Estimados Expositores del II Seminario de Electricidad
Consequences of increasing penetration of distributed generation on transmission and distribution grids
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
2Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Structure
1. Distributed Generation sources Wind Photovoltaik Hydro Biomass Geothermal CHP
2. Consequences for transmission and distribution grids Balance Power Transmission Grids Distribution Grids
3Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Wind
050
100150200250300350
0 1 2 3 4 5 >6
Am
ount
Nominal Power [MW]
Histogramm of the nominal power of Onshore Wind Power Plants installed in Germany in 2010:
Fact Sheet:• Stand-alone-devices:
• Are usually connected to MV or HV• Parks:
• Small parks are usually connected to MV or HV, while large parks are connected to HV or the transmission system
Off-shore
On-shore
Fact Sheet:• Offshore parks are usually connected to the transmission system• Submarine Cable (AC or DC) is necessary between offshore park
(Ppark usually more than 100 MW) and connection point
4Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Types of Distributed Generation
Photovoltaik
Histogramm of the nominal power of Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010:
Fact Sheet:• PV plants with nominal power < ~300 kW are connected to LV• PV plants with nominal power between ~300 kW and ~15 MW are
connected to MV• PV plants with nominal power > ~15 MW are connected to HV
0
10
20
30
40
50
10 20 30 40 >50
Am
ount
[thd
.]
Nominal power [kW]
5Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Types of Distributed Generation
Hydro
Fact Sheet:• Often large power plants connected to the
transmission system• Also smaller distributed generators available which
are connected to LV, MV or HV
Pump-storage
Marine
River
Fact Sheet:• Often large power plants connected to the
transmission system• Also smaller distributed generators available, usually
connected to HV
Fact Sheet:• Different types:
• Tidal power• Marine current power• Wave power• …
• All are still prototypes
6Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Types of Distributed Generation
Biomass
Histogramm of the nominal power of Photovoltaik plants installed in Germany in 2010:
Fact Sheet:• Fuel types: Firewood, Pellets, Bio oil, Bio gas, Bio ethanol• Can also provide thermal power (CHP)• Can be used as base load
010203040506070
100 200 300 400 >500
Am
ount
Nominal Power [kW]
7Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Types of Distributed Generation
Geothermal
Fact Sheet:• Exploitation of high water temperatures under ground (>100°C)• Nominal power usually up to 10 MW• Can be used to provide thermal power (CHP)
CHP
Fact Sheet:• Typical devices:
• Stirling motor• Microgasturbine• Piston engine• BHKW
8Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Main sources of distributed generation
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
HydroMarine
River
Pump-storage
On-shore
Off-shore CHP
Photovoltaik
Fluctuating Controllable
9Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Structure
1. Distributed Generation sources Wind Photovoltaik Hydro Biomass Geothermal CHP
2. Consequences for transmission and distribution grids Balance Power Transmission Grids Distribution Grids
Szenario 2040+
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ist-Werte Ref, KKW EE BMU Ref, KKW EE BMU BMU
2007 2020 2030 2040+
jähr
l. St
rom
erze
ugun
g [TW
h]
EE-Import
Photovoltaik
Wind offshore
Wind onshore
Geothermie
Biomasse
Wasser
Last
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ist-Werte Ref, KKW EE BMU Ref, KKW EE BMU BMU
2007 2020 2030 2040+
jähr
l. St
rom
erze
ugun
g [TW
h]
EE-Import
Photovoltaik
Wind offshore
Wind onshore
Geothermie
Biomasse
Wasser
Last
Electricitydemand
Source: own Studies +BMU: DLR "BMU Leitszenario 2009"
Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by:- Peak load power plants
- Storages- Import of renewable Energy- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission network reinforcement
Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks:
- Smart Market- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Szenario 2040+Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by:- Peak load power plants
- Storages- Import of renewable Energy- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission network reinforcement
Pump storage in Germany today: 7,5 GW, 45 GWh
Demand 2040+: 35 GW => 1.750 GWh
Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks:
- Smart Market- Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Erneuerbare Energien geprägte ländliche Gebiete
Erneuerbare Energien geprägte ländliche Gebiete
Last- bzw. verbrauchsgeprägte städtische Gebiete
Last- bzw. verbrauchsgeprägte städtische Gebiete
Future scenarios with large amount of renewable energies require flexible loads (storage capability)
Renewable Energy Ressources primarily
in Rural Areas
Load or Consumption Centers in highly Populated Areas
Balanced via European Electricity Marketand Transmission Network
Source: TU Dortmund + ABBUlf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Szenario 2040+Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by:- Peak load power plants
- Storages- Import of renewable Energy- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission network reinforcement
Verteilnetzausbau und -betrieb
4
5
3
5
6
4
4
7
4
1
3
4
4
22
2
2
2
2
22
2
2 2
02
22
01
2
2
5
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
5
5 6
2
04
2
2
4
2
1
2
2
2
02
4 4
2
2
2
2
6
8
4
22
2 1
4
2
2
6
1
04 (MV)
13 (BE/BR)12 (ST)
24 (RP/SL)
29 (BW) 30 (BW/BY) 31 (BY)
14 (NW)
20 (NW)
28 (BW)
05 (MV)
07 (BR)
19 (BR/SN)
23 (SN)
1
3
3
15 (NW)
2
1
2
Leiter innerhalb Deutschlands (Grundzustand)
Leiter in Nachbarländer (Grundzustand)
Zubauten für 2020
Zubauten für 2030
Zubauten für 2040
Anzahl paralleler Systeme2
1
2
111
1
2
22
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
02 (NI)03 (HH/SH)
11 (NI)
17 (NI)
18 (ST)
22 (TH)21 (HE)
16 (HE)
10 (NI)
08 (NI)
09 (NI)
25 (HE/RP)
26 (BY)
06 (HB/NI)
01 (SH)
27 (BW/HE/RP)
Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks:
- Smart Market- Smart Grid
Source: TU DortmundUlf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Load centers
Future offshore wind parks
Transmission network reinforcement (2040+)
at least 3000 km lines (380 kV + maybe HVDC)
costs min 6 - 8 bil Euro 2040+
corresponds to approx. 0,25 - 0,35 ct / kWh
additional wind generation
14Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Vision: WAMS & WACS
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMUPMU
PMUPMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMUPMU
PMUPMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
Dynamic State Model
StabilityInformation
Network Control & System Protection
Szenario 2040+Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by:- Peak load power plants
- Storages- Import of renewable Energy- Demand Side Management
Increasing
share of DG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -- -
- -- -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
-
-
-
-
...
...
...
...
...
...
x x
New loads and load management
Severe transmission network reinforcement
Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks:
- Smart Market- Smart Grid
Source: TU Dortmund + RWE + Mennekes
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Distribution grids reach limits of capacity and voltage due to renewable generation and new controllable load applications
Increasing share of DG
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -- -
- -- -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
-
-
-
-
...
......
...
...
x x
Implementation of innovative devices, grid and operation/control concepts
New loads and load management
Source: TU DortmundRWE Deutschland AG
DG
new LoadsV
olta
ge /
V
Time / h
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Demand of network reinforcement results from Smart Grid und Smart Market requirements
Smart Grid Smart Market
Grid / System Operation
Asset Management
(Investment)
Grid planning
The design of future grids must jointly consider Operation, Asset Management und Planning according to the requirements of Smart Grids und Smart Markets.
Demand of network reinforcement and the corresponding regulatory consequences must be investigated for the future based on these boundary conditions.
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Coordinated use of voltage control and reactive power management
NS-AVC
MS-AVC
Tap Changer
Tap ChangerTrafo + AVC
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
...
xx
HS/MS
MS/NS
...
...
...
...
Q-Management
Q-Management
SVC
STATCOM, Storage
STATCOM, Storage
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
direct voltage control indirect voltage control
Smart Grid
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Aggregator bundels loads/gen. and providessystem services or market products
E-Energy Market Place
AggregatorDemand ResponseDemand Side MgmtSupply Side Mgmt.
Electricity MarketEnergy SupplierEnergy Trader
Network Restrictions
System Services
Grid Operator
Daten
Gas
Strom
Data
GasElectricity
-Micro-CHP -
Prosumer (active custromer)-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
...
...
xx
HS/MS
MS/NS
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- -- -
- -
- - - - - - -
...
...
...
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
HV/MV
MV/LV
Smart Market
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Szenario 2040+Goal in Germany: 80% renewable Generation until 2050
Balance power between +35 GW and -24 GW by:- Peak load power plants
- Storages- Import of renewable Energy- Demand Side Management
Severe transmission network reinforcement
Verteilnetzausbau und -betrieb
Reinforcement and operation of distribution networks:
- Smart Market- Smart Grid
Integrated consideration of measures in all fields of power system operation and planning is necessary
Investigations are required to determine the optimum share between network reinforcement or other Smart Grid and Smart Market measures
Integration of Distributed Generation requires modifications to the power system
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012
Ulf Häger | San José, September 4th 2012 21
Thank you for your attention!