Energy! ahead
Energy Report of the Cit y of ViennaData for 2014/ Year of reporting 2016, Municipal Department 20
data 2014 for the City of Vienna
Energy! ahead
abbrEviations
BLI BundesländerLuftschadstoffInventur–surveyofairpollutantsinAustriaCHP Combined heat and poweremikat.at Emissions and energy data management system oftheAustrianInstituteofTechnology(AIT)GHG Greenhouse gasesGIEC Gross inland energy consumptionKliP Climate protection programme of the City of ViennakWp Kilowatt peakMA MunicipalDepartmentMIT MotorisedindividualtrafficPV PhotovoltaicsSCWR Smart City Wien Framework StrategySEP UrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeoftheCityofVienna
imprint
owner and publisher: ViennaCityAdministration/MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningStrategic coordination and editing of first chapter:MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanning,www.energieplanung.wien.atBerndVogl,HerbertRitter,UrsulaHeumesser,KristinaGrgićEnergyCenterWienatTINAViennaMatthiasWatzak-Helmer,UteGigler,PetraSchöfmannInformationstechnologie im Energiebereich Valuch Monika Valuchdesign, illustration, layout:ErdgeschossGmbH,www.erdgeschoss.atCopyright photos:LukasBeck,ChristianFürthner/MA20,MA25, ChristianFürthner/MA33,ORF/ThomasJantzentranslation:SylviRennertprinted at:SPV-DRUCKGESELLSCHAFTm.b.H.,www.spvdruck.atPrintedonecologicalCO
2-neutral paper produced following “Ökokauf Wien” criteria.
published and printed:Vienna2016
1. preface 7
2. interviews 8
3. milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future 16
4. municipal department 20 – Energy planning: shaping vienna’s energy future 22
5. Energy – from generation to use a. Anoverviewofthemainconcepts 27 b. Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption 30 c. EnergyflowchartoftheCityofVienna 32
6. monitoring indicators for the smart City Wien Framework strategy a. Emissionspercapita 36 b. Finalenergyconsumptionpercapita 37 c. Primaryenergyconsumptionpercapita 38 d. Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption 39 e. Choiceoftransportation 40 f. Shareofelectricandhybridcars 41 g. Shareofelectricandhybridlorries 42 h. Energyconsumptionofpassengertrafficacrosscitylimits 43 i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning 44 j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating andairconditioningpercapita 45
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TheParisAgreementconcludedatthe21stWorldClimateConference(COP21)isahistoricturning point and marks a worldwide commitment to ending the use of fossil energy sources. Inlightofglobalclimatechange,weneedfar-reachingandeffectivemeasuresforanener-gytransitionandwemustdoeverythinginourpowertosupportsustainabletechnologies,innovativedevelopmentandresearch.ThegovernmentoftheCityofViennahasrecognisedthisandsetacourseforaforward-lookingenergyframeworkstrategy.Theenergyframeworkstrategyisbeingdevelopedinclosecoordinationwiththeexistingclimategoalsandtheprin-ciplesoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy.WeaimtoreduceCO
2emissionsby80%by2050.Energysupplysecurity,renewableenergyandenergyefficiencyareatthecoreofourefforts.Citiesoffergreatopportunitiestosteertheglobalenergysystemtowardssustainability.Morethanhalftheglobalpopulationislivingincitiesandsome80%ofenergyconsumedworldwi-deisusedinurbanareas.By2050,twothirdsoftheworld’spopulationareexpectedtoliveincities. Growing urbanisation and the economic growth this creates increase urban energy con-sumption.Therefore,we,asdecision-makersinthecities,holdthekeytoasuccessfulenergytransition and to reaching the climate goals. Urban areas encompass more than just the city; they also include the greater region. In keepingwiththegoalsoftheParisAgreement,theadjoiningprovincesofBurgenland,LowerAustriaandViennaarecurrentlydevelopingajointstrategicapproachforasustainableenergysystem.Theexploratoryproject“EnergyLabEast”aimstouncoverpotentialsforanenergytransitionineasternAustria.Theprojectregionischaracterisedbyruralareas,whererenew-ableenergygenerationcanbeexpanded.Atthesametime,thegrowingurbancentresintheregionactas“energysponges”thatuserenewableenergywhenitisavailableinexcessandalsostoreenergyfortimesoflowerproduction.Thefocusisonfindinganswerstoanticipatedchallengesforlocal,regionalandcross-regionalgridsaswellasshort-termandseasonalenergy storage. We also aim to identify potential showcase projects. What is special about the projectisthatitisacooperationbetweenthethreefederalprovinces(theirprovincialenergyagenciesandrepresentativesoftheofficesoftheprovincialgovernments)andthethreemainenergy supply companies in the region.ItisinitiativeslikethisthatbenefitfromtheimpetusprovidedbytheParisAgreementandhelpusimplementsustainableenergysystems.Together,wecanreachourclimateandenergytargetsandensureclean,sustainableenergy.
maria vassilakou
maria vassilakou DeputyMayorofVienna,ExecutiveCityCouncillor for Urban Planning,Traffic&Transport,ClimateProtection,EnergyandPublic Participation
1 PReface
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WolFgang müllErhasbeenDeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofViennasince2010.HestudiedlawwhileservingasanofficeroftheAustrianArmedForcesandhasbeenworkingfortheCityofViennasince1991.
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WolfgangMüller,DeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofVienna
bErnd vogl: The City of Vienna has become more open about sharing its valuable data, which is a very positive development. I am sure that has to do with the efforts to activate the city’s often-cited 1.8 million brains. We as the energy department aim to participate in this process and also make energy data available. You are in charge of a considerable part of this process and you are also one of the leading figures in the city’s innovation strategy. What does it mean to make the city administration’s data publicly accessible? What is the overall policy of the City of Vienna with regard to open government and open data?
WolFgang müllEr:Thekeyquestionwhenitcomestoopengovernmentandopendataisreallyafundamentalone:Dowebelieveinopenaccessornot?WeatViennaCityAdminis-trationbegandevelopingouropengovernmentstrategyin2011andithasradicallychangedthewayinwhichwework.Today,weregularlyexchangeinformationwithvariousplayersandare always thinking about what else we could do and what other data we could share. When we startedout,weweremuchmorefocusedonobstacles,onwhywecouldnotdothisorthat.Thatisdifferenttoday.Opengovernmenthaschangedus.
TheprocessofmakingtheCityAdministrationmoreaccessibleisbuiltonthreemainprin-ciples:transparency,participationandcooperation.Thatlastoneismostimportant–interactingwiththecommunity.Andit’sworking.Sofar,wehavepublishedover300datasets,whichhavebeenusedtodevelop196appsandvisualisations.Thisallowsustoreachanincredibly broad range of people.
What does publishing such data mean for privacy?
WolFgang müllEr:Itisgoodtopublishalotofdataandmakeitopenlyavailable,butofcourseweshouldnotforgetthatsomedatamaybeverysensitiveifitcanbetracedbacktoanindividual.Therefore,weareverycarefulwithsuchdata.Andpersonaldataisnotpublishedasamatterofprinciple.TheCityofViennahasanadvisorycouncilofexpertsthataddressesprivacyaspectsandtheclassificationofdata.Sofar,wehavenothadanyproblems.
Ofcoursetherearealsoreservations,particularlywhenitcomestoquestionsofhowtoreactwhenpeoplecriticisethedataquality.Butweareseeingaculturalshiftthereaswell,inhow wedealwithfeedback.Whenfeedbackisseenassupportive,thedepartmentsoftheCityAdministrationhavenoissueswithitanduseittoimprovetheirwork.
What is the relationship between apps and data? You mentioned that a lot has been done and many apps have been developed. Does the city have a specific strategy in this regard?
WolFgang müllEr:TheCityofViennaleadsthefieldinternationallywithregardtothedevelopmentofappsfromitsopendata.Wetrytofindoutwhichdataandwhichkindofappspeoplewant.Insomecases,thereisanenormousdemandfordatathatwewouldnothaveexpectedanyonetobeinterestedin,suchashistoricaldataandtimeseries–“whatdidthislooklikefiveyearsago,howwasthattenyearsago?”
TheCityofViennapursuesanopenstrategyinordertofindoutwhatpeoplewant.OurDigitalAgendaisdesignedandimplementedinatransparentandparticipatoryway.Itisanopenplatforminwhichanyonecanparticipate,onlineoroffline.WedecidedwedidnotwantanITstrategythatwaswrittenbyafewexpertsbehindcloseddoors.Wewantedanyonetobeabletoparticipate.Andpeopledid.Weweresurprisedatthenumbersandthediversityofparti-cipants.Atourfirstopenlab,wehadabout100participantsandanincrediblyconstructivediscussion.
Themostimportantthingaboutthisprocesswasthatwedidnotsetoutwithafixedideaofwhattheresultshouldlooklike.Thatwasariskwewerewillingtotake.Wedidhaveageneralframework,butwedidnotdefinewhatkindofresultsweexpected.Thatiswhatopeninnovationisabout:wedon’texactlyknowwheretheroadwilltakeus,andthatisthekeytosuccess,becauseitfacilitatesextremelyinnovativeandconstructivecooperation.
The online city map is a very interesting tool with an enormous range of functions. It is also an important tool for the energy sector. We started out by displaying the potential for solar energy on Vienna’s roofs. These days, people can also check the energy potential of ground heat, groundwater and wind at their location. What else are you planning for the online map?
WolFgang müllEr:Atoollikethatneedsup-to-date,fullyelectronicgeoreferenceddata,asisthecasewithouronlinecitymap,whichhasdataonover200differenttopics.Anditisgoing to increase in importance.
Werecentlyreceivedtheinternational“GeospatialWorldExcellenceAward”forourapproach.WecreatedanadministrativemapofAustriatogetherwiththeotherfederalprovinces(base-map.at).ItcombinesthegeodataofAustria’sfederalprovinces,citiesandmunicipalitiesinasinglemap,anditisthefirstnationalmapintheGerman-speakingregiontobemadefreelyavailableworldwideasopengovernmentdata.TheCityofViennawasinchargeofprojectmanagement.Anotherimportantissuewhenyoupublishdatainanonlinemapisofcourse,again,privacy.
What do you think of the city’s overall approach to innovation? Innovation, for me, is a solution that has not been attempted before. Innovation exists in different fields, not only in technology. Innovation is not only material; it can also be about new financing models or services. When innovations are applied, things improve.
WolFgang müllEr:Iagree.Innovationissomethingnewthatisimplementedandisinsomewayeconomicallyrelevant.Often,innovationmakesthingseasier.I’mthinkingofthero-botwedevelopedtogetherwiththefiredepartment–theinnovationthereisnotthatithassomanyfunctionsbutthatitissoeasytouse.Tobeinnovative,youneedthecouragetoembarkon a journey without knowing whether it will be successful.
Innovations are often created by small companies and organisations. Big players often seek inspiration from smaller ones. Is that the case for the City of Vienna as well?
WolFgang müllEr:Ofcourseweneedideasfromtheoutside.TheCityAdministrationhastwoapproachestopromotinginnovation:Ontheonehand,wecansupportspecificdevelop-mentswhenweawardcontracts.Ontheotherhand,thecityalsocreatesinnovation
togetherwithvariousplayers.OneexampleisourDigitalCityinitiative,wherewecooperatewiththeITindustryandtheydevelopentirecomputerprogramswithoutanyparticular specificationsfromus.Innovationhappensbecausewesupporttheexchangeofideasandcooperation.Ibelievethisisanareawhereweasacitycanbeveryopenbecausewehavenothing to hide.
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bErnd voglbecame Head of the Energy PlanningDepartment (MA20)inSeptember2011after working for more than 18yearsattheMinistryofEnvironmentalAffairsinthefieldofenergyplanningandinnovativeenergysystems.
bErnhard Jarolimwas appointed Head of MunicipalDepartment25(UrbanRenewal&InspectingAuthorityforResidentialBuil-dings)in2010.Hehasbeenworking for the City of Vienna since1995,includinginthedepartment for technical property matters.
BernhardJarolim
bErnd vogl: Housing and energy planning are important topics in a growing city that aims to be a smart city. What do you think will be the great challenges of the next decade?
bErnhard Jarolim: ThelargestchallengeissurelytheinfluxofpeopletoVienna;atrendwehaveobservedforseveralyearsandwhichwillcontinueintheyearsahead.Thisincreasespressureonthehousingmarket.Theincreaseinrentsontheopenhousingmarketisaboveaverageand,unfortunately,frequentlyexceedsthelegalthresholds.Thecityneedstobuildevenmoreaffordablehousingthansofar.Inordertoensurethathousingremainsaffordable,theconstructionofnewflatswillbeincreasedby30%by2018oninitiativeofExecutiveCityCouncillorforHousingMichaelLudwig–thatis13,000newflatsayear,9,000ofwhichwillbesubsidised.Wealreadybuild7,000subsidisedflatsayear,whichismorethananyothercityinEurope.Atthesametime,wealsowanttomaintainourhighstandardsofqualityinhousing,particularlywithregardtotheenergybalanceofbuildings.Thereisnoquestionthathousingplaysanimportantroleinwhetherwereachourclimateandenergytargetsornot.Thisalsorequirestheparticipationoftheconstructionindustry.
The City of Vienna offers subsidies to ensure that housing stays affordable. In the energy sector, we have subsidies for flats and buildings on the one hand and for renewable energy generation on the other. The latter is intended to get people to invest in photovoltaics and other green energy systems that reduce their energy costs in the long term. Which type of subsidy is better?
bErnhard Jarolim: Weneedboth,weneedabalance.Pittingonetypeofsubsidyagainstthe other is not the way to go. Vienna has struck a good balance between the two. Housing shouldbeaffordableforeveryone,andwhenyousubsidiseflats,particularlyinsocialhousing,yougetagoodsocialmixandpreventtheformationofghettos,marginalisation,andonlysomepartsofthepopulationbeingabletoaffordtoliveinefficient,high-qualitybuildings.Atthesametime,however,subsidisingPVinstallationsandotherpowersystemshasacon-siderableadvantage:peoplebecomeveryattachedtothem.Schemeswherewesubsidisetheentirebuildingoronlypartsofthesystemdon’tcreatethatsenseofownership.Itfeelscompletelydifferentwhenyoupersonallyinvestinrenewableenergy.ThissubsidyschemeisaveryinnovativeapproachthatIbelievewecouldexpand.
What do you think the future of housing subsidies will be considering the spending cuts the city is planning for the next years?
bErnhard Jarolim: Thecity’sspendingreformiscurrentlystillbeingdeveloped,andtheexpertsaredeterminingwheresavingsarepossible.Housingisafundamentalneed.Apositivelivingenvironmentcontributessignificantlytowell-beingandqualityoflife.Thatisprobably not an area where there will be spending cuts. Quite the opposite: there will need to beinvestmentsinhousing.Andofcoursehousingconstructionisalsoanenormousboostforthe economy.
What kind of offers does the housing industry need from energy suppliers? Are there any things you’d like to see?
bErnhard Jarolim: Inmyview,cooperationbetweenthehousingindustryandenergysuppliersisverypositiveandforward-looking.I’mafanofdistrictheating,soofcourseIwouldliketoseemoreofit,particularlyinsubsidisedhousing.Ibelievethatweshouldusedistrictheatingwhereitiseconomicallyfeasibleforavarietyofreasons,notleastofthemclimateprotection.Itwouldalsobeimportanttomakesurethatpeoplelivinginnewlyconstructedenergyop-timisedbuildingsreallyunderstandhowheating,ventilationandhotwatergenerationwork.Usersareoftennotawareoftheimportanceofgoodairinghabits.Airingaflatthewrongwaycan cause considerably higher energy consumption and energy costs than necessary.
That makes sense. Nobody understands why the energy costs in a passive house are as high as in an old building. Do newer, more efficient buildings need a new billing system for heating costs?
bErnhard Jarolim: Whenitcomestopassivehouses,weneedalotmoreeducationfortheinhabitants.Whatweareseeingisthatmanypeoplemoveintopassivehousesbutdon’tchangetheirlivinghabits.Remarkably,wearealsoseeingsomepeopleinpassivehousesbecominglessenergyconsciousand,forexample,usingmorehotwater.Thereisalotbeingdoneintermsofeducationbutchangingyourbehaviourisaprocessthatdoesn’thappenovernight.TheHeatingCostsActwasdevelopedforcompletelydifferentbuildingtypesthantheoneswearebuildingtoday.Innewbuildingswhereoptimumuserbehaviourleadstoanextremelylowenergydemand,weneednewregulationsforbilling.Theyshouldmoveawayfromafixedaveragetowardsreflectingactualenergyconsumption.Tenantsshouldbeabletoseethedirectimpactoftheirlivinghabitsontheirenergybill.
We often know very little about how much energy a planned building will really consume or about the practical impact of certain energy-relevant measures. Could monitoring help?
bErnhard Jarolim: Itisgoodtohavedatawhenplanningnewbuildingsandurbandevelopmentandrenewalmeasures.Thatwaywecanseehoweffectivedifferentmeasuresareandwhichtypesofbuildingswork.InAspern–Vienna’sUrbanLakeside,wearecurrentlycollectingsuchdataintheurbandevelopmentarea’snewbuildings.Thedatacollectedthereisagoodfoundationforfutureplanning,andwewillalsobeabletobenefitfromtheresultsofthelargeEU-subsidisedurbanrenewalproject“SmarterTogether”.Thefocusinthatprojectisonmeasuringtheeffectofvariousrefurbishmentandrenewalmeasures.Theprojectshowshowmuchispossibleandfromhowmanydifferentpointsofviewrefurbishmentcanbeapproached.Byinvolvingthepopulation,wearealsostrengtheningtheiridentificationwiththeneighbourhood,whichimprovesqualityoflifeaswell.Thesetwoexamplesshowthaturbandevelopmentandrenewalmustbeapproachedfromanevenmoremultidisciplinaryperspectivethansofar.Italsomakessensetolookatlargerareasratherthanindividualbuildingsorcityblocks.Thatalsomakesiteasiertodevelopcomprehensiveenergyconcepts,placeafocusonparticipation,ordeveloptailoredmobilitysolutions.Thisbenefitsalltheinhabitantsofourcityenormously,whethertheyliveinsubsidised housing or not.
The EU project “Smarter Together” is a good example of multidisciplinary cooperation. It involves many different project partners. How do you experience cooperation within the Vienna City Administration?
bErnhard Jarolim: Verygoodoverall,becauseourunderstandingforeachotherhas improved.Onereasonforthatisthatdepartmentsandassociatedorganisationsare exchangingmoreinformationwitheachotherthankstovariousmeasures.Andthatis happeningatalllevelsofthecityadministration.Thestructuralandspendingreformofthecityisanotherexampleofhowaholisticapproachhelpsusachieveourgoalsfasterandinamore satisfactory way. 14 15
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3 MIlesTones on THe RoaD To a sUsTaInable eneRGY fUTURe
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ChaptEr 3Milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future
COP21–breakthroughforanewglobalclimateprotectionagreement
The21stUNclimateconferencewasheldinParisfrom30Novemberto12December2015.Forthefirsttime,nearlyallcountriesoftheworldagreedtoundertakejointeffortstocombatclimatechange.Amajortargetsetoutintheagreementistokeeptheincreaseinglobalaveragetemperaturewellbelow2°Cabovepreindustriallevelsandideallytolimittheincreaseto1.5°C.
Thisobjectivecanonlybeachievedthroughanumberoffar-reachingmeasuresthatmustbeimplementedstartingimmediately.Thisincludesreducingglobalnetgreenhousegasemissionsto0between2045and2060.Nationstatesmustreportsufficientreductiongoals.Ifthesegoalsturnouttobeinsufficient,strictertargetswillbedemandedandseteveryfiveyears.IntherunuptotheCOP21negotiations,theEuropeanUnionsetitselfbindingtargetsfor2030inordertostrengthen the proponents of an international agreement:
- a40%cutingreenhousegasemissionscomparedto1990levels- atleasta27%shareofrenewableenergyconsumption- atleast27%energysavings
AsoneresultofCOP21,theEuropeanCommissionpublishedaproposalwithbindingnationaltargetstobemetbytheMemberStatesby2030forthesectorsnotcoveredbyemissionstrading.ForAustria,thetargetisareductioningreenhousegasemissionsby36%comparedto2005levels.
ClimateprotectionhasbeenapriorityforViennaformanyyears.TheParisAgreementsup-portsthecity’seffortstowardsasustainableenergysystem.
Successful efficiency programme
In2006,theViennaCityCounciladoptedtheUrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgramme(SEP).ItsobjectivewastocreateastrategicframeworkforenergyefficiencymeasuresinViennaby2015andtoreducetheexpectedincreaseinenergyconsumptioninViennafrom12to7%.
ThefinalreportonthefullSEPimplementationperiod(2006to2015)hasnowbeenpublished.Itshowsthattheobjectivewasmorethanachieved.Intheperiodunderreview,thedocumentedproject-relatedenergysavingsamountedtoapproximately155GWhayear.Iftheenergysavingsthatcouldnotbedocumented(e.g.infederalbuildingsandinbusinesses)areincluded,thetotalsavingscanbeassumedtobeconsiderablyhigherthanthedocumented155GWhandcertainlywellabovetheSEPtargetof180GWh.
SEPsuccessfullyestablishedtheimportanceofenergyefficiencyinViennaandshowedthatenergysavingsarepossibleeverywhere.SincetheadoptionofSEPin2006,theconditionsforenergyefficiencypolicyhaveprogressedconsiderablyatboththeEuropeanandnationallevels.Efficiencyisbecomingincreasinglyimportantandmeasuresarebecomingmorebinding
(cf.EUEnergyEfficiencyDirective2012/27/EUandFederalEnergyEfficiencyAct).Goingforward,itwillbeimportantnottoslowdownbuttocontinuetofocusonthesystematicimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasures.Afollow-upprogrammeisalreadybeingdevelopedwiththatinmind.
E-mobilitystrategy–moree-mobilityforVienna
TheCityofViennaispreparingfortheincreaseine-mobilitythatisexpectedforthecomingyears.Electricvehiclesarebecominganincreasinglyviablealternativetocarsthatrunondieselandpetrol.Withitse-mobilitystrategy,theCityofViennaismakingimportantinroadstowardsexpandingelectromobilityinthecity.Thisincludesanetworkofelectricvehiclechar-gingstationsthatwillbebuiltinViennainthenextyears.Newchargingtechnologies,impro-vedvehiclesandsinkingproductioncostsmakethistheidealtimetostartbuildingacitywidenetworkofpubliclyaccessiblechargingstations.Providingsupplysecuritythroughoutthecitywill hopefully contribute to reducing scepticism toward e-mobility and create an additional incentiveforswitchingtoanelectricvehicle.
Thechargingnetworkwillbebasedonthecitywidestreetlightingnetwork,whichoffersidealconditionsforsettingupchargingstationswhilealsoreducingcosts.Additionalchargingsta-tionswillbesetupinthesemi-publicspaceandonpubliclyaccessibleprivateproperty.
Withtheimplementationofthee-taxiprojectofViennaPublicUtilities,thecityalsoshowsthatitiscommittedtoinvestingine-mobility.Currently,subsidyschemesarebeingdiscussedtofurtherpromotee-mobilityinthecourseofrenewalsofthecity’svehiclefleets.
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Fig. 1E-mobility in vienna
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ChaptEr 3Milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future
Innovativeuseofwasteheat–modernisingtheMannerfactory
ThegovernmentmanifestoofVienna’scoalitiongovernmentincludestheincreaseduseofwasteheatandgroundheatassourcesofenergy.AshowcaseprojectfortheuseofindustrialwasteheatcanbefoundinVienna’s17thdistrictatthehistoricalMannersweetsfactory.Itshowshow,usingacombinationofvariousinnovativetechnicalsolutions,businessescanactasheatingenergysuppliersinmixed-useareasiftheyarelocatedcloseenoughtoenergyconsumers.
Inthecourseoftheexpansionandmodernisationofthefactory,specialemphasiswasplacedonmoreefficientenergyuse.Startinginautumn2016,thewasteheatfromthebakingprocess(thermaloutputof1MW)willbefeddirectlyintothelocaldistrictheatingnetwork.Theheatwillbeusedforspaceandwaterheatingfor600householdsandcompaniesintheimmediatevicinityofthefactory.Thishighlyefficientuseofwasteheatsaves1000tofcarbondioxideannually.Someoftheexcessheatisalsoconvertedintocoolingenergyandusedtocoolvariousproductionprocessesinthefactoryitself.
ebsWieneco-powerplant–fromwastetoenergy
Vienna‘smainwastewatertreatmentplantiscurrentlyworkingonthecity’slargestenviron-mentalproject,whichisuniqueworldwide.By2020,thewastewatertreatmentplantwillbemodifiedtodoubleasagreenpowerplant.Thefermentationofthesewagesludgeproducesmethanegas,whichwillbeburnedingas-poweredcogenerationplants,generatingbothelectricity and heat.
Currently,thewastewatertreatmentplantusesapproximately63GWhofelectricityayear,makingitoneofthecity’slargestenergyconsumers.Butsoon,thepowerplantwillproduce78GWhannually,allowingittocovertheentireelectricitydemandofthewastewatertreat-mentplant.Theexcesselectricitywillbefedintothepublicgrid.Theamountgeneratedwouldbeenoughtoprovidepowerfor31,000Viennesehouseholdsforanentireyear.
Inadditiontoelectricity,thepowerplantwillalsogenerate82GWhofheatayear,approxi-matelyhalfofwhichwillbeconsumedonsite.Theotherhalfwillbefedintothedistrictheatingnetwork,providingheatingandhotwaterforsome5,000households.
Thisexampleshowshowenergyefficiencyandresourceconservationcombinedwithinno-vativemeasuresforoptimisingtheratioofwatertosolidsinthesewagesludgeaswellasadvancesinprocesscontrolandmeasuringtechnologycanmakeanimportantcontributiontoreaching the energy and climate targets.
Funding priority: renewable heat and seasonal storage
TheCityofViennaaimstoincreasetheshareofrenewableenergyinheatproductionconsid-erablyfromthecurrentlevelof10%.Thereispotentialfortheuseofsolarenergy,wasteheat,groundwaterandnear-surfacegroundheatinVienna,butitremainslargelyuntapped.
Therefore,threenewfundingschemeshavebeenlaunchedtoencouragetheinstallationofsystemsthatproduceorstorerenewableheat.SincethebeginningofMarch2016,thecityhasbeensubsidisingsolarheatingsystems,heatpumpsinresidentialbuildingsthatutiliseambientheat,systemsforthethermaluseofgroundwaterandgroundheat,andseasonalheatstoragesystems(forwasteheatandrenewableenergy)thathelpbalancetheloadbetweenthedifferenttimesofproductionanduseofheat.ViennaisthefirstAustrianprovincetosubsidiseseasonalstoragecombinedwithanergygrids,makingitatrailblazerinthepromotionoftheseinnovativetechnologies.
Thecityprovidesfinancialsupportforinvestmentcostsforvariousrenewableheatingandstoragetechnologies.Thismitigatespartofthehighinitialinvestmentcosts,andtheuseofthese technologies will lower heating costs enormously for decades to come.
For more information, please visit: www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen
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SwitchingtoLEDstreetlights
Vienna’sentirestreetlightingnetworkwillbeswitchedovertoclimate-friendlyLEDtechnolo-gyby2020.ThefirstLEDstreetlightswereinstalledinparksandalongfootpathsandcyclepathsin2009.ThenewLEDtechnologyimproveslightingqualityconsiderablywhilereducingelectricityconsumptionby50%.
LEDlampsalsoincreasetrafficsafetyatdangerouscrossings.Anotheradvantagecomparedtoconventionallampsistheirlongservicelife:LEDlampscanbeusedtwiceaslongasconventionalbulbs,12yearsatminimum.Thisreducestheamountofmaintenancerequired,whichinturneasesthestrainonthecity’sbudget.
Theyarefinancedwithaso-calledlightingcontractingmodel.Vienna’senergysupplierWienEnergie,ViennaPublicUtilities,andMunicipalDepartment33–PublicLightingagreedonanamortisationcontractingmodel,wherethecontractorpre-financestheinvestments,whicharethenrefinancedthroughtheenergysavingsachievedduringoperation.
ByswitchingtoLEDtechnology,theCityofViennaisnotonlycontributingtoclimateprotectionbutalsoimprovingthecity’sliveabilitywithbetterlighting.
Fig. 3switching to lEd technology
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Quality assurance for energy performance certificates
LikethefederalprovincesofVorarlberg(EAWZ),Salzburg,StyriaandCarinthia(allthreeZEUS),Viennahasnowalsointroducedanenergyperformancecertificatedatabase.InJanuary2016,theCityofViennaintroducedthedatabaseWUKSEA,inwhichallenergyperformancecertificatesissuedforViennesebuildingsmustberegistered.Theaimofregistrationistoimprovequalityassuranceandtoensurethatthedatainthecertificatesiscorrect and up to date.
ThelegalbasisforthisistheEnergyPerformanceCertificateDatabaseOrdinanceof22June2015aswellasArt.118aoftheViennaBuildingCode.Notonlydoenergyperformancecertificateshavetobeavailableelectronically,theyalsohavetoberegisteredinWUKSEA.TheCityofViennaprovidedasoftwareinterfacefortheuploadofcertificatesandofferssoftwaresupport.TechnicalandsoftwaresupportisavailablefromMunicipalDepartments37(BuildingInspection)and25(UrbanRenewal&InspectingAuthorityforResidentialBuildings;Group“NeubauundGebäudetechnik”).
For more information, please visit: https: //www.usp.gv.at/Portal.Node/usp/public/content/online_verfahren/wuksea/171236.html
4 MUNICIPALDEPARTMENT20– eneRGY PlannInG: sHaPInG vIenna’s eneRGY fUTURe
Between1July2015and30June2016,thefollowingprojectsandmeasureswereimplementedor continued:
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ChaptEr 4Municipaldepartment20–energyplanning:shapingVienna’senergyfuture
Energy ideas for a smart city
The interest in energy and climate protection is growing. More and more people, for example, want to install their own photovoltaic system, and the demand for renewable energy and the need for more information on energy efficiency are rising constantly.
1. new funding priorities in 2015 Thepromotionofinnovativetechnologiescontributessignificantlytoclimateprotection.2015broughtfundamentalimprovementstosubsidiesforrenewableenergies.Thegreenelectricitysubsidyisnowavailablenotonlyforphotovoltaicsbutalsoforso-calledhybridsystems(whichproducebothelectricityandheatfromsunlight)andelectricalstoragesystems.
Twoadditionalfundingschemesaimtoincreaseenergyefficiency.Thesenewfundingschemesprovideattractiveincentivesthatsupportbothenergyefficiencyprogrammesandtheplanningofhighlyefficientbuildings.Thelatterisdesignedtoincreasetheshareofzero-energy and energy-plus buildings in Vienna.
For more information, please visit: www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen
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Additionally,thefundingofrenewableheatingwasreformed.Threenewfundingschemeswere launched to promote the installation of systems that produce or store renewable heat.Viennaisattheforefrontofinnovationwithitsdecisiontosubsidiseseasonalstoragesystemscombinedwithanergygrids.Anergygridsuselow-temperatureheat(e.g.wasteheatfromwastewaterordatacentres).ViennaisthefirstAustrianprovincetosupportthisinnovationfinancially.
2. generating your own solar powerTheonlinetool“Sonnenklar”allowsuserstocalculatehowmuchPVelectricitytheywoulduseandtodeterminetheoptimumsizeforaPVsystem.Thetoolisintendedfornon-expertswhohaveorwanttobuyaPVsystemandwanttousethemajorityoftheelectricityitgeneratesthemselves.ThecalculatorwascommissionedbyMunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningandimplementedbytheFederalAssociationPhotovoltaicAustria.Itisavailableforfreeat:http://pvaustria.at/sonnenklar_rechner/
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Fig. 5pv panels
3. open access to energy dataEnergydataisofimmenseimportancewhenplanningbuildingsandurbandevelopmentareas.Numerousenergy-relateddatasetshavebeenpublishedintheopengovernmentdatacatalogueoftheCityofVienna(www.data.wien.gv.at).Thisincludesenergybalances,dataonenergygeneration,andcartographicdataonthepotentialofvariousenergysources.
4. discovering alternative energy sources on the city map Whichpowerplantsgenerateenergyforourcity?Howmanyofthemuserenewableenergysources?Whatistheenergypotentialofmyhouseorproperty?Theenergymaphastheanswerstoallthesequestions.Italsoshowsthelocationsofinnovativemodelprojects(e.g.energy-plushouses).Themapsareavailableonlineat:www.energieplanung.wien.at/stadtplan
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Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
Fig. 6section of the map showing subsidised solar thermal power plants
ChaptEr 4Municipaldepartment20–energyplanning:shapingVienna’senergyfuture
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solar thermal plants for energy generationThemapshowsallsolarthermalpowerplantsinthecitythataresubsidisedbytheCity ofVienna.Itprovidesinformationonthecollectorareaanddateofconstructionforeachplant.Thesizerangesfromsmallplants(lessthan10m2)tomedium-sized(10to25m2)tolarger(25to50m2)andverylargeplants(over50m2).Themapshowswheretherearelargerconcentrations of solar thermal power plants.
5. Energy literacy certificate wins 2015 Climate Protection AwardThe2015ClimateProtectionAwardwasawardedtotheenergyliteracycertificate“energie-führerschein”,whichteachesyoungpeoplehowtoconserveenergy.Theenergyliteracycoursewasdevelopedby“dieumweltberatungWien”withsupportfromMunicipalDepart-ments20and22.Thenumberofyoungpeoplewhohavegainedthisadditionalprofessionalqualificationincludes160apprenticesoftheViennaCityAdministration.Inmid-2016,agamingappwaslaunchedthatmakeslearningaboutenergysavingfun.Thequestionsfromtheenergyliteracycertificatetestwereconvertedintoaquizandincorporatedintoanappcalled“RetteDeineInsel”(“Saveyourisland”).Theplayersstartonadirtyislandandmustanswerquestionstocleanit.Thenumberofquestionsincreaseswiththelevelofdifficulty.Successfullyansweringquestionsmakestheislandcleanerandprettier.Atthesametime,playerslearnaboutsavingenergyatworkandathome.TheappisfreeandavailableforAndroidandiOS:http://www.umweltberatung.at/efsapp
Fig. 62015 Climate protection award ceremony; left to right: andrä rupprechter, markus piringer, bernd vogl, Claudia reiterer, barbara Frischmuth, alexander Wrabetz
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Data&research
Municipal Department 20 – Energy Planning collects data on energy potentials in different locations and conducts studies on energy-related topics on a regular basis. The results are intended to provide the city’s decision makers with the neces-sary information for their decisions and facilitate the imple-mentation of long-term goals of the Smart City Wien Frame-work Strategy.
Thestudiespresentedbelowandmanymoreareavailablefordownloadfreeofchargeat:www.energieplanung.wien.at/publikationen
1. potential for small wind power in viennaTheCityofViennacommissionedtheCentralInstituteforMeteorologyandGeodynamicstodevelopawindpotentialmapfortheuseofsmallwindturbinesintheViennaregion.Viennahasfavourablewindconditions,particularlyinthenorthernandnortheasternpartsofthe21stand22nddistrictsaswellasonthesouthernedgesofthe10th,11thand23rddistricts.
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Fig. 7small wind turbine
2. Energy flows in buildings Thisstudyexaminedtheactualenergyuseof20representativeofficebuildingsinViennaandsoughttoanswerthefollowingquestions:Howmuchenergydoesanofficebuildingreallyuse?Wheredoestheenergycomefromandwhatisitusedfor?Acomparisonoftheconsumptiondatawiththetargetvaluespecifiedintheenergyperfor-mancecertificatesshowedthat14outof17buildingsexceededthespecifiedvaluesandonlythreebuildingsconsumedlessthanspecified.Sinceofficebuildingsareresponsiblefor
aconsiderablepartofVienna’stotalenergyconsumption,itisimportanttopushformoresustainable energy supply in this area as well.
3. smart block – refurbishing better togetherViennahasalargeshareofoldbuildings.Refurbishingthemrequiressolutionsthatreduceenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsconsiderably.Thepotentialforreductionisparticularlyhighinblocksofseveralhouses.Theproject“SmartBlock”demonstratesinnovativeapproachesonaspecificblockofhousesfromthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury.Theanalysisshowsthatwhenseveralbuildingsarerefurbishedatthesametime,itnotonlyincreasesenergyefficiencybutalsocreatesopportunitiesformoreindependentenergygeneration and supply as well as new mobility concepts.
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EU projects
ChaptEr 4Municipaldepartment20–energyplanning:shapingVienna’senergyfuture
The City of Vienna is involved in a number of EU projects. This not only brings EU funding to the region but also strengthens the city’s energy know-how and makes external expertise available to the city.
1. Urban lEarning – collective learning for improved governance MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningisparticipatingintheEUresearchprojectURBANLEARNING.CoordinatedbytheEnergyCenterWienasleadpartner,theprojectinvolvesenergyagenciesandotherpartnersfromVienna,Berlin,Stockholm,Amsterdam/Zaanstad,Paris,WarsawandZagreb.Itaimstoimprovetheinstitutionalcapacityoflocalauthoritiesforintegratedurbanenergyplanning,particularlyagainstthebackdropofnewchallengesoftheEUBuildingsDirectiveandtheRenewablesDirective,technologicalandmarketchanges,andthepressuretoprovidesufficientaffordablehousing.Thefocusisoninnovativetechnologicalsolutions,toolsandgoodgovernance.
2. smartEr togEthEr – smart urban renewalViennawasawardedtheEUproject“SMARTERTOGETHER”togetherwithMunichandLyon.Itisamodernsmarturbanrenewalprojectthatwill,inVienna,focusonSimmering,the11thdistrict.Theprojectaddressesthequestionofhowanareawithexistinghousingstockcanbeconvertedtoasmartcitystandard.TheprojectwaslaunchedinFebruary2016.Itwillrunforthreeyears,whichwillbefollowedbyatwo-yearevaluationphase.“SMARTERTO-GETHER”aimstodemonstratethebenefitsofapproachingurbanrenewalfromaninterdis-ciplinarypointofview.Thisallowsaholisticapproachtorenewingenergyconcepts,whichincludespublicparticipationandmobilityaspects.Together,thethermalrehabilitationofhousingestates,sustainablemobilityandanincreaseduseofgreenrenewableenergywillimprovethequalityoflifeintheneighbourhoodconsiderably.
5 ENERGY–FROMGENERATIONTOUSE
a.Anoverviewofthemainconcepts
ambiEnt hEat …includes near-surface and deep geothermal energy and solar energy
biogEniC FUEls …includestheorganicpartofdomesticwaste,woodpellets,woodbriquettes,woodchippings,charcoal,wasteliquor,landfillgas,sewergas,biogas,bioethanol,andbiodiesel.
BLI (BundESLän-dEr lUFtsChad-Stoff InvEntur)
...asurveyconductedbytheEnvironmentAgencyAustriatoanalysethedevelopmentofgreenhousegasesandselectedairpollutantsinAustria’sfederalprovinces.
Co2 EqUivalEnt …makesitpossibletocomparedifferentgreenhousegases.CO2
isagasthatiscreatedbycombustionprocesses,includingsimilarprocesseslikerespiration.Therearealsoothergreenhousegases,suchasmethaneornitrousoxide.Differenttypesofgasesdo notallcontributeequallytothegreenhouseeffect.Forexample,methanehas21timestheclimateimpactofcarbondioxide,whichcorrespondstoaCO
2equivalentof21.
CogEnErAtIon/CombinEd hEat And PowEr (CHP)
…isthecogenerationofelectricalenergyandheat,forexampleinaheating plant.
CombUstiblE WastE
…includes industrial waste and the non-renewable share of domestic waste.
ConvErsion lossEs
…referstotheenergythatislostduringtheconversionofprimaryenergy to secondary or useful energy.
ECobUsinEssplan viEnna
…istheenvironmentalservicepackageoftheCityofViennaforenterprises.Itincludesprofessionaladviceandconsulting,supportwiththepracticalimplementationofmeasures,legalcertaintyandeffectivePR.Formoreinformation,pleasevisithttps://www.wien.gv.at/umweltschutz/oekobusiness/
EnErgy FloW Chart
…isachartdepictingtheenergyflowswithinagivensystem,suchas the City of Vienna in one year.
Final EnErgy …istheenergyavailabletoendusers,e.g.intheformofelectricity,districtheating,petrol,diesel,woodpelletsornaturalgas.Theycan use this energy directly or transform it further.
Frost day …isadayonwhichtheminimumtemperaturegoesbelow0°C.
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ChaptEr 5Energy–fromgenerationtouse
gross FinalEnErgy ConsUmption
…istheenergyavailableafterconversionbutbeforedistributionto end users. It is used to calculate the share of renewables at EU level.(cf.Directive2009/28/EC)
gross inland EnErgy ConsUmption (gIEC)
…istheenergyavailableinthecity.Itisthedifferencebetweenim-portedandexportedenergy(netimports)andtheenergygenera-ted in the city itself.
hEating dEgrEE days
…arebasedonanindoortemperatureof20°Candabasetem-perature(exteriortemperatureatwhichthebuildingisheated)of12°C.ThisisdesignatedasHDD20/12.ThenumberofheatingdegreedaysisthesumofthedifferencebetweenindoorandmeanoutdoortemperatureonallheatingdegreedaysoverthecourseofayearandisgivenasKelvinxdays(Kd).
hEating plant …is a system for the centralised generation of heat for water and space heating or for use in industrial processes.
hot day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast30°C.
hybrid ProPuL SIon/ hybrid Car
…apropulsionsystemorvehiclethatusesacombinationofdiffe-renttechnologies.Inthisreport,thetermisusedforpropulsionsystems that combine petrol and electricity or diesel and electri-city.
iCE day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisbelow0°C.
KiloWatt pEaK (kwP)
…isanon-standardisedvaluethatdescribesthepeakpowerofasolar module.
Klip …isVienna’sclimateprotectionprogramme.
KlipbalanCE CalCUla-tion mEthod
…isthebasisforallcalculationsinVienna’sclimateprotectionprogramme(KLiP).ItistheresultsofBLIminusemissionstradeandminusvehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoVienna.ThevehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoViennaarecalculatedasthedifferencebetweentheemissionscausedbytrafficinBLIandtheAustrianemissioninventoryemikat.at.
othEr typE oF propUlsion
…inthisreport,thisreferstopropulsionsystemsthatuseliquidgasorhydrogen(fuelcells)aswellashybridsystemsthatcombinepetrolandliquidgasorpetrolandnaturalgas.
primary EnErgy …istheenergyformorenergysourceinitsinitialstate.Thismaybeafuel(e.g.coal,wood,naturalgas,crudeoil)orenergyfromthesun,windorambientheat.Primaryenergycanusuallyonlybeusedafterconversionintoanotherformofenergy.
pv arEa …thisreportusesphotovoltaicsurfaceareaasaunitofenergymeasurement.6.5m2ofPVareacorrespondto1,000kWh.
sECondary EnErgy
…istheenergythatistheresultoftheconversionofprimary energy.Thismaybewoodpellets,dieselfuelorelectricalenergy.
sUmmEr day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast25°C.
transmission lossEs
…referstotheenergythatislostintransmissionfromthesource,e.g.thepowerplant,tothefinalconsumer.Thisincludestheener-gyuseoftheenergysector,transportlossesandnon-energyuse.
UsEFUl EnErgy …istheenergythatisactuallyusedforheating,lighting,mechani-calwork,etc.
wEAtHEr-CorrECtEd data
…correctsthedifferencesbetweenyearscausedbydifferent weatherconditions.Asaresult,theenergyconsumptionof differentyearsisshownasitwouldhavebeenhadtheweatherbeen the same.
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Fig. 8distribution of energy generation and energy imports in vienna by source
ChaptEr 5Energy–fromgenerationtouse
Energy generation and imports
3.2 %renewables
1 %renewables
12.7 %electrical energy
1.4 %district heating
36.4 %gas
34.3 %oil
8.6 % renewables3.8 % combustible waste0.5 % ambient heat
total: 88.2 %
total: 1 %
import
Export
total: 12.8 %EnErgy gEnEration
b.Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption
Acityflatorahouseinthecountryside?Doeswhereyoulivemakeadifferenceintermsofenergyconsumption?Yes!Onaverage,livingintheouterpartsoftheViennaconurbation(intheadjoiningprovincesofLowerAustriaandBurgenland)consumesapproximately50%moreenergythanlivinginthecity,althoughthismaydifferforindividualhouseholds.
Whatcausesthesedifferencesinenergyconsumption?Amajorfactoristhattheshareof detachedhousesishigherinruralareasthaninthecity(55%inLowerAustriaandBurgenland comparedwith9%inVienna).Anaveragehouseconsumesmoreheatingenergythanaflat.Thisismainlyduetothelargersize:asingle-familydetachedhousehasanaveragesizeof115m²,whileaflathas75m²onaverage.Detachedhousesalsohavealesscompactconstructionstyle,increasingheatingenergydemandbyapproximately15%.
Atthesametime,livinginsuburbanandruralareasconsumesapproximately80%moreenergyformobilitythanlivinginthecity,whichismainlyduetolongerdailytripsandahigherrateofcarownership(1.5versus0.8inthecity).
average household 2014
spaceheating 13,200hotwater&cooking 3,700appliances&lighting 2,500transportation 10,900total 30,300
7,400 spaceheating 2,700 hotwater&cooking 2,100 appliances&lighting 5,300 transportation 17,500 total
197 m2 114 m2
sUbUrbs viEnna
kWh/household
pv area in m2
Fig. 9Energy consumption and pv area required for an average household in vienna vs. the suburbs
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c. Energy flow chart of the City of Vienna
Howmuchenergyisneededtorunawholecity?Whatenormousenergyflowsmovethroughthecityandwherearetheyused?TheenergyflowchartoftheCityofViennaanswersthesequestions.
Itshowshowmuchenergyisrequiredtosupplythecity(40,648GWh),wherethatenergyistransformed,andwhereitisfinallyused.
Thechartshowsacleardominanceoffossilenergysources(36%naturalgasand32%fuels)inthecity’senergymix.Approximatelyhalfofthenaturalgasisconvertedintoelectricityanddistrictheating.Fuelsandmineraloils(petrol,diesel,andotherpetroleumproducts),ontheotherhand,areusednearlyexclusivelybythelargestconsumptionsector,transportation.Theenergyflowchartalsoshowsenergylosses,whichamounttoover20,000GWhor48%ofgrossinlandenergyconsumption.Theselossesoccurduringdifferentphasesoftheenergyflow,withapproximately3,850GWhlostbeforearrivingattheenduser(conversionlosses,transportlosses,etc.)andapproximately15,650GWhlossesinend-userconsumption.
TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsur-faceareatoshowhowmuchPVareaisneededfortheaveragepersontoliveinthecityandtoshow how much PV area would be needed to supply the entire city.
Fig. 10Energy flow chart of the City of vienna 2015, based on data from 2015 [EFb] Source: Wien Energie
ChaptEr 5Energy–fromgenerationtouse
Gross inland energy consumption40,648 gWh
Electric energy 5,180
Districtheating 570
Liquidenergysources 1,022
Renewable energy sources 4,561
Solidenergy sources 1,568
Fuels 12,937
Naturalgas14,809
Conversion
7,022 7,788
2,5371,548 0
204
2284551,634
2,2214,167
5,689Conversionlosses
Energysectorconsumption, non-energy use
1,150
Final energy useby energy source36,793 gWh
36 % 13 % 1 % 3 % 11 % 4 % 32 %
Districtheating 5,804
16 %
Electric energy 8,197
Liquidenergysources 790
Renewable energy sources 2,025
Solidenergy sources 20
Fuels 12,935
Naturalgas7,022
19 % 22 % 2 % 6 % 0 % 35 %
12,295
27
589
204
1,0424,63
0
2,9002,597
2,919
211
438
10
981
1,491
208
556
3,70
9
873
227
169
1
8420
731
79
Final energy useby sector36,793 gWh
Energy unit:
106 kWh = 1 GWh
1 GWh = 3.6 TJ3.6 TJ = 3.6 × 1012 J(Joule)
Final energy use by end use36,793 gWh
1,397
6,57
5
1,540
14,157
1,869
696
5,424
921
2,36
11,
852
Productivesector,agriculture3,015
8 %
Services8,816
Trafficandtransport 14,157
Privatehouseholds10,805
29 % 38 %24 %
14 %
Power and lighting18,964
Space heating12,965
35 % 52 %
15,647
Process heat5,134
12,309
21,146
10,458 6,655
2,23
9
1,09
9 4,03
5
Energy lossesat end users
Useful energy consumption21,146gWh
- 5.5 %
- 4 %
90.5 %
100 %
90.5 %
90.5 %
- 38.5 %
52 %
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Fig. 11average energy consumption of one viennese resident in pv area
Energy consumption of one person in pv area
energy sector consumption
Power and lighting
energy losses at end users
transport losses
conversionlosses
TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsur-facearea.1unitofPVareahasasizeof6.5m2andgenerates1,000kWhenergy.In2015,everyinhabitantofViennawouldhaveneeded148PVunitstofueltheirlifestyle.Outofthese148units,19areprovidedfromwithinViennaand129havetobeimported.Only77ofthesePVareaunits(showninyellow)areconsumedasusefulenergy,therestarelostindifferentphasesoftheenergyflow.2PVareaunits(darkyellow)areconsumedbytheenergysectoritself, 4(darkgrey)aretransportlossesonthewaytothefinalconsumer,and8PVareaunits(lightgrey)areconversionlossesfromconvertingenergyfromoneformtotheother(e.g.biomass todistrictheating).Thelargestlosses,57PVareaunits(black)arecausedbyfinalconsumers.
vienna’s energy flows in pv area
14.
13.
23.
18.
19.
21.
22.20.
17.
16.
15.
1. 2.
3.
11.
10.12.
9.
8.
7.
6.5.
4.
Fig. 12Energy consumption and losses in vienna in pv area
InordertoprovideallenergyusedinVienna,twothirdsofthecity’ssurfacewouldhavetobecoveredwithPVpanels.Theenergysectorwouldconsumealltheenergygeneratedonanareathesizeofthe15thdistrict(darkyellow),the18th district would be needed to compensate transportlosses(lightgrey)andthe16thand20thdistrictwouldcoverconversionlosses(darkgrey).Inordertocoverthelossesatfinalconsumers(black),districts1through12wouldhavetobecompletelycoveredwithPVinstallations.Anareathesizeofthe14thandthe22nd district wouldbeneededtoprovidetheusefulenergy(yellow).
ChaptEr 5Energy–fromgenerationtouse
6 MonIToRInG InDIcaToRs foR THe sMaRT cITY wIen fRaMewoRK sTRaTeGY
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TheadoptionoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyinJune2014wasanenormoussteptowardssustainableenergysupplythroughresourceconservationandintelligentuseofresources.Thestrategydefinedenergy-relevanttargetsfordifferentareas,suchasefficientenergyuse,renewableenergysources,mobility,andbuildings.Thischapterpresentsindicatorsforalloftheseenergy-relatedtargetsthatwillhelpmonitorprogresstowardsreachingtheseobjectives.IndicatorsthatarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyarepresentedinchapter2.
a. Emissions per capita
ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategychapter“Highestpossibleresourcepreservation”is:ReducingpercapitagreenhousegasemissionsinViennabyatleast35%by2030and80%by2050(from1990levels).
table 1.1greenhouse gas emissions per capita in vienna in tonnes of Co2 equiva-lentsSources: [BLI 2013] and [emi-kat.at 2013]
t Co equivalents per capita 2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2013 Change [%] base year 1990
Emissions according to KliP method
3.8 3.6 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 –26.1%
Fig. 1.1greenhouse gas emissions per capita in vienna in tonnes of Co2 equiva-lentsSources: [BLI 2013], [emikat.at 2013] and [SCWR]
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Emissions according to KliP methodLinear target path until 2050 (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsTarget value KliP II (2020: -20% from 1990)SCWR base value (1990)SCWR target value (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)
ghg emissions per capita
note: Theemissionscalculated using the KliP balance calculation method are the basis for all calculations for Vienna’sclimateprotectionprogrammes(KLiPIandKLiPII).Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
b. Final energy consumption per capita
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000watt.1
kWh per capita 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005
Final energy consumption per capita
18,486 20,931 21,680 24,211 23,704 22,513 20,825 –13.98%
table 1.2Final energy consumption per capita in viennaSources: [Energiebilanz 2014] and [Bevölkerung]
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Final energy consumption in vienna per capita
Final energy consumption per capitaLinear target path until 2050 (-40% from 2005)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsSCWR base value (2005) SCWR target value (-40% from 2005)
Fig. 1.2Final energy consumption per capita in vienna, 1990 – 2014, sCWr targetSources: [Ener-giebilanz 2014], [Bevölkerung] and [SCWR]
note:Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
1ThistargetaswellasallthefollowingclimateandenergytargetsinthischaptercanonlybeachievediftheactivitiesoftheCityofViennareceivesupportintheformofsuitableframeworkconditionsbythefederalgovernmentandtheEU,includingtheconsiderationofearlyactions.
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c. Primary energy consumption per capita
ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysec-tion“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is: IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000watt.
table 1.3primary energy consumption in vienna as continuous power rating per capitaSources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Bevölke-rung], [SCWR], [AEA], [MA 37] and [OIB]37 und OIB
W per capita 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005
Primary energy consumption per capita
2,833 2,940 3,286 3,172 3,062 2,831 –13.8%
Fig. 1.3primary energy consumption in vienna as continuous power rating 1995-2014, sCWr targetSources : [Energiebilanz 2014], [Bevölke-rung], [SCWR], [AEA], [MA 37] and [OIB]
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
primary energy consumption in vienna, continuous power rating per capita
Primary energy consumption per capitaLinear target path until 2050 (2050: 2,000 W)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsSCWR target value (2050: 2,000 W per capita)SCWR base value (2005)
note:Primary energy consumptioniscalculatedbasedonfinalenergyconsumptionforViennaandconversionfactors(AEA,MA37,OIB).TheSwissmethodofthe2,000-wattsocietycannotyetbeappliedexactly.Themethodisbeingdevelopedfurther.Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.
d. Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:In2030,over20%,andin2050,50%ofVienna‘sgrossenergyconsumptionwillbecoveredfrom renewable sources2.
gWh 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005
Renewable energy in Vienna 2,305 4,078 4,193 4,091 +77,5%
Imports of renewable electrical energy 1,673 985 3,778 4,615 +175.8%
GrossfinalenergyconsumptioninVienna 41,352 41,956 40,785 38,356 –7.2%
Renewable energy in Vienna 9.6% 12.1% 19.5% 22.7% +135.9%
table 1.4share of renew-able energy in gross final energy con-sumption in vienna pursuant to EU directive 2009/28/ECSources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Strom-marktbericht e-control] and [SCWR]
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
share of renewable energy
Linear target path until 2050 (2020: 20%; 2050: 50%)SCWR target value (2030: 20%; 2050: 50%)Share of renewable energy (Vienna)Share of renewable energy (imports)
Fig. 1.4share of renewableenergy in grofinal energy consumptionvienna pursuto EU directi2009/28/EC, 2005-2014, sCWr target
ss
in ant
ve
Sources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Strom-marktbericht e-control] and [SCWR]
note:Theimport of renewable electrical energy is calculated based on the amount imported according to the ener-gybalanceofStatisticsAustriaandtheshareofrenewablesintheAustrianelectricitymarketaccordingtotheelectricity market report of energy market regulator e-control.
2Thesedonotnecessarilyhavetobelocatedinthecityitself.
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Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
40
e. Choice of transportation
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:StrengtheningCO2-freemodesoftransportation(walkingandcycling),maintainingthehighshareofpublictransportanddecreasingmotorisedindividualtraffic(MIT)inthecityto20%by2025,to15%by2030,andtomarkedlylessthan15%by2050.
table 1.5: modes of trans-port in viennaSource: [Wiener Linien]
mode of transport 1993 1999 2003 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2010
Bicycle 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 7 +40.0%
Motorcycle 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Public transport 29 33 34 35 36 39 39 39 +8.3%
Car 40 36 35 32 31 27 28 28 –9.7%
Walking 28 27 27 27 28 28 27 26 –7.1%Fig. 1.5: modes of trans-port in vienna, 1993-2014Sources: [Wiener Linien] and [SCWR]
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1993
1999
2003
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Targetvalue202
5
Targetvalue203
0
Targetvalue205
0
mode of transport
Public transportWalkingCarCyclingMotorcycle
Target value walking&cyclingTarget value public transportTarget value MIT
f. Share of electric and hybrid cars
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:By2030,thelargestpossibleshareofMITistobeshiftedtopublictransportandnon-motorisedtypesoftrafficorshouldmakeuseofnewpropulsiontechnologies(e.g.electricvehicles).By2050,allmotorisedindividualtrafficwithinthemunicipalboundariesistooperatewithoutconventionalpropulsiontechnologies.
share of electric and hybrid cars
2005 2010 2013 2014
Burgenland 0.001 0.083 0.161 0.207
Carinthia 0.005 0.084 0.201 0.256
LowerAustria 0.005 0.115 0.244 0.321
UpperAustria 0.001 0.089 0.219 0.276
Salzburg 0.003 0.117 0.331 0.416
Styria 0.002 0.081 0.198 0.262
Tyrol 0.002 0.099 0.260 0.339
Vorarlberg 0.009 0.202 0.515 0.594
Vienna 0.003 0.193 0.427 0.540
table 1.6share of elec-tric and hybrid cars by federal provinceSource: [KFZ-Bestand]
note:Targetfor2050:100%
0.7%
0.6%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
share of electric and hybrid cars
ViennaVorarlbergTyrol
StyriaSalzburgUpper Austria
Lower AustriaCarinthiaBurgenland
ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
Fig. 1.6share of elec-tric and hybrid cars by federal province, 2004-2014Source: [KFZ-Bestand]
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Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
g. Share of electric and hybrid lorries
ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:By2030,commercialtrafficoriginatingandterminatingwithinthemunicipalboundariesistobelargelyCO
2-free.
table 1.7share of electric and hybrid lorries by federal provinceSource: [KFZ-Bestand]
share of electric and hybrid lorries
2005 2010 2013 2014
Burgenland 0.007 0.024 0.056 0.060
Carinthia 0.012 0.041 0.243 0.257
LowerAustria 0.010 0.026 0.157 0.192
UpperAustria 0.005 0.010 0.109 0.126
Salzburg 0.021 0.015 0.110 0.133
Styria 0.006 0.016 0.146 0.206
Tyrol 0.003 0.012 0.128 0.147
Vorarlberg 0.012 0.027 0.135 0.157
Vienna 0.015 0.031 0.218 0.332
Fig. 1.7share of electric and hybrid lorries by federal province, 2004-2014Source: [KFZ-Bestand]
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
share of electric and hybrid lorries
ViennaVorarlbergTyrol
StyriaSalzburgUpper Austria
Lower AustriaCarinthiaBurgenland
note:Commercial traffic bothoriginatingandterminatinginViennaiscurrentlynotbeingmeasured.NotallcommercialvehiclesregisteredinViennaareusedfortripswithinVienna.Thetargetvaluecannotbeexactlymonitoredwiththecurrentlyavailabledata.Includedvehicles:Lorriesandsemi-trailertowingvehicles(categoryN)aswellassmallmotorisedtransportvehicles.
h. Energy consumption of passenger traffic across city limits
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:Reductionofenergyconsumptionbypassengertrafficacrossmunicipalboundariesby10%by2030.
Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents in vienna
1991 2010 2015 Change [%] base year 2010
Distancedrivenbycarsofnon-residents inVienna(inmillionkm)
1,596 1,820 1,809 –0.6%
AveragefuelconsumptioninVienna [l/100km]
8.5 7.3 7.1 –2.7%
Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents inVienna[inmillionl]
136 133 128 –3.3%
table 1.8Fuel consump-tion of cars of non-residents in viennaSources: [Private PKW, MA 18, SCWR]
Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents in vienna [in million l]
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Fuel consumption [million l/year]SCWR target path (2030: -10%)SCWR base valueSCWR target value 2030 (-10 %)
Fig. 1.8Fuel consump-tion of cars of non-residents in vienna, 1990, 2010 and 2015, sCWr targetSources: [Private PKW, MA 18, SCWR]
note:Theenergyconsumption of passenger traffic across city boundaries is not currently being measured.Fuel consumption iscalculatedbasedontheaverageconsumptionofcarsinVienna(StatisticsAustria)andthesimulateddrivingperformanceofcarsofnon-residentsinViennaaccordingtothetrafficmodel(MA18).TheseresultsdonotmatchthedefinedSCWRtarget(trafficofnon-residentsversustrafficacrosscitylimits).
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Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20
i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning
ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:Cost-optimisedzero-energybuildingstandardsforallnewstructures,additionsandrefurbishmentfrom2018/2020andfurtherdevelopmentoffuturesupplysystemstowardsevenbetterclimateprotectionlevels.
table 1.9share of energy sources in final energy con-sumption for space and water heating and air conditioning in viennaSource: [Nutz-energieanalyse 2014]
Share in final energy consumption 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005
Combustible waste 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% –91.6%
Electrical energy 9.5% 9.3% 9.5% 10.2% +6.6%
Districtheating 32.7% 37.8% 38.8% 39.3% +20.2%
Gas 44.5% 43.2% 42.1% 40.8% –8.4%
Coal 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% –77.1%
Oil 9.2% 4.9% 3.2% 3.5% –62.0%
Renewables total 3.5% 4.6% 6.3% 6.1% +77.3%
Fig. 1.9share of energy sources in final energy con-sumption for space and water heating and air conditioning in vienna, 2005-2014Source: [Nutz-energieanalyse 2014]
share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning, vienna 2005-2014
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Electrical energyDistrict heatingRenewable energy sources
CoalOilGasCombustible waste
note:Renewable energy sourcesincludebiogenicfuels,fuelwoodandambientheat.TheViennadistrictheatingsystemusesrenewables,wasteheat(e.g.cogeneration)andpeakloadpowerplants(e.g.gas).
j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating and air conditioning per capita
Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:Comprehensiverefurbishmentactivitiesentailthereductionofenergyconsumptionofexistingbuildingsforspaceheating/cooling/waterheatingby1%percapitaandyear3.
kWh per capita 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2010
Final energy consumption for space heating,airconditioningandhotwater
10,014 10,405 9,628 8,277 –20%
table 1.10Final energy consumption for space and water hea-ting and air conditioning in vienna per capitaSource: [Nutzenergie-analyse 2014]Final energy consumption for space heating,
air conditioning and hot water (kWh per capita)
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsFinal energy consumption for space heating, air conditioning and hot waterSCWR base value (2008-2012 average)SCWR target path (-1% per year [from 2008-2012 average])
Fig. 1.10Final energy consumption for space and water hea-ting and air conditioning in vienna per capita, 2005-2014, sCWr target pathSources: [Nutzenergie-analyse 2014] and [SCWR]
note:Thetargetpath„-1%peryearfrom2010“iscalculatedusingtheequation Targetvalue (Targetyear-Baseyear)
(Targetyear) = Final energy consumption(Baseyear) ×0.99 . Thestartingyearis2010andthestartingvalueistheaverageof2008to2012.
3ThistargetvalueassumesthatthefederalgovernmentandtheEUcreatesuitableframeworkconditionstosupport the measures.
MoreinformationonMunicipalDepartment20:www.energieplanung.wien.at