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HIGHEST PRIORITIES: HIGHEST PRIORITIES: No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints No More Taste & Odor Complaints
Implementing Strategies to Address Implementing Strategies to Address Algal Toxins for the City of Fairmont, MNAlgal Toxins for the City of Fairmont, MN
PRESENTATION BY:Troy Nemmers, PEDirector of Public Works/City Engineer
Jason Kosmatka, PEAE2S Project Manager
CONFERENCE:2014 Surface Water Treatment
WorkshopFargo, ND
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics• Planning
– How did we get to where we are now?
T&O Pil t St d• T&O Pilot Study
• Construction
• Start‐up
• Results
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FAIRMONT WTPFAIRMONT WTP
Connections• 4,079 Residential• 500 Commercial• 16 IndustrialPopulation• 10,500 residents Capacity• Built in 19261961 E i 4 5 MGD• 1961 Expansion ‐ 4.5 MGD
• New WTP ‐ 5.4 MGDTreatment• Class A Lime Softening
with Filtration
Source Water Evaluation
Existing Water Source Budd LakeSufficient Quantity Taste and Odor Mitigation
FACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING
Q y gAdequate Quality
Alternative Water Source GroundwaterSufficient Quantity Hardness Removal
Requirements (804 mg/l)TDS (1080 mg/l)Sulfate (573 mg/l)Sulfate (573 mg/l)Gross Alpha (25.1 pCi/l)Cost to Develop
Budd Lake selected…
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Treatment Target GoalsFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING
Budd Lake Surface Water Treatment– Algae Removal
– Softening
– Turbidity Control
– Pathogen Removal and/or Inactivation
– TOC Removal
– Disinfection
– Emerging Contaminants (ECDs, PCPs, PhACs)
– Multi‐Barrier Treatment Approach
– Taste and Odor Control
Taste and Odor ControlFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING
Blue‐green algae blooms = cyanobacteria
/Cyanobacteria cells die/burst and release…
Taste and odor constituents• Geosmin and 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB)
• Aesthetic quality issue
• Not regulated
CyanotoxinsMi i d li d i
MIBgeosmin
microcystin
other cyanotoxins
Cellular Constituents
Extra Cellular • Microcystin and cylindrospermopsin
• Health hazard studies link to illness,
cancer
• Currently unregulated
• On EPA Contaminant Candidate List
MIBgeosmin
microcystin
other cyanotoxin
released
Extra-Cellular Constituents
celllysis
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Budd Lake blue‐green algae blooms
June T&O event on Budd Lake…
Taste and Odor ControlFACILITY PLANNINGFACILITY PLANNING
g Geosmin
• Earthy odor
• Early spring
MIB
• Musty odor
• 10 ng/l threshold
• Late summer to early fall
Geosmin nanograms/liter (ng/l)
Recommended Threshold 30 ng/l
Lake Surface ~16,000 ng/l
Intake Level (16-20 ft deep) ~70-80 ng/l
Microcystin micrograms/liter (µg/l)
P t ti l R l t d Th h ld L l 0 1 1 /l• Late summer to early fall
• Less prevalent than geosmin
Cyanotoxin
• Most prevalent species –
Microcystin
Potential Regulated Threshold Level 0.1 – 1 µg/l
Lake Surface ~160 µg/l
Intake Level (16-20 ft deep) ~0.5 µg/l
Budd Lake
Dissolved Air Flotation??
Algae Removal
Conventional
New Conventional Softening & Filtration
Softening Softening and
Recarbonation
FiltrationConventionalFiltration
Taste & OdorControl ???
Onsite verification of T&O control technologies required prior to finalization of preferred WTP concept
Softening & Filtration Water Treatment Plant…
Clearwell
High Service Pumps
ResidualDisinfection Chlorine
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TASTE AND ODOR PILOT STUDYTASTE AND ODOR PILOT STUDYTreatment Technologies
Treatment Technology T&O Removal Efficiency
Cyanotoxin Removal Efficiency
Piloted?
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) (cellular)
Yes
Membranes (extra‐cellular)
No, membranes eliminated from consideration
Ozone (extra‐cellular)
Yes
UV with Hydrogen Peroxide (UV/H2O2)
(extra‐cellular)
Yes
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Adsorption
(extra‐cellular)
Yes
APPLICATION OF STUDY RESULTSAPPLICATION OF STUDY RESULTS
Best performing technology = GAC with KMnO4
MIB/geosmin removal
Cyanotoxin (microcystin) removal
Multi‐barrier treatment for cyanotoxin removal
Supported by Odor Panel preference
Results indicate presence of cell bound T&OResults indicate presence of cell‐bound T&O Future WTP should focus on removal of cells
in‐tact where possible. Technologies include:
• Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), or
• Co‐precipitate with lime solids
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FUTURE WTP FUTURE WTP Budd Lake
Softening &Algae Removal
Conventional Softening
and Recarbonation
Treatment Train Selection
Chemical Feedsl l
NaMnO4Cyanotoxin
Oxidation
FiltrationConventionalFiltration
GAC/BAC
Residual
Taste & OdorControl
Flocculant
Coagulant
Lime
Soda Ash
Phosphate
Filter aid
Clearwell
High Service Pumps
ResidualDisinfection Chlorine Sodium Permanganate
Chlorine
Ammonia
SCIENCE BEHIND SCIENCE BEHIND TREATMENT DESIGNTREATMENT DESIGN
STEP 3STEP 2STEP 1Settle out asSettle out as Filter out algaeFilter out algaeSettle out as Settle out as much algae as much algae as
possiblepossible
Polymer is our friend (when required)!!!!
Found Polyacrylamide
Filter out algae Filter out algae carried over carried over from SCBfrom SCB
Algae is very difficult to filter (~5um)
CHOP!CHOP!
Lyse any algae that went through filters
Use an oxidant to b t ll ll Found Polyacrylamide
worked best w/ algae burst cell wall
Cyanotoxins are now more readily assimible as AOC for biological growth
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASESubgrade Level
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASESubgrade Level
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEGallery Level
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEGallery Level
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEOperations Level
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEOperations Level
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEIntake Pipe Screen
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEFilters
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEFilters
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment
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CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment
CONSTRUCTION PHASECONSTRUCTION PHASEEquipment
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MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS
STATISTICS
• Started in August 2011, gSubstantially complete in Sept. 2013
• Demo of old WTP ongoing
• Final Completion July 2014
• 8,500 c.y. of cast‐in‐place concreteconcrete
• 800 tons of rebar
• Motion sensing lights
• Solar tubes
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STARTUPSTARTUPLessons LearnedLessons Learned
• No need for seeding
• Be mindful of water quality in Reclaim Basin– Dead algae
• Conversion of GAC to BAC is Synergistic
• Avg. 20‐30 complaints per year with old WTP– One complaint so far
STARTUPSTARTUPAlgae Bloom
St t b i id A t– Startup began in mid‐August 2013
– Severe Algae bloom in early September
– Overwhelmed Clarifier
– Jar Tested Polymers• AF 4355 EHW (polyacrylamide)
Alge counters available!!– Alge counters available!!
Raw Water Ammonia Spike!– Large rain event
– 0.2 mg NH3/l to 0.7 mg/l
– Had to totally adjust disinfection strategy
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PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURES
80
90
Fairmont Surface Water Plant TOC Removal Results
% TOC removed after biological filters went online% TOC removed before biological filters went online
30
40
50
60
70
80
% TOC Removed
% TOC removal required
0
10
20
Month‐Year
PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURES
Trihalomethane (THM) Results
60
80
100
120
140
centration µg/L
Cedar Park Rd ‐ Cedar Park Hwy 15 & I90 ‐ Holiday Inn 2555 Lake Avenue ‐ Kenway Engineering
Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd ‐Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St ‐ Cloverleaf Refrigeratio
MCL
0
20
40
1/17/2012 4/25/2012 7/12/2012 10/30/2012 3/11/2013 6/10/2013 9/10/2013 12/10/2013 3/5/2014
Conc
Time
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PERFORMANCE MEASURESPERFORMANCE MEASURESHaloacetic (HAA5) Results
Cedar Park Rd ‐ Cedar Park Hwy 15 & I90 ‐ Holiday Inn 2555 Lake Avenue ‐ Kenway Engineering
Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd ‐Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St ‐ Cloverleaf Refrigeratio
30
40
50
60
70
ncentration µg/L
Food & Fuel 1025 Bixby Rd Tank Farm 1400 E. 8th St Cloverleaf Refrigeratio
MCL
0
10
20
1/17/2012 4/25/2012 7/12/2012 10/30/2012 3/11/2013 6/10/2013 9/10/2013 12/10/2013 3/5/2014
Co
Time
Epiphany in Water Treatment Don’t Kill It! Feed them,
Treatment Candidates:
THE FUTURE THE FUTURE OF BIOFILTRATIONOF BIOFILTRATION
Don t Kill It! Feed them, and they will grow!! If the food is there, the biology
will grow
May have to augment food: Phosphate, ethanol, DO
Europe has decades of experience
Raw Water Ammonia ~ 2.0 mg/l with Aeration
•Takes 4.57 mg O2 for each mg of NH4
+
• Max DO is about 10.5 mg/l ~ 4.0 mg/l with continuous aeration
• Ammonia contactor• Study done by Dr. Darren Lytle, EPA
Treatment Candidates: Algal Toxins (MIB, Geosmin,
Microcystin)
Iron
Manganese
BromatePerchlorateOzone quenching VOCs Pesticides, MTBE Hexavalent Chromium
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THE FUTURE THE FUTURE OF BIOFILTRATIONOF BIOFILTRATION
Considerations: DO
EBCT
Food (100C : 10N : 1P)
Biofilm (EPS) control
Disinfection Strategy
Ammonia Analyzer
Algae Probes (ATP)
Regional Utility
Raw Ammonia: 1.6 mg/l
Feed 3.8 mg Cl2/l
2.4 : 1 ratio
It’s Happening More than We Know!
Filters in Series
Benefits: Chemical Savings $$
Biologically Neutral Water
Green/Sustainable
2.4 : 1 ratio
Free Chlorine: 1.35 mg/l
Tot. Chlorine: 1.80 mg/l
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
Q ti ?Questions?
Jason Kosmatka, Project Manager