Nomenclature
Terminology of chemistry. Also known as the naming process of
compounds.
Oxidation NumberThe superscript which tells the charge of the element and the number of electrons it needs or can give up in order to be stable
(happy)
Chemical Bonds
When elements join together, they form a
chemical bond.
Types of chemical bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Metallic Bonds
Ionic Bonds
When one or more electrons move from
one element to another to form a bond
Ion
When the charge of an atom is not neutral. It will have either more protons than
electrons or more electron than protons.
Covalent BondsWhen one or more
electrons are shared between two elements
to form a bond.
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined together by
covalent bonds
Metallic BondsA special case where three or more metals
bond together. One or more electrons are
shared among more than two elements.
Forms of Matter
• Elemental Matter
• Compounds
• Mixtures
Elemental Matter
A substance that is made up of only one
kind of element
Compounds
A substance that is made up of more than one kind of element.
Superscript
The numbers written in the upper right hand corner of the atomic
symbol of an element
Subscript
The number written in the lower right hand corner of an element and tells the number of element found
in the chemical.
Naming Binary Compounds
• Write down the Name of the positive element
• Write down the root of the negative element
• Add the suffix –ide to the root
Prefixes used in naming
• Mono- 1• Di- 2• Tri- 3• Tetra- 4• Penta- 5
• Hexa- 6• Hepta- 7• Octa- 8• Nona- 9• Deca- 10
Example using prefixes
• H20
• Dihydrogen monoxide
• CO2
• Carbon dioxide
-ide
Suffix used to end the anion in naming a
compound
Ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
-ide
Is used for ions which only contain the atoms
heard in the name.
Ex: Chloride (Cl-1)
Hydro-, -icPrefix and suffix used for acids that were derived
from ion with no oxygen.
Ex: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
When naming a hydrogen atom and a halogen,
change hydrogen to hydro-. To the halogen add –ic
suffix. This is also an acid.Ex: HCl
Hydrochloric Acid
For metals with more than one oxidation number, then write its oxidation number in the formula. Use a Roman
Numeral for this.Ex: FeCl2
Iron(II) Chloride
CoefficientIs the number found in front of an ion or compound. It tells the number of that ion
or compound you have
Polymer
Large molecule formed by bonding many smaller molecules
together, most often in long chains
Hydrocarbons
A compound composed carbon and hydrogen. They make
good type of fuel.
Types of Electron Bonds
• Single Bond: contains 2 e-
Strongest of the bonds• Double Bond: contains 4 e-
• Triple Bond: contains 6 e-
Weakest of the bonds
Polar Molecules
A compound with one end having a positive charge and the other end with a negative
charge.
Nonpolar Molecule
A compound that is neutral.
Binary Compounds
A compound composed of two
elements.
Organic Matter
Matter which contains Carbon
Chemical ReactionWhen a substance goes through a reaction and changes into another
substance.
Chemical EquationsA formula which
shows how elements or compounds react to form new compounds
Parts of a chemical equations
• Reactants
• Yield Sign
• Products
ReactantsThe elements or
compounds that are found on the left side
of the yield sign
Yield SignAn arrow found in the equation which works
like an equal sign
ProductsThe elements or
compounds that are found on the right side
of the yield sign
Electrolysis
The process of using electricity to break the
chemical bonds.
Activation Energy
The amount of energy it takes to start a
reaction.
CatalystsA substance that increases
the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of
the product
InhibitorA substance that decreases
the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of
the product
Endothermic Reactions
Reactions that release less energy than was used to start reaction
Exothermic Reactions
Reactions that release more energy than was used to start reaction
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering
activation energies but is not itself consumed in the
reaction.
Inhibitor
A substance that slows down the
reaction rate of a chemical reaction or prevents a reaction
from happening.
Law of Conservation of Mass
States that in any reaction, the same amount of mass
must be found on both sides of the equation.
Balanced EquationFor each element in a
chemical equation, the same number of each element must be found on the left side of the
arrow as on the right side
All chemical equations must be balanced.
To balance an equation, you can
change the coefficient. However, you can never, never, never
change the subscript.
Chemical Equilibrium
A time period where the reactants come together just
as quickly as the products breakdown
Purity of a substance determines the behavior
of the substances.
Symbols used in Chemical Equations
(l) The chemical is a liquid.
(s) The chemical is a solid.
(g) The chemical is a gas.
(aq) The chemical is aqueous (dissolved in water).
Synthesis Reactions
A reaction where the reactants combine to form a
bigger compound (also known as combination)
Synthesis Reactions
2H+ + O-2 H2O
Decomposition Reaction
A reaction where the reactants break down
(decompose)
Decomposition Reaction
H2O 2H+ + O-2
Single Displacement Reaction
A reaction where one element replaces
another element in a compound
Single Displacement Reaction
2Al3+ + 3Ag2S Al2S3 + 6Ag2+
Double Displacement Reactions
A reaction where the positive ion of two
compounds switch, which forms two new
compounds
Double Displacement Reactions
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
CombustionA reaction in which a
compound (often carbon) reacts with
oxygen
CombustionC + O2 CO2
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Redox Reactions
A reaction where one compound loses electrons and
becomes a smaller compound, while another compound gains electrons
and becomes a bigger compound.
Redox ReactionsC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxidized Compound
The compound that loses electrons and becomes a smaller
compound
Reduced Compound
The compound that gains electrons and becomes a bigger
compound
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
Another name for the Redox Reaction