Putting a Price on
ENERGY
InternationalPricing Mechanisms
for Oil and Gas
Energy Charter Secretariat
Energy Charter Process: multilateral governance
for trade, transit and investments
Prof. Dr. Andrey A.Konoplyanik, Adviser to Director General, Gazprom export LLC,
Professor, Chair “International Oil & Gas Business”, Russian State Gubkin Oil & Gas University
[email protected],[email protected],
www.konoplyanik.ru
Presentation at the Autumn School “CHANGING POLICIES AND CULTURES IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA: ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES, ENERGY” jointly conducted by University of Tartu, Euro College;
Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for East European Studies; University of Helsinki, Aleksanteri Institute;
September 18 – September 24, 2013, Tartu, Estonia
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
2A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
01.06.2010:
2756 BITs2927 DTTs
Development of international energy markets and of mechanisms of investment and trade protection and stimulation
Energy markets Mechanisms of investment protection/stimulation,incl. enforcement mechanisms
Global common energy market
Local
Internationalisation
Regional
Globalisation
World markets of individual
energy resources
International law instruments
Bilateral
Multilateral
Energy efficiency
Investments
+BITs, DTTs
ECT+
Enclaves of stability & investment stimuli in unstable / non-stimulating
legal-economic environment
Increase of general level of investment attractiveness of
domestic legislation
+National
legislation
e.g. RF: Concessions, Free Economic Zones,
PSA
+
Transit
+
e.g. RF: Tax Code, subsoil & investment
legislation
Dispute settlement
+Trade+
Oil
EU Acquis WTO!?
e.g. EU: derogation from mandatory TPA (2nd Gas
Directive: Art.21-22; 3rd Gas Directive: Art. 35,36)
ECT (54) = 1431 BITs [partly]
Gas
Growth of number of BITs, 1959-1999
Source: Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1959-1999. UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2, 2000, p.1
4A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
Trends in IIAs: 1983 – 2012, according to UNCTAD WIR 2013
Source: UNCTAD World Investment Report 2013. UNCTAD, NY and Geneva, 2013, p. xx.
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
6A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
ENERGY CHARTER AND RELATED DOCUMENTS
Political Declaration
EUROPEAN ENERGY CHARTER (1991)
Legally Binding Instruments
En
ergy
Eff
i ci e
ncy
Pro
toco
l (P
EE
RE
A)
(199
4)
En
ergy
Tra
nsi
t P
roto
col
ENERGY CHARTER TREATY (1994/1998)
TRADE AMMENDMENT (1998/2009)
INVESTMENT SUPPLEMENTARY TREATY
- in force- negotiations not finished yet
- new Protocol which could have been proposed by Russia
Energy Charter political
principles incorporated in
the legally-biding ECT and
related instruments
Pro
toco
l on
pre
ven
tin
g em
erge
nci
es in
tra
nsi
t
ECT as a modular design legal structure
(open-end set of legally binding & non-binding
instruments)
• Energy Charter Treaty:- Unique coverage of different areas for energy cooperation:
• investment, trade, transit, energy efficiency, dispute settlement,• energy materials & products + energy-related equipment,• 51 member-states (52 CPs) + 23 observer-states + 10 observer
international organisations - First and only one multilateral investment agreement with high standard of investment protection, incl. dispute settlement
• Energy Charter process:
- Implementation of ECT,
- Specialized forum for “advanced” discussion of the issues of energy markets evolution that might create new risks for development of energy projects in ECT member-states,
- Platform for preparation of new legally binding instruments to diminish such risks within ECT member-states (e.g. broadening & deepening of ECT & upgrading its “minimum standard” of protection)
ENERGY CHARTER SPECIFIC ROLE
8A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
• Based on:o well-established practice of BITs (about 400 BITs at the
beginning of the 1990’s - around 2600 BITs as of today)o investment chapter XI of NAFTA (US, Canada, Mexico)o some interaction with then OECD proposed “Multilateral
Agreement for Investment” (MAI – aborted in 1998)• Within 54 member-states ECT is equivalent to 1431
BITs • MFN and National Treatment for investors:
o hard-law obligations (binding guarantee) of non-discriminatory treatment for post-establishment phase,
o soft-law obligations for pre-establishment phase (stage of making investment)
ECT = THE FIRST MULTILATERAL INVESTMENTAGREEMENT (1)
9A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
• Protection against key political/regulatory risk:o expropriation and nationalisation,o breach of individual investment contracts,o unjustified restrictions on transfer of funds
• Reinforced by access to binding international arbitration in case of dispute:
o State-to-state, and (NOVELTY!) investor-to-state => direct dispute settlement at investor’s choice at ICSID, UNCITRAL or ICC Stockholm (competence: appr.50% of new ICSID submissions & appr.20% of ICC cases relates to energy),
o Awards: final and enforceable under New York convention,usually as entitlement to payment (no risk of vicious circle for
retaliating measures),retroactive to start of dispute, may include interest (no incentive to
delay process)
ECT = THE FIRST MULTILATERAL INVESTMENTAGREEMENT (2)
10A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
11
International investment arbitration on the rise
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Energy Disputes Other Disputes
Cumulative Energy Disputes Cumulative Number of Disputes
UNCTAD Database
Source: Joachim Karl, UNCTAD
NB: ECT-based Investor-State Dispute Settlement cases (Art.26): 33 cases (as of end-2012)
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ECT DS = 1/4
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
12A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
“Natural advantage” of project A over project B (A < B)
Final competitive disadvantage of project A over project B (A > B)
$/boe $/boe
Project in country A
Project in country B
t t
Technical costs A
Financing costs A
Technical costs B
Financing costs B
Tot
al c
osts
A
Tot
al c
osts
B
II
“NATURAL” VS. “FINAL” COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY PROJECTS
I
I
II13
A.Konoplyanik, Lectures EUSP - ENERPO Programme, SPB, 02-03.2013
ROLE OF THE ECT FOR PROJECT FINANCING (ECT IS A BUSINESS-ORIENTED TREATY)
ECT/Legislation risks financial costs (cost of capital) = inflow of investments (i.e. FDI, capital flight) CAPEX technical costs = + = pre-tax profit IRR (if adequate tax system) competitiveness market share sales volumes revenue volumes
ECT provides multiplier legal effect in diminishing risks with consequential economic results in cost reduction and increase of revenues and profits
12
1 2 3
Cumulative costs1 2 3 Financial costs Technical costs
$/boe
After ECT t
1
2
Total costs
$/boe
Before ECT t
Technical costs
Financial costs3
t
National regulatory changes for DFI, 1992-2009: correlation between
liberalization/promotion (more favourable) &
regulations/restrictions (less favourable) changes, %
Источник: World Development Report 2010. UNCTAD, 2010, p.76-77.
16
Policies with regard to FDI in energy The energy sector is more prone to State intervention
than most other economic activities
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Liberalisation/facilitation in energy sector
Restriction/Regulation in energy sector
Liberalisation/facilitation in all
sectors
Restriction/Regulation in all
sectors
UNCTAD Database
Source: Joachim Karl, UNCTAD
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ECT INVESTMENT REGIME: STANDSTILL & ROLLBACK PROVISIONS (ARTICLE 10(5))
DIS
CR
IMIN
AT
ION
S F
OR
IN
VE
ST
ME
NT
S/I
NV
ES
TO
RS
t
STANDSTILL (Art.10(5)(a)
ROLLBACK (Art.10(5)(b)
Non-legally binding (soft law)
commitments
PAST FUTURE
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
18A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
Level of “liberalization”
EU–15 (prior to 01.05.2004)
ECT
ECT member-states (51+2 REIO)
Rest of ECT = Russia/CIS/Asia/…EU–25 (after 01.05.2004)
Level of “liberalization”
ECT & EU acquis: “minimum standard” within evolving Eurasian common energy space vs. more liberal “general
standard” within evolving common European energy space
EU–27 (after 01.01.2007)
ECT1
(*)
Domestic legislation of ECT member-states prior to their
participation in ECT
Legal norms (key examples) ECT EU Acquis (1-st Gas Directives) EU Acquis (2-nd & 3-rd Gas Directives)
Mandatory TPA No No Yes
Unbundling No No Yes
2 2-nd EU Gas Directive (2003)
EFTA = EU-15/25/27+3
Energy Community Treaty EU+SEE (27+7)
3
ECT observer-states (23+)
1 1-st EU Gas Directive (1998)
3 3-rd EU Gas Directive (2009)
(*) ECT = integral part of EU acquis communautaire (ECT = minimum standard)
Level of “liberalization” - general tendency
2
EU enlargement
EU enlargement
Growing gap between EU acquis & ECT
19A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
20A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
SELECTED INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT-RELATED AGREEMENTS
Organisation(member-
states/CPs)
Legal Status
Scope Investment Trade Transit Energy Efficiency
Dispute Settlement
ECT (51/52) LB Energy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
WTO (149) LB General (Yes?) (Services)
Yes Yes/No* No Yes
NAFTA (3) LB General Yes Yes No No Yes
MERCOSUR(4)
LB General Yes Yes No No Yes
OECD (30) LB General Yes No No No No
APEC (21) Non-LB
General Yes Yes No No No
* application of GATT Art.V to grid-bound transportation systems is under debatePlus specialised energy-related organisations: OPEC, IEA, IEF, UN ECE (partly), IAEA, …Plus specialised “regional” organisations: BSEC, BASREC, …Compiled by Dr. Joachim Karl, former Senior Expert of the Energy Charter Secretariat, Brussels, and currently Legal Affairs Officer, UNCTAD, Geneva, and has been presented with his kind permission since then by the author
InvestmentprotectionIF
Is
World Bank (IBRD+MIGA+ICSID)Regional Development Banks: EBRD, ADB, EIB, …
Energy investment protection: complementarity of energy-related international organizations
IEF
IEA
Ene
rgy
Cha
rter
Reg
iona
l, bi
late
ral
BSEC, BASREC, EU-SEE Energy Community Treaty, EU ENP, …
Bilateral (energy) dialogues: Russia => EU, USA, individ. CIS states, …EU => Russia, Norway, Algeria, Turkey, …
UN
EC
E, O
SCE
Laws & policies
Soft Law (general, incl. energy)
Soft & Hard Law (energy specific)
Long-term vision -
individual states Summarized
quantitative assessments (volumes
& CAPEX)
Invest-ment
drivers
Table of contents
• ECT: multilateral dimension• ECT: its specific role & legal novelty• ECT & project financing• ECT & EU acquis communautaire• Energy Charter & other international
organisations• ECT: way forward
ENERGY CHARTER PROCESS: GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT
24
ECT current expansion trends
1. From trans-Atlantic political declaration to broader Eurasian single energy market2. ECT expansion - objective and logical process based on clear economic and financial reasoning
Dark blue: signatories to the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty, and members of the Energy Charter Conference Blue: signatories to the 1991 Energy Charter, and observers to the Energy Charter Conference Light blue: observers to the Energy Charter Conference by invitation of the Conference (without signing the 1991 Charter)
Source: http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=61&L=0 .
A.Konoplyanik, Tartu, 19.09.2013
Thank you for your attention!
www.konoplyanik.ru
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