Outer
mitochondrial
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Mitochondrial
matrix
FAD O2
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron
Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
ATP Synthase
NAD+
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Glucose
Pyruvate
Oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
Krebs
Cycle
H+
CO2
ATPH2O
ATP
e– e–
e–
NADH
NADH
CO2
ATP
NADH
FADH2
Fig. 7.5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NADH
NAD+
NADH
PiNAD+
Glucose
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
IsomeraseAldolase
Pyruvate Pyruvate
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
ADP
10
Glu
co
se
Gly
ce
rald
eh
yd
e
3-p
ho
sp
ha
te
Pyru
va
te
Glycolysis: The ReactionsGlycolysis
NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
H2O
ATP
ADP
Electron Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
Krebs
Cycle
ATP
ATP
Phosphoglucose
isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (G3P)
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
1. Phosphorylation of
glucose by ATP.
2–3. Rearrangement,
followed by a second
ATP phosphorylation.
4–5. The 6-carbon molecule
is split into two 3-carbon
molecules—one G3P,
another that is converted
into G3P in another
reaction.
6. Oxidation followed by
phosphorylation produces
two NADH molecules and
two molecules of BPG,
each with one
high-energy phosphate
bond.
7. Removal of high-energy
phosphate by two ADP
molecules produces two
ATP molecules and leaves
two 3PG molecules.
8–9. Removal of water yields
two PEP molecules, each
with a high-energy
phosphate bond.
10. Removal of high-energy
phosphate by two ADP
molecules produces two
ATP molecules and two
pyruvate molecules.
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG)1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
(BPG)
Glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Pi
ADP
Phosphoglycerate
kinase
ADP
ATP
3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
3-Phosphoglycerate
(3PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate
(2PG)
2-Phosphoglycerate
(2PG)
H2O
ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP)
Phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP)
ADP ADP
ATP ATP
Ph
os
ph
oe
no
l-
pyru
va
te
3-P
ho
sp
ho
-
gly
ce
rate
1,3
-Bis
ph
os
ph
o-
gly
ce
rate
Glu
co
se
6-p
ho
sp
ha
te
Fru
cto
se
6-p
ho
sp
ha
te
Fru
cto
se
1,6
-bis
ph
os
ph
ate
Dih
yd
rox
ya
ce
ton
e
Ph
os
ph
ate
2-P
ho
sp
ho
-
gly
ce
rate
CH2OH
O
CH2 O
O
P
CH2 O
O
P
CH2OH
O CH2 CH2 O
O
P P
CHOH
H
C O
CH2 O P
C O
O CH2P
CH2OH
CHOH
O C O
CH2 O
P
P
CHOH
O–
C O
CH2 O P
H C O
O–
C O
CH2OH
P
C O
O–
C O
CH2
P
C O
O–
C O
CH3
8
9
10
7
4 5
3
2
1
6
Phosphoglyceromutase
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Without oxygen
NAD+
O2 NADH
ETC in mitochondria
Acetyl-CoA
Ethanol
NAD+
CO2
NAD+
H2O
Lactate
Pyruvate
AcetaldehydeNADH
NADH
With oxygen
Krebs
Cycle
Fig. 7.8
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
NADH
Krebs
Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
Pyruvate Oxidation: The Reaction
NAD+
CO2
CoA
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Pyruvate
Pyru
vate
Acety
l C
oe
nzym
e A
O
CH 3
C
O–
C O
S CoA
CH3
OC
NADH
Fig. 7.9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
NADH
FADH2
Pyruvate Oxidation
ATP
Krebs Cycle: The Reactions
Citratesynthetase
NAD+
NADH
H2O
NAD+
NADH
CO2
Isocitratedehydrogenase
Fumarase
CoA-SH1
2
Aconitase3
4
8
9
7
CoA-SH
NAD+
CO2
5
6
NADH
CoA-SH
GDP + Pi
Acetyl-CoA
═
CH3—C— S
O CoA—
Krebs
Cycle
Malate
dehydrogenase
-Ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Succinyl-CoA
synthetase
GTP
ATP
ADP
Succinate
dehydrogenase
FADH2
8–9. Reactions 8 and 9: Regeneration of
oxaloacetate and the fourth oxidation
7. Reaction 7: The third oxidation
6. Reaction 6: Substrate-level phosphorylation
5. Reaction 5: The second oxidation
4. Reaction 4: The first oxidation
2–3. Reactions 2 and 3: Isomerization
1. Reaction 1: Condensation
Electron T ransport Chain
Chemiosmosis
Oxaloacetate (4C)
CH2
O═ C
COO—
COO—
——
—
Citrate (6C)
HO—C—COO—
COO—
COO—
CH2
CH2
——
——
Isocitrate (6C)
HC—COO—
COO—
COO—
CH2
HO—CH
——
——
-Ketoglutarate (5C)
CH2
COO—
COO—
CH2
C—O—
——
—
Succinyl-CoA (4C)
CH2
COO—
S—CoA
CH2
C═ O
——
——
Succinate (4C)
COO—
CH2
COO—
CH2
——
—
Fumarate (4C)
HC
CH
═
COO—
COO—
——
Malate (4C)
HO—CH
COO—
CH2
COO—
——
—
FAD
Fig. 7.11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mitochondrial matrix
NADH + H+
ADP + PiH2O
H+H+
2H+ + 1/2O2
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
2
Krebs
Cycle ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
NADH dehydrogenase bc1 complex
Cytochrome
oxidase complex
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Intermembrane space
a. The electron transport chain
ATP
synthase
b. Chemiosmosis
NAD+
Q
C
e–
FADH2
H+H+
H+H+
e–22 e–22
Fig. 7.12
ATP
FAD
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
H2O
CO2
CO2
H+
H+
2H+
+1/2O2
H+
e-
H+
32 ATP
Krebs
Cycle
2 ATP
NADH
NADH
FADH2
NADH
Pyruvate
Oxidation
Acetyl-CoA
e-
Q
C
e-
Glycolysis
Glucose
Pyruvate
Fig. 7.14
ADP+Pi
Catalytic head
Stalk
Rotor
H+
H+
Mitochondrial
matrix
Intermembrane
space
H+ H+
H+
H+H+
ATP
Fig. 7.15Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis
2 5
2 3
6 15
2
2
2 5NADH
NADH
NADH
Total net ATP yield = 32
(30 in eukaryotes)
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
Krebs
Cycle
Pyruvate oxidation
FADH2
Glycolysis2
Glucose
Pyruvate
ATP
Fig. 7.16
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.19
CO2
2 Acetaldehyde
2 ADP
2 Lactate
Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast
2 ADP
Lactic Acid Fermentation in Muscle Cells
2 NAD+
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 NADH
2 ATP
2 ATP
C O
C O
O–
CH3
C O
H
CH3
C O
C O
CH3
O–
CH3
H C OH
C O
O–
H
2 Ethanol
H C OH
CH3
2 Pyruvate
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
Glucose
G
L
Y
C
O
L
Y
S
I
S
G
L
Y
C
O
L
Y
S
I
S
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CoA
Fatty acid
OO
—C—C—C—
═ H
H
— ═
—
ATP
NADH
H2O
Krebs
Cycle
PPiAMP +
FADH2
Fatty acid
2C shorter
CoA
CoA
Fatty acid
OH
H
—C—C—C—
——
H
H
— ═
—
Fatty acid
OH
OH
H
—C—C— C
——
H
H
——
CoA
FAD
Fatty acid
OH
—C═ C —C—
— H— ═
CoA
Fatty acid
OHO
H
—C—C—C—
——
H
H
— ═
— CoA
NAD+
Acetyl-CoA
Fig. 7.22
Fig. 8.2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O2
Stroma
Photosystem
Thylakoid
NADP+ADP + Pi
CO2
Sunlight
Photosystem
Light-Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
Organic
molecules
O2
ATP NADPH
H2O
Fig. 8.5
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Lig
ht
Ab
so
rbti
on
low
highcarotenoidschlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 8.10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
e–Photon
Photosystem
Thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll
molecule
Electron
acceptor
Reaction center
chlorophyll
Thylakoid membrane
Electron
donor e–
Fig. 8.14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
En
erg
y o
f ele
ctr
on
s
Photon
Excited reaction center
Excited reaction center
Plastoquinone
Plastocyanin
Ferredoxin
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Photon
b6-f
complex
3. A pair of chlorophylls in the reaction
center absorb two photons. This
excites two electrons that are passed to
NADP+, reducing it to NADPH. Electron
transport from photosystem II replaces
these electrons.
H2O
H+PC
Fd
2H+ + 1/2O2
NADP+ + H+
2
2
2
2
2
1. A pair of chlorophylls in the reaction center absorb
two photons of light. This excites two electrons that
are transferred to plastoquinone (PQ). Loss of
electrons from the reaction center produces an
oxidation potential capable of oxidizing water.
Reaction
center
Proton gradient formed
for ATP synthesis
Reaction
center
e–
e–
PQ
e–
NADP
reductase
NADPHe–
2. The electrons pass through the b6-f
complex, which uses the energy
released to pump protons across
the thylakoid membrane. The proton
gradient is used to produce ATP by
chemiosmosis.
e–
Fig. 8.15
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Photosystem II Photosystem Ib6-f complex
Stroma
Plastoquinone Plastocyanin Ferredoxin
H+
H+H+
H+
NADPH
ATPADP
+ NADP+
NADPHNADPATPADP + Pi
Calvin
Cycle
PhotonPhoton
H2O
Fd
PC
PQ
1. Photosystem II
absorbs photons,
exciting electrons
that are passed to
plastoquinone (PQ).
Electrons lost from
photosystem II are
replaced by the
oxidation of water,
producing O2
2. The b6-f complex
receives electrons
from PQ and passes
them to plastocyanin
(PC). This provides
energy for the b6-f
complex to pump
protons into the
thylakoid.
3. Photosystem I absorbs
photons, exciting
electrons that are
passed through a
carrier to reduce
NADP+ to NADPH.
These electrons are
replaced by electron
transport from
photosystem II.
4. ATP synthase uses
the proton gradient
to synthesize ATP
from ADP and Pi
enzyme acts as a
channel for protons
to diffuse back into
the stroma using this
energy to drive the
synthesis of ATP.
NADP
reductase
ATP
synthase
1/2O2 2H+
Water-splitting
enzyme
Thylakoid
space
Antenna
complexThylakoid
membrane
Light-Dependent
Reactions
H+
H+
e–
Proton
gradient
22 e– 22 e–22
e–22
Fig. 8.18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4 Pi
12 NADP+
12
12 ADP
NADPHNADP+ADP+ Pi
Light-Dependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
6 molecules of12 molecules of
12 molecules of
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (3C)
12 molecules of
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3C) (G3P)
10 molecules of
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3C) (G3P)
Stroma of chloroplast6 molecules of
Carbon
dioxide (CO2)
12 ATP
6 ADP
6 ATP
Rubisco
Calvin Cycle
Pi
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (5C) (RuBP)3-phosphoglycerate (3C) (PGA)
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (3C)
2 molecules of
Glucose and
other sugars
12 NADPH
ATP
Fig. 8.19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O2
Heat
ATP NADPH NADH
ATP
Sunlight
Pyruvate
CO2
Glucose
ADP + Pi NAD+NADP+
H2O
Photo-
system
II
Photo-
system
I
Electron
Transport
System
ADP + Pi
ADP + Pi
ATP
ATP
Calvin
Cycle
Krebs
Cycle
Fig. 8.21
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Heat
Stomata
O2O2
CO2 CO2
Under hot, arid conditions, leaves lose water by
evaporation through openings in the leaves
called stomata.
The stomata close to conserve water but as a
result, O2 builds up inside the leaves, and CO2
cannot enter the leaves.
Leaf
epidermis
H2OH2O
Fig. 8.22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CO2
RuBP
3PG
(C3)
a. C3 pathway
Bundle-sheath cellMesophyll cell
Stoma Vein
G3P
b. C4 pathwayStoma Vein
Mesophyll cell
G3P
CO2
CO2
C4
Bundle-
sheath cell
Mesophyll
cell
Bundle-
sheath
cell
Calvin
Cycle
Mesophyll
cell
Calvin
Cycle
a. © John Shaw/Photo Researchers, Inc. b. © Joseph Nettis/National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.