social classes was key to their relationship.

West African kingdoms

•  Cultural diffusion: Spread and adoption of different cultures.

•  Islamic beliefs and traditions had a great impact.

Middle Ages

Why did feudalism last so long? 1.  Protected all levels of society 2.  Economically self-sufficient 3.  Easy system for the king to keep control 4.  The system failed when kings and

merchants tried maintain control over larger nation-states.

Black Death

Results 1.  Population decline 2.  Employment opportunities 3.  Wage increases 4.  Decline in international trade

Mongol Empire

Once the Mongols took over they created a lasting peace and encouraged trading to take place between Europe and Asia.

Resulted in religious tolerance, technological

exchange, and more trade.

Renaissance

Changes in thinking 1.  Away from religion 2.  Humanism – interest in human body and

individual potential; dominant idea 3.  Secularism – shows interest in human

activities (not religious)

Renaissance

Changes in thought – •  Political – Machiavelli wrote about how to

keep power viewing political behavior as a science. Machiavelli’s book, The Prince, was based on secular thoughts.

Renaissance

Changes in thought – •  Scientific – Before Renaissance scientific

events were explained either through the Bible or by using logic

–  During the Renaissance scientists like Leonardo Da Vinci challenged accepted thought by experimenting and using mathematical reasoning.

Renaissance

Why did humanism and secularism dominate the Renaissance?

People came to realize that their life on earth was just as important as their life in heaven.

People should explore their potential

Protestant Reformation The historical struggle during the Protestant

Reformation was a challenge to the policies of the Catholic Church.

The theme that best illustrates this struggle… Struggle between continuity and change.

Chinese Dynasties 1. Dynastic cycle justified new rulers.

Overseas Exploration What motivated Europeans to conduct

overseas exploration? 1.  Wealth and power 2.  Spread Christianity 3.  National Pride 4.  New maritime technology

Overseas Exploration and Colonization

What caused the significant decline of Native Americans in the Spanish colonies in America?

1.  Introduction of disease pathogens What was a major impact of colonization? 1. Using Africans as slaves

Overseas Exploration What was the Triangle Trade System? •  System of trade developed between

THE AMERICAS

EUROPE

AFRICA

Mercantilism

•  Expansion of global trade and business competition.

Absolute Rule

•  Monarchs (Kings, queens, royalty) held complete control.

•  Used their power and wealth to benefit themselves.

French Revolution Which group in society gained power and

which lost power as a result of the Revolution?

•  Gained Power – Peasants (3rd Estate) – 98% of the population

•  Lost Power – Monarchy and Clergy (2nd and 1st Estates), opposed change because they held the power and wealth.

Industrial Revolution

Changes in Europe Short Term – horrible living and working

conditions Long Term – •  Wealth •  Better living and working conditions •  Increased Wages •  Better quality of life

Industrial Revolution

•  Western Europe was able to industrialize.. 1.  People moved to cities 2.  New technologies 3.  Water sources for power and

transportation.

Industrial Revolution

Impact of Unions •  Higher Wages •  Safer Working conditions •  Rights for Workers •  Limits on working hours

Enlightenment thinkers

•  Voltaire believed people had a right to express their beliefs.

•  Enlightenment ideas spread to the Americas which inspired revolutions.

Imperialism

Imperialism Stronger countries take over weaker

countries and dominate them economically, politically, and socially. Build an empire.

Increased rivalries between European countries.

Imperialism Forms of Imperialism 1.  Colony India 2.  Protectorate Puerto Rico 3.  Sphere of Influence China 4.  Economic Imperialism Dole Fruit Co.

Imperialism Berlin Conference 1884 •  European powers met and came to an

agreement on how to divide up Africa into territories

•  Created guidelines about “effective occupation” and control of African territory

•  African nations had no input

World War I Trench warfare: 1.  New weapons led to high casualties. 2.  Lack of new military tactics.

World War I Underlying Causes 1.  Militarism-strong military 2.  Alliances-agreements between nations 3.  Imperialism-takeover territory 4.  Nationalism-proud to belong to a group

Russian Revolution Underlying Causes 1.  Economic Problems 2.  Harsh Autocratic Rule from Czar 3.  Russo Japanese War 4.  Bloody Sunday

Great Depression Results 1.  High Unemployment 2.  Bank Failures 3.  Businesses Bankrupt 4.  Inflation 5.  Shortages

World War II Countries with Totalitarian Leaders Germany Adolph Hitler Italy Benito Mussolini Japan Emperor Hirohito

World War II

•  Appeasement: 1. 1930s British and French policy to avoid

another world war. 2. Gave Hitler what he wanted.

Holocaust

•  Nazi policy of eliminating the Jewish population.

•  Final stage of genocide in Europe. •  6m Jews were killed.

Post World War II

Effects in Europe and Asia: 1.  Huge loss of life 2.  Soviet Union becomes a world power 3.  Colonies become independent of Europe

Post World War II

Gandhi •  Nonviolent non-compliance – simply

put, don’t do what they are telling you to do.

•  Used passive resistance as opposed to armed resistance

Post World War II

Apartheid •  Policy instituted in South Africa by

the ruling white minority separating whites from blacks.

•  Other nations imposed economic sanctions to end Apartheid.

Post World War II

Containment •  President Truman policy designed to stop

the spread of communism. •  Truman Doctrine – support any country

who wanted a democratic form of government.

•  Marshall Plan – gave $ to European countries after World War II who decided to pursue a democratic way of life.

•  Korean and Vietnam Wars were containment wars.

Post World War II

Cold War •  Period of tension between the end of

World War II and 1990 in which the US and Soviet Union waged indirect warfare through other nations.

•  Neither wished war with the other because both possessed countless nuclear weapons.

Post World War II

Communist takeover of China 1.Decreased European influence in China

and Asia

Post World War II

Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Arab-Israeli Conflict Arabs (Palestinians) and Jews (Israelis)

both want control of the same land. Result There has been warfare and violence

between the two groups since the establishment of Israel after WWII.

Post World War II

Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Apartheid Government policy of segregation between

whites and blacks in South Africa. Result Several African nations now overwhelmed with

tribal and ethnic hatred on the verge of war.

Post World War II

Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Rwanda – ethnic hatred between Hutus

and Tutsis resulted in civil war resulting in over 1 million deaths in 1990’s.

Result – Several African nations now

overwhelmed with tribal and ethnic hatred on the verge of war.

Post World War II

Examples of Religious and Ethnic Hatred Nationalism in India Nonviolent non-compliance—simply put,

don’t do what they are telling you to do.

Result Used passive resistance instead of

armed resistance.

Resistance to Change

Transition b/w feudalism and nation states •  People struggled to shift from farms

to towns •  Nobles struggle as they lose power

when workers unite against them in towns

Resistance to Change

Protestant Reformation •  Leaders of the Catholic Church refuse

to change to meet the demands of the people

•  They form the Inquisition to try to stop the Reformation

Resistance to Change

Chinese isolationism •  Emperors refused to let outsiders

trade with China. They were afraid of losing power.

Resistance to Change

Colonization/Decolonization •  Colonization – conquered people

struggle with the loss of their independence

•  Decolonization – Imperial powers fight to hold onto their colonies.

Resistance to Change

Industrial Revolution •  Struggle to keep pace with the

changes including the massive overcrowding of cities, harsh living and working conditions.

•  Workers form unions

Resistance to Change

Scientific Revolution •  Scientists make discoveries that

directly challenge the teachings of the Catholic Church.

•  Church leaders refuse to admit they are wrong despite overwhelming evidence.

Treaty of Versailles

To what degree did the Treaty of Versailles (which ended WWI) lead to WWII?

*Be sure to include counterpoints and use evidence!

•  Treaty of Versailles leads to WWI because it never addressed the underlying causes of WWI: nationalism, militarism, and imperialism

•  Treaty written by Allied powers who blamed Germany for everything

Treaty of Versailles

•  Germany lost land and had to pay reparations (money for the damage, death, etc. they caused in WWI)

•  Treaty should have… –  Decreased military buildup in nations around the

world (only Germany required to decrease size of military)

–  Give up colonies/allow for self-determination (only Germany required to give up land)

Treaty of Versailles

•  Treaty leads to economic hardships in Germany •  These economic hardships led to the rise of the

Fascist Party in Germany (and other places like Italy) –  They turned to dictators (like Hitler) in hopes that they

will be able to end the suffering •  No one stops the spread of fascism and growth

of Germany’s power –  Appeasement –  Germany broke the Treaty and all of this led to WWII