Energy! ahead - Energy report of the City of Vienna 2016€¦ · 6. monitoring indicators for the smart City Wien Framework strategy . a. Emissions per capita 36 b. Final energy consumption

Energy! ahead

Energy Report of the Cit y of ViennaData for 2014/ Year of reporting 2016, Municipal Department 20

data 2014 for the City of Vienna

Energy! ahead

abbrEviations

BLI BundesländerLuftschadstoffInventur–surveyofairpollutantsinAustriaCHP Combined heat and poweremikat.at Emissions and energy data management system oftheAustrianInstituteofTechnology(AIT)GHG Greenhouse gasesGIEC Gross inland energy consumptionKliP Climate protection programme of the City of ViennakWp Kilowatt peakMA MunicipalDepartmentMIT MotorisedindividualtrafficPV PhotovoltaicsSCWR Smart City Wien Framework StrategySEP UrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeoftheCityofVienna

imprint

owner and publisher: ViennaCityAdministration/MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningStrategic coordination and editing of first chapter:MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanning,www.energieplanung.wien.atBerndVogl,HerbertRitter,UrsulaHeumesser,KristinaGrgićEnergyCenterWienatTINAViennaMatthiasWatzak-Helmer,UteGigler,PetraSchöfmannInformationstechnologie im Energiebereich Valuch Monika Valuchdesign, illustration, layout:ErdgeschossGmbH,www.erdgeschoss.atCopyright photos:LukasBeck,ChristianFürthner/MA20,MA25, ChristianFürthner/MA33,ORF/ThomasJantzentranslation:SylviRennertprinted at:SPV-DRUCKGESELLSCHAFTm.b.H.,www.spvdruck.atPrintedonecologicalCO

2-neutral paper produced following “Ökokauf Wien” criteria.

published and printed:Vienna2016

1. preface 7

2. interviews 8

3. milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future 16

4. municipal department 20 – Energy planning: shaping vienna’s energy future 22

5. Energy – from generation to use a. Anoverviewofthemainconcepts 27 b. Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption 30 c. EnergyflowchartoftheCityofVienna 32

6. monitoring indicators for the smart City Wien Framework strategy a. Emissionspercapita 36 b. Finalenergyconsumptionpercapita 37 c. Primaryenergyconsumptionpercapita 38 d. Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption 39 e. Choiceoftransportation 40 f. Shareofelectricandhybridcars 41 g. Shareofelectricandhybridlorries 42 h. Energyconsumptionofpassengertrafficacrosscitylimits 43 i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning 44 j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating andairconditioningpercapita 45

Table of conTenTs4 5indin

gs CE,

a EWs

EF vi

pr r

intE

and F

? !

6

TheParisAgreementconcludedatthe21stWorldClimateConference(COP21)isahistoricturning point and marks a worldwide commitment to ending the use of fossil energy sources. Inlightofglobalclimatechange,weneedfar-reachingandeffectivemeasuresforanener-gytransitionandwemustdoeverythinginourpowertosupportsustainabletechnologies,innovativedevelopmentandresearch.ThegovernmentoftheCityofViennahasrecognisedthisandsetacourseforaforward-lookingenergyframeworkstrategy.Theenergyframeworkstrategyisbeingdevelopedinclosecoordinationwiththeexistingclimategoalsandtheprin-ciplesoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategy.WeaimtoreduceCO

2emissionsby80%by2050.Energysupplysecurity,renewableenergyandenergyefficiencyareatthecoreofourefforts.Citiesoffergreatopportunitiestosteertheglobalenergysystemtowardssustainability.Morethanhalftheglobalpopulationislivingincitiesandsome80%ofenergyconsumedworldwi-deisusedinurbanareas.By2050,twothirdsoftheworld’spopulationareexpectedtoliveincities. Growing urbanisation and the economic growth this creates increase urban energy con-sumption.Therefore,we,asdecision-makersinthecities,holdthekeytoasuccessfulenergytransition and to reaching the climate goals. Urban areas encompass more than just the city; they also include the greater region. In keepingwiththegoalsoftheParisAgreement,theadjoiningprovincesofBurgenland,LowerAustriaandViennaarecurrentlydevelopingajointstrategicapproachforasustainableenergysystem.Theexploratoryproject“EnergyLabEast”aimstouncoverpotentialsforanenergytransitionineasternAustria.Theprojectregionischaracterisedbyruralareas,whererenew-ableenergygenerationcanbeexpanded.Atthesametime,thegrowingurbancentresintheregionactas“energysponges”thatuserenewableenergywhenitisavailableinexcessandalsostoreenergyfortimesoflowerproduction.Thefocusisonfindinganswerstoanticipatedchallengesforlocal,regionalandcross-regionalgridsaswellasshort-termandseasonalenergy storage. We also aim to identify potential showcase projects. What is special about the projectisthatitisacooperationbetweenthethreefederalprovinces(theirprovincialenergyagenciesandrepresentativesoftheofficesoftheprovincialgovernments)andthethreemainenergy supply companies in the region.ItisinitiativeslikethisthatbenefitfromtheimpetusprovidedbytheParisAgreementandhelpusimplementsustainableenergysystems.Together,wecanreachourclimateandenergytargetsandensureclean,sustainableenergy.

maria vassilakou

maria vassilakou DeputyMayorofVienna,ExecutiveCityCouncillor for Urban Planning,Traffic&Transport,ClimateProtection,EnergyandPublic Participation

1 PReface

7

Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna Energy Report of the City of Vienna Ma 20

8 9

ChaptEr 2Interviews

WolFgang müllErhasbeenDeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofViennasince2010.HestudiedlawwhileservingasanofficeroftheAustrianArmedForcesandhasbeenworkingfortheCityofViennasince1991.

2 InTeRvIews bY beRnD voGl

WolfgangMüller,DeputyChiefExecutiveDirectoroftheCityofVienna

bErnd vogl: The City of Vienna has become more open about sharing its valuable data, which is a very positive development. I am sure that has to do with the efforts to activate the city’s often-cited 1.8 million brains. We as the energy department aim to participate in this process and also make energy data available. You are in charge of a considerable part of this process and you are also one of the leading figures in the city’s innovation strategy. What does it mean to make the city administration’s data publicly accessible? What is the overall policy of the City of Vienna with regard to open government and open data?

WolFgang müllEr:Thekeyquestionwhenitcomestoopengovernmentandopendataisreallyafundamentalone:Dowebelieveinopenaccessornot?WeatViennaCityAdminis-trationbegandevelopingouropengovernmentstrategyin2011andithasradicallychangedthewayinwhichwework.Today,weregularlyexchangeinformationwithvariousplayersandare always thinking about what else we could do and what other data we could share. When we startedout,weweremuchmorefocusedonobstacles,onwhywecouldnotdothisorthat.Thatisdifferenttoday.Opengovernmenthaschangedus.

TheprocessofmakingtheCityAdministrationmoreaccessibleisbuiltonthreemainprin-ciples:transparency,participationandcooperation.Thatlastoneismostimportant–interactingwiththecommunity.Andit’sworking.Sofar,wehavepublishedover300datasets,whichhavebeenusedtodevelop196appsandvisualisations.Thisallowsustoreachanincredibly broad range of people.

What does publishing such data mean for privacy?

WolFgang müllEr:Itisgoodtopublishalotofdataandmakeitopenlyavailable,butofcourseweshouldnotforgetthatsomedatamaybeverysensitiveifitcanbetracedbacktoanindividual.Therefore,weareverycarefulwithsuchdata.Andpersonaldataisnotpublishedasamatterofprinciple.TheCityofViennahasanadvisorycouncilofexpertsthataddressesprivacyaspectsandtheclassificationofdata.Sofar,wehavenothadanyproblems.

Ofcoursetherearealsoreservations,particularlywhenitcomestoquestionsofhowtoreactwhenpeoplecriticisethedataquality.Butweareseeingaculturalshiftthereaswell,inhow wedealwithfeedback.Whenfeedbackisseenassupportive,thedepartmentsoftheCityAdministrationhavenoissueswithitanduseittoimprovetheirwork.

What is the relationship between apps and data? You mentioned that a lot has been done and many apps have been developed. Does the city have a specific strategy in this regard?

WolFgang müllEr:TheCityofViennaleadsthefieldinternationallywithregardtothedevelopmentofappsfromitsopendata.Wetrytofindoutwhichdataandwhichkindofappspeoplewant.Insomecases,thereisanenormousdemandfordatathatwewouldnothaveexpectedanyonetobeinterestedin,suchashistoricaldataandtimeseries–“whatdidthislooklikefiveyearsago,howwasthattenyearsago?”

TheCityofViennapursuesanopenstrategyinordertofindoutwhatpeoplewant.OurDigitalAgendaisdesignedandimplementedinatransparentandparticipatoryway.Itisanopenplatforminwhichanyonecanparticipate,onlineoroffline.WedecidedwedidnotwantanITstrategythatwaswrittenbyafewexpertsbehindcloseddoors.Wewantedanyonetobeabletoparticipate.Andpeopledid.Weweresurprisedatthenumbersandthediversityofparti-cipants.Atourfirstopenlab,wehadabout100participantsandanincrediblyconstructivediscussion.

Themostimportantthingaboutthisprocesswasthatwedidnotsetoutwithafixedideaofwhattheresultshouldlooklike.Thatwasariskwewerewillingtotake.Wedidhaveageneralframework,butwedidnotdefinewhatkindofresultsweexpected.Thatiswhatopeninnovationisabout:wedon’texactlyknowwheretheroadwilltakeus,andthatisthekeytosuccess,becauseitfacilitatesextremelyinnovativeandconstructivecooperation.

The online city map is a very interesting tool with an enormous range of functions. It is also an important tool for the energy sector. We started out by displaying the potential for solar energy on Vienna’s roofs. These days, people can also check the energy potential of ground heat, groundwater and wind at their location. What else are you planning for the online map?

WolFgang müllEr:Atoollikethatneedsup-to-date,fullyelectronicgeoreferenceddata,asisthecasewithouronlinecitymap,whichhasdataonover200differenttopics.Anditisgoing to increase in importance.

Werecentlyreceivedtheinternational“GeospatialWorldExcellenceAward”forourapproach.WecreatedanadministrativemapofAustriatogetherwiththeotherfederalprovinces(base-map.at).ItcombinesthegeodataofAustria’sfederalprovinces,citiesandmunicipalitiesinasinglemap,anditisthefirstnationalmapintheGerman-speakingregiontobemadefreelyavailableworldwideasopengovernmentdata.TheCityofViennawasinchargeofprojectmanagement.Anotherimportantissuewhenyoupublishdatainanonlinemapisofcourse,again,privacy.

What do you think of the city’s overall approach to innovation? Innovation, for me, is a solution that has not been attempted before. Innovation exists in different fields, not only in technology. Innovation is not only material; it can also be about new financing models or services. When innovations are applied, things improve.

WolFgang müllEr:Iagree.Innovationissomethingnewthatisimplementedandisinsomewayeconomicallyrelevant.Often,innovationmakesthingseasier.I’mthinkingofthero-botwedevelopedtogetherwiththefiredepartment–theinnovationthereisnotthatithassomanyfunctionsbutthatitissoeasytouse.Tobeinnovative,youneedthecouragetoembarkon a journey without knowing whether it will be successful.

Innovations are often created by small companies and organisations. Big players often seek inspiration from smaller ones. Is that the case for the City of Vienna as well?

WolFgang müllEr:Ofcourseweneedideasfromtheoutside.TheCityAdministrationhastwoapproachestopromotinginnovation:Ontheonehand,wecansupportspecificdevelop-mentswhenweawardcontracts.Ontheotherhand,thecityalsocreatesinnovation

togetherwithvariousplayers.OneexampleisourDigitalCityinitiative,wherewecooperatewiththeITindustryandtheydevelopentirecomputerprogramswithoutanyparticular specificationsfromus.Innovationhappensbecausewesupporttheexchangeofideasandcooperation.Ibelievethisisanareawhereweasacitycanbeveryopenbecausewehavenothing to hide.


10 11

ChaptEr 2Interviews

12


13

ChaptEr 2Interviews

bErnd voglbecame Head of the Energy PlanningDepartment (MA20)inSeptember2011after working for more than 18yearsattheMinistryofEnvironmentalAffairsinthefieldofenergyplanningandinnovativeenergysystems.

bErnhard Jarolimwas appointed Head of MunicipalDepartment25(UrbanRenewal&InspectingAuthorityforResidentialBuil-dings)in2010.Hehasbeenworking for the City of Vienna since1995,includinginthedepartment for technical property matters.

BernhardJarolim

bErnd vogl: Housing and energy planning are important topics in a growing city that aims to be a smart city. What do you think will be the great challenges of the next decade?

bErnhard Jarolim: ThelargestchallengeissurelytheinfluxofpeopletoVienna;atrendwehaveobservedforseveralyearsandwhichwillcontinueintheyearsahead.Thisincreasespressureonthehousingmarket.Theincreaseinrentsontheopenhousingmarketisaboveaverageand,unfortunately,frequentlyexceedsthelegalthresholds.Thecityneedstobuildevenmoreaffordablehousingthansofar.Inordertoensurethathousingremainsaffordable,theconstructionofnewflatswillbeincreasedby30%by2018oninitiativeofExecutiveCityCouncillorforHousingMichaelLudwig–thatis13,000newflatsayear,9,000ofwhichwillbesubsidised.Wealreadybuild7,000subsidisedflatsayear,whichismorethananyothercityinEurope.Atthesametime,wealsowanttomaintainourhighstandardsofqualityinhousing,particularlywithregardtotheenergybalanceofbuildings.Thereisnoquestionthathousingplaysanimportantroleinwhetherwereachourclimateandenergytargetsornot.Thisalsorequirestheparticipationoftheconstructionindustry.

The City of Vienna offers subsidies to ensure that housing stays affordable. In the energy sector, we have subsidies for flats and buildings on the one hand and for renewable energy generation on the other. The latter is intended to get people to invest in photovoltaics and other green energy systems that reduce their energy costs in the long term. Which type of subsidy is better?

bErnhard Jarolim: Weneedboth,weneedabalance.Pittingonetypeofsubsidyagainstthe other is not the way to go. Vienna has struck a good balance between the two. Housing shouldbeaffordableforeveryone,andwhenyousubsidiseflats,particularlyinsocialhousing,yougetagoodsocialmixandpreventtheformationofghettos,marginalisation,andonlysomepartsofthepopulationbeingabletoaffordtoliveinefficient,high-qualitybuildings.Atthesametime,however,subsidisingPVinstallationsandotherpowersystemshasacon-siderableadvantage:peoplebecomeveryattachedtothem.Schemeswherewesubsidisetheentirebuildingoronlypartsofthesystemdon’tcreatethatsenseofownership.Itfeelscompletelydifferentwhenyoupersonallyinvestinrenewableenergy.ThissubsidyschemeisaveryinnovativeapproachthatIbelievewecouldexpand.

What do you think the future of housing subsidies will be considering the spending cuts the city is planning for the next years?

bErnhard Jarolim: Thecity’sspendingreformiscurrentlystillbeingdeveloped,andtheexpertsaredeterminingwheresavingsarepossible.Housingisafundamentalneed.Apositivelivingenvironmentcontributessignificantlytowell-beingandqualityoflife.Thatisprobably not an area where there will be spending cuts. Quite the opposite: there will need to beinvestmentsinhousing.Andofcoursehousingconstructionisalsoanenormousboostforthe economy.

What kind of offers does the housing industry need from energy suppliers? Are there any things you’d like to see?

bErnhard Jarolim: Inmyview,cooperationbetweenthehousingindustryandenergysuppliersisverypositiveandforward-looking.I’mafanofdistrictheating,soofcourseIwouldliketoseemoreofit,particularlyinsubsidisedhousing.Ibelievethatweshouldusedistrictheatingwhereitiseconomicallyfeasibleforavarietyofreasons,notleastofthemclimateprotection.Itwouldalsobeimportanttomakesurethatpeoplelivinginnewlyconstructedenergyop-timisedbuildingsreallyunderstandhowheating,ventilationandhotwatergenerationwork.Usersareoftennotawareoftheimportanceofgoodairinghabits.Airingaflatthewrongwaycan cause considerably higher energy consumption and energy costs than necessary.

That makes sense. Nobody understands why the energy costs in a passive house are as high as in an old building. Do newer, more efficient buildings need a new billing system for heating costs?

bErnhard Jarolim: Whenitcomestopassivehouses,weneedalotmoreeducationfortheinhabitants.Whatweareseeingisthatmanypeoplemoveintopassivehousesbutdon’tchangetheirlivinghabits.Remarkably,wearealsoseeingsomepeopleinpassivehousesbecominglessenergyconsciousand,forexample,usingmorehotwater.Thereisalotbeingdoneintermsofeducationbutchangingyourbehaviourisaprocessthatdoesn’thappenovernight.TheHeatingCostsActwasdevelopedforcompletelydifferentbuildingtypesthantheoneswearebuildingtoday.Innewbuildingswhereoptimumuserbehaviourleadstoanextremelylowenergydemand,weneednewregulationsforbilling.Theyshouldmoveawayfromafixedaveragetowardsreflectingactualenergyconsumption.Tenantsshouldbeabletoseethedirectimpactoftheirlivinghabitsontheirenergybill.

We often know very little about how much energy a planned building will really consume or about the practical impact of certain energy-relevant measures. Could monitoring help?

bErnhard Jarolim: Itisgoodtohavedatawhenplanningnewbuildingsandurbandevelopmentandrenewalmeasures.Thatwaywecanseehoweffectivedifferentmeasuresareandwhichtypesofbuildingswork.InAspern–Vienna’sUrbanLakeside,wearecurrentlycollectingsuchdataintheurbandevelopmentarea’snewbuildings.Thedatacollectedthereisagoodfoundationforfutureplanning,andwewillalsobeabletobenefitfromtheresultsofthelargeEU-subsidisedurbanrenewalproject“SmarterTogether”.Thefocusinthatprojectisonmeasuringtheeffectofvariousrefurbishmentandrenewalmeasures.Theprojectshowshowmuchispossibleandfromhowmanydifferentpointsofviewrefurbishmentcanbeapproached.Byinvolvingthepopulation,wearealsostrengtheningtheiridentificationwiththeneighbourhood,whichimprovesqualityoflifeaswell.Thesetwoexamplesshowthaturbandevelopmentandrenewalmustbeapproachedfromanevenmoremultidisciplinaryperspectivethansofar.Italsomakessensetolookatlargerareasratherthanindividualbuildingsorcityblocks.Thatalsomakesiteasiertodevelopcomprehensiveenergyconcepts,placeafocusonparticipation,ordeveloptailoredmobilitysolutions.Thisbenefitsalltheinhabitantsofourcityenormously,whethertheyliveinsubsidised housing or not.

The EU project “Smarter Together” is a good example of multidisciplinary cooperation. It involves many different project partners. How do you experience cooperation within the Vienna City Administration?

bErnhard Jarolim: Verygoodoverall,becauseourunderstandingforeachotherhas improved.Onereasonforthatisthatdepartmentsandassociatedorganisationsare exchangingmoreinformationwitheachotherthankstovariousmeasures.Andthatis happeningatalllevelsofthecityadministration.Thestructuralandspendingreformofthecityisanotherexampleofhowaholisticapproachhelpsusachieveourgoalsfasterandinamore satisfactory way. 14 15


ChaptEr 2Interviews

3 MIlesTones on THe RoaD To a sUsTaInable eneRGY fUTURe

16 17


ChaptEr 3Milestones on the road to a sustainable energy future

COP21–breakthroughforanewglobalclimateprotectionagreement

The21stUNclimateconferencewasheldinParisfrom30Novemberto12December2015.Forthefirsttime,nearlyallcountriesoftheworldagreedtoundertakejointeffortstocombatclimatechange.Amajortargetsetoutintheagreementistokeeptheincreaseinglobalaveragetemperaturewellbelow2°Cabovepreindustriallevelsandideallytolimittheincreaseto1.5°C.

Thisobjectivecanonlybeachievedthroughanumberoffar-reachingmeasuresthatmustbeimplementedstartingimmediately.Thisincludesreducingglobalnetgreenhousegasemissionsto0between2045and2060.Nationstatesmustreportsufficientreductiongoals.Ifthesegoalsturnouttobeinsufficient,strictertargetswillbedemandedandseteveryfiveyears.IntherunuptotheCOP21negotiations,theEuropeanUnionsetitselfbindingtargetsfor2030inordertostrengthen the proponents of an international agreement:

- a40%cutingreenhousegasemissionscomparedto1990levels- atleasta27%shareofrenewableenergyconsumption- atleast27%energysavings

AsoneresultofCOP21,theEuropeanCommissionpublishedaproposalwithbindingnationaltargetstobemetbytheMemberStatesby2030forthesectorsnotcoveredbyemissionstrading.ForAustria,thetargetisareductioningreenhousegasemissionsby36%comparedto2005levels.

ClimateprotectionhasbeenapriorityforViennaformanyyears.TheParisAgreementsup-portsthecity’seffortstowardsasustainableenergysystem.

Successful efficiency programme

In2006,theViennaCityCounciladoptedtheUrbanEnergyEfficiencyProgramme(SEP).ItsobjectivewastocreateastrategicframeworkforenergyefficiencymeasuresinViennaby2015andtoreducetheexpectedincreaseinenergyconsumptioninViennafrom12to7%.

ThefinalreportonthefullSEPimplementationperiod(2006to2015)hasnowbeenpublished.Itshowsthattheobjectivewasmorethanachieved.Intheperiodunderreview,thedocumentedproject-relatedenergysavingsamountedtoapproximately155GWhayear.Iftheenergysavingsthatcouldnotbedocumented(e.g.infederalbuildingsandinbusinesses)areincluded,thetotalsavingscanbeassumedtobeconsiderablyhigherthanthedocumented155GWhandcertainlywellabovetheSEPtargetof180GWh.

SEPsuccessfullyestablishedtheimportanceofenergyefficiencyinViennaandshowedthatenergysavingsarepossibleeverywhere.SincetheadoptionofSEPin2006,theconditionsforenergyefficiencypolicyhaveprogressedconsiderablyatboththeEuropeanandnationallevels.Efficiencyisbecomingincreasinglyimportantandmeasuresarebecomingmorebinding

(cf.EUEnergyEfficiencyDirective2012/27/EUandFederalEnergyEfficiencyAct).Goingforward,itwillbeimportantnottoslowdownbuttocontinuetofocusonthesystematicimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasures.Afollow-upprogrammeisalreadybeingdevelopedwiththatinmind.

E-mobilitystrategy–moree-mobilityforVienna

TheCityofViennaispreparingfortheincreaseine-mobilitythatisexpectedforthecomingyears.Electricvehiclesarebecominganincreasinglyviablealternativetocarsthatrunondieselandpetrol.Withitse-mobilitystrategy,theCityofViennaismakingimportantinroadstowardsexpandingelectromobilityinthecity.Thisincludesanetworkofelectricvehiclechar-gingstationsthatwillbebuiltinViennainthenextyears.Newchargingtechnologies,impro-vedvehiclesandsinkingproductioncostsmakethistheidealtimetostartbuildingacitywidenetworkofpubliclyaccessiblechargingstations.Providingsupplysecuritythroughoutthecitywill hopefully contribute to reducing scepticism toward e-mobility and create an additional incentiveforswitchingtoanelectricvehicle.

Thechargingnetworkwillbebasedonthecitywidestreetlightingnetwork,whichoffersidealconditionsforsettingupchargingstationswhilealsoreducingcosts.Additionalchargingsta-tionswillbesetupinthesemi-publicspaceandonpubliclyaccessibleprivateproperty.

Withtheimplementationofthee-taxiprojectofViennaPublicUtilities,thecityalsoshowsthatitiscommittedtoinvestingine-mobility.Currently,subsidyschemesarebeingdiscussedtofurtherpromotee-mobilityinthecourseofrenewalsofthecity’svehiclefleets.

MA

20

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Fig. 1E-mobility in vienna

18 19



Innovativeuseofwasteheat–modernisingtheMannerfactory

ThegovernmentmanifestoofVienna’scoalitiongovernmentincludestheincreaseduseofwasteheatandgroundheatassourcesofenergy.AshowcaseprojectfortheuseofindustrialwasteheatcanbefoundinVienna’s17thdistrictatthehistoricalMannersweetsfactory.Itshowshow,usingacombinationofvariousinnovativetechnicalsolutions,businessescanactasheatingenergysuppliersinmixed-useareasiftheyarelocatedcloseenoughtoenergyconsumers.

Inthecourseoftheexpansionandmodernisationofthefactory,specialemphasiswasplacedonmoreefficientenergyuse.Startinginautumn2016,thewasteheatfromthebakingprocess(thermaloutputof1MW)willbefeddirectlyintothelocaldistrictheatingnetwork.Theheatwillbeusedforspaceandwaterheatingfor600householdsandcompaniesintheimmediatevicinityofthefactory.Thishighlyefficientuseofwasteheatsaves1000tofcarbondioxideannually.Someoftheexcessheatisalsoconvertedintocoolingenergyandusedtocoolvariousproductionprocessesinthefactoryitself.

ebsWieneco-powerplant–fromwastetoenergy

Vienna‘smainwastewatertreatmentplantiscurrentlyworkingonthecity’slargestenviron-mentalproject,whichisuniqueworldwide.By2020,thewastewatertreatmentplantwillbemodifiedtodoubleasagreenpowerplant.Thefermentationofthesewagesludgeproducesmethanegas,whichwillbeburnedingas-poweredcogenerationplants,generatingbothelectricity and heat.

Currently,thewastewatertreatmentplantusesapproximately63GWhofelectricityayear,makingitoneofthecity’slargestenergyconsumers.Butsoon,thepowerplantwillproduce78GWhannually,allowingittocovertheentireelectricitydemandofthewastewatertreat-mentplant.Theexcesselectricitywillbefedintothepublicgrid.Theamountgeneratedwouldbeenoughtoprovidepowerfor31,000Viennesehouseholdsforanentireyear.

Inadditiontoelectricity,thepowerplantwillalsogenerate82GWhofheatayear,approxi-matelyhalfofwhichwillbeconsumedonsite.Theotherhalfwillbefedintothedistrictheatingnetwork,providingheatingandhotwaterforsome5,000households.

Thisexampleshowshowenergyefficiencyandresourceconservationcombinedwithinno-vativemeasuresforoptimisingtheratioofwatertosolidsinthesewagesludgeaswellasadvancesinprocesscontrolandmeasuringtechnologycanmakeanimportantcontributiontoreaching the energy and climate targets.

Funding priority: renewable heat and seasonal storage

TheCityofViennaaimstoincreasetheshareofrenewableenergyinheatproductionconsid-erablyfromthecurrentlevelof10%.Thereispotentialfortheuseofsolarenergy,wasteheat,groundwaterandnear-surfacegroundheatinVienna,butitremainslargelyuntapped.

Therefore,threenewfundingschemeshavebeenlaunchedtoencouragetheinstallationofsystemsthatproduceorstorerenewableheat.SincethebeginningofMarch2016,thecityhasbeensubsidisingsolarheatingsystems,heatpumpsinresidentialbuildingsthatutiliseambientheat,systemsforthethermaluseofgroundwaterandgroundheat,andseasonalheatstoragesystems(forwasteheatandrenewableenergy)thathelpbalancetheloadbetweenthedifferenttimesofproductionanduseofheat.ViennaisthefirstAustrianprovincetosubsidiseseasonalstoragecombinedwithanergygrids,makingitatrailblazerinthepromotionoftheseinnovativetechnologies.

Thecityprovidesfinancialsupportforinvestmentcostsforvariousrenewableheatingandstoragetechnologies.Thismitigatespartofthehighinitialinvestmentcosts,andtheuseofthese technologies will lower heating costs enormously for decades to come.

For more information, please visit: www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen

MA

20

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Fig. 2aspanggründe/Eurogate

21


20


SwitchingtoLEDstreetlights

Vienna’sentirestreetlightingnetworkwillbeswitchedovertoclimate-friendlyLEDtechnolo-gyby2020.ThefirstLEDstreetlightswereinstalledinparksandalongfootpathsandcyclepathsin2009.ThenewLEDtechnologyimproveslightingqualityconsiderablywhilereducingelectricityconsumptionby50%.

LEDlampsalsoincreasetrafficsafetyatdangerouscrossings.Anotheradvantagecomparedtoconventionallampsistheirlongservicelife:LEDlampscanbeusedtwiceaslongasconventionalbulbs,12yearsatminimum.Thisreducestheamountofmaintenancerequired,whichinturneasesthestrainonthecity’sbudget.

Theyarefinancedwithaso-calledlightingcontractingmodel.Vienna’senergysupplierWienEnergie,ViennaPublicUtilities,andMunicipalDepartment33–PublicLightingagreedonanamortisationcontractingmodel,wherethecontractorpre-financestheinvestments,whicharethenrefinancedthroughtheenergysavingsachievedduringoperation.

ByswitchingtoLEDtechnology,theCityofViennaisnotonlycontributingtoclimateprotectionbutalsoimprovingthecity’sliveabilitywithbetterlighting.

Fig. 3switching to lEd technology

MA

33

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Quality assurance for energy performance certificates

LikethefederalprovincesofVorarlberg(EAWZ),Salzburg,StyriaandCarinthia(allthreeZEUS),Viennahasnowalsointroducedanenergyperformancecertificatedatabase.InJanuary2016,theCityofViennaintroducedthedatabaseWUKSEA,inwhichallenergyperformancecertificatesissuedforViennesebuildingsmustberegistered.Theaimofregistrationistoimprovequalityassuranceandtoensurethatthedatainthecertificatesiscorrect and up to date.

ThelegalbasisforthisistheEnergyPerformanceCertificateDatabaseOrdinanceof22June2015aswellasArt.118aoftheViennaBuildingCode.Notonlydoenergyperformancecertificateshavetobeavailableelectronically,theyalsohavetoberegisteredinWUKSEA.TheCityofViennaprovidedasoftwareinterfacefortheuploadofcertificatesandofferssoftwaresupport.TechnicalandsoftwaresupportisavailablefromMunicipalDepartments37(BuildingInspection)and25(UrbanRenewal&InspectingAuthorityforResidentialBuildings;Group“NeubauundGebäudetechnik”).

For more information, please visit: https: //www.usp.gv.at/Portal.Node/usp/public/content/online_verfahren/wuksea/171236.html

4 MUNICIPALDEPARTMENT20– eneRGY PlannInG: sHaPInG vIenna’s eneRGY fUTURe

Between1July2015and30June2016,thefollowingprojectsandmeasureswereimplementedor continued:

22 23


ChaptEr 4Municipaldepartment20–energyplanning:shapingVienna’senergyfuture

Energy ideas for a smart city

The interest in energy and climate protection is growing. More and more people, for example, want to install their own photovoltaic system, and the demand for renewable energy and the need for more information on energy efficiency are rising constantly.

1. new funding priorities in 2015 Thepromotionofinnovativetechnologiescontributessignificantlytoclimateprotection.2015broughtfundamentalimprovementstosubsidiesforrenewableenergies.Thegreenelectricitysubsidyisnowavailablenotonlyforphotovoltaicsbutalsoforso-calledhybridsystems(whichproducebothelectricityandheatfromsunlight)andelectricalstoragesystems.

Twoadditionalfundingschemesaimtoincreaseenergyefficiency.Thesenewfundingschemesprovideattractiveincentivesthatsupportbothenergyefficiencyprogrammesandtheplanningofhighlyefficientbuildings.Thelatterisdesignedtoincreasetheshareofzero-energy and energy-plus buildings in Vienna.

For more information, please visit: www.energieplanung.wien.at/foerderungen

Fig. 4aspanggründe/Eurogate

MA

20

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Additionally,thefundingofrenewableheatingwasreformed.Threenewfundingschemeswere launched to promote the installation of systems that produce or store renewable heat.Viennaisattheforefrontofinnovationwithitsdecisiontosubsidiseseasonalstoragesystemscombinedwithanergygrids.Anergygridsuselow-temperatureheat(e.g.wasteheatfromwastewaterordatacentres).ViennaisthefirstAustrianprovincetosupportthisinnovationfinancially.

2. generating your own solar powerTheonlinetool“Sonnenklar”allowsuserstocalculatehowmuchPVelectricitytheywoulduseandtodeterminetheoptimumsizeforaPVsystem.Thetoolisintendedfornon-expertswhohaveorwanttobuyaPVsystemandwanttousethemajorityoftheelectricityitgeneratesthemselves.ThecalculatorwascommissionedbyMunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningandimplementedbytheFederalAssociationPhotovoltaicAustria.Itisavailableforfreeat:http://pvaustria.at/sonnenklar_rechner/

MA

20

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Fig. 5pv panels

3. open access to energy dataEnergydataisofimmenseimportancewhenplanningbuildingsandurbandevelopmentareas.Numerousenergy-relateddatasetshavebeenpublishedintheopengovernmentdatacatalogueoftheCityofVienna(www.data.wien.gv.at).Thisincludesenergybalances,dataonenergygeneration,andcartographicdataonthepotentialofvariousenergysources.

4. discovering alternative energy sources on the city map Whichpowerplantsgenerateenergyforourcity?Howmanyofthemuserenewableenergysources?Whatistheenergypotentialofmyhouseorproperty?Theenergymaphastheanswerstoallthesequestions.Italsoshowsthelocationsofinnovativemodelprojects(e.g.energy-plushouses).Themapsareavailableonlineat:www.energieplanung.wien.at/stadtplan

24 25


Fig. 6section of the map showing subsidised solar thermal power plants


/pub

lic/

gut

elt

/um

w.a

tgv

.wie

n./w

ww

ce: h

ttps

:/ou

rS

solar thermal plants for energy generationThemapshowsallsolarthermalpowerplantsinthecitythataresubsidisedbytheCity ofVienna.Itprovidesinformationonthecollectorareaanddateofconstructionforeachplant.Thesizerangesfromsmallplants(lessthan10m2)tomedium-sized(10to25m2)tolarger(25to50m2)andverylargeplants(over50m2).Themapshowswheretherearelargerconcentrations of solar thermal power plants.

5. Energy literacy certificate wins 2015 Climate Protection AwardThe2015ClimateProtectionAwardwasawardedtotheenergyliteracycertificate“energie-führerschein”,whichteachesyoungpeoplehowtoconserveenergy.Theenergyliteracycoursewasdevelopedby“dieumweltberatungWien”withsupportfromMunicipalDepart-ments20and22.Thenumberofyoungpeoplewhohavegainedthisadditionalprofessionalqualificationincludes160apprenticesoftheViennaCityAdministration.Inmid-2016,agamingappwaslaunchedthatmakeslearningaboutenergysavingfun.Thequestionsfromtheenergyliteracycertificatetestwereconvertedintoaquizandincorporatedintoanappcalled“RetteDeineInsel”(“Saveyourisland”).Theplayersstartonadirtyislandandmustanswerquestionstocleanit.Thenumberofquestionsincreaseswiththelevelofdifficulty.Successfullyansweringquestionsmakestheislandcleanerandprettier.Atthesametime,playerslearnaboutsavingenergyatworkandathome.TheappisfreeandavailableforAndroidandiOS:http://www.umweltberatung.at/efsapp

Fig. 62015 Climate protection award ceremony; left to right: andrä rupprechter, markus piringer, bernd vogl, Claudia reiterer, barbara Frischmuth, alexander Wrabetz

enz/T

hom

as J

ant

to: O

RFhoP

Data&research

Municipal Department 20 – Energy Planning collects data on energy potentials in different locations and conducts studies on energy-related topics on a regular basis. The results are intended to provide the city’s decision makers with the neces-sary information for their decisions and facilitate the imple-mentation of long-term goals of the Smart City Wien Frame-work Strategy.

Thestudiespresentedbelowandmanymoreareavailablefordownloadfreeofchargeat:www.energieplanung.wien.at/publikationen

1. potential for small wind power in viennaTheCityofViennacommissionedtheCentralInstituteforMeteorologyandGeodynamicstodevelopawindpotentialmapfortheuseofsmallwindturbinesintheViennaregion.Viennahasfavourablewindconditions,particularlyinthenorthernandnortheasternpartsofthe21stand22nddistrictsaswellasonthesouthernedgesofthe10th,11thand23rddistricts.

MA

20

ürth

ner/

to: C

hris

tian

FhoP

Fig. 7small wind turbine

2. Energy flows in buildings Thisstudyexaminedtheactualenergyuseof20representativeofficebuildingsinViennaandsoughttoanswerthefollowingquestions:Howmuchenergydoesanofficebuildingreallyuse?Wheredoestheenergycomefromandwhatisitusedfor?Acomparisonoftheconsumptiondatawiththetargetvaluespecifiedintheenergyperfor-mancecertificatesshowedthat14outof17buildingsexceededthespecifiedvaluesandonlythreebuildingsconsumedlessthanspecified.Sinceofficebuildingsareresponsiblefor

aconsiderablepartofVienna’stotalenergyconsumption,itisimportanttopushformoresustainable energy supply in this area as well.

3. smart block – refurbishing better togetherViennahasalargeshareofoldbuildings.Refurbishingthemrequiressolutionsthatreduceenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsconsiderably.Thepotentialforreductionisparticularlyhighinblocksofseveralhouses.Theproject“SmartBlock”demonstratesinnovativeapproachesonaspecificblockofhousesfromthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury.Theanalysisshowsthatwhenseveralbuildingsarerefurbishedatthesametime,itnotonlyincreasesenergyefficiencybutalsocreatesopportunitiesformoreindependentenergygeneration and supply as well as new mobility concepts.

26 27


EU projects


The City of Vienna is involved in a number of EU projects. This not only brings EU funding to the region but also strengthens the city’s energy know-how and makes external expertise available to the city.

1. Urban lEarning – collective learning for improved governance MunicipalDepartment20–EnergyPlanningisparticipatingintheEUresearchprojectURBANLEARNING.CoordinatedbytheEnergyCenterWienasleadpartner,theprojectinvolvesenergyagenciesandotherpartnersfromVienna,Berlin,Stockholm,Amsterdam/Zaanstad,Paris,WarsawandZagreb.Itaimstoimprovetheinstitutionalcapacityoflocalauthoritiesforintegratedurbanenergyplanning,particularlyagainstthebackdropofnewchallengesoftheEUBuildingsDirectiveandtheRenewablesDirective,technologicalandmarketchanges,andthepressuretoprovidesufficientaffordablehousing.Thefocusisoninnovativetechnologicalsolutions,toolsandgoodgovernance.

2. smartEr togEthEr – smart urban renewalViennawasawardedtheEUproject“SMARTERTOGETHER”togetherwithMunichandLyon.Itisamodernsmarturbanrenewalprojectthatwill,inVienna,focusonSimmering,the11thdistrict.Theprojectaddressesthequestionofhowanareawithexistinghousingstockcanbeconvertedtoasmartcitystandard.TheprojectwaslaunchedinFebruary2016.Itwillrunforthreeyears,whichwillbefollowedbyatwo-yearevaluationphase.“SMARTERTO-GETHER”aimstodemonstratethebenefitsofapproachingurbanrenewalfromaninterdis-ciplinarypointofview.Thisallowsaholisticapproachtorenewingenergyconcepts,whichincludespublicparticipationandmobilityaspects.Together,thethermalrehabilitationofhousingestates,sustainablemobilityandanincreaseduseofgreenrenewableenergywillimprovethequalityoflifeintheneighbourhoodconsiderably.

5 ENERGY–FROMGENERATIONTOUSE

a.Anoverviewofthemainconcepts

ambiEnt hEat …includes near-surface and deep geothermal energy and solar energy

biogEniC FUEls …includestheorganicpartofdomesticwaste,woodpellets,woodbriquettes,woodchippings,charcoal,wasteliquor,landfillgas,sewergas,biogas,bioethanol,andbiodiesel.

BLI (BundESLän-dEr lUFtsChad-Stoff InvEntur)

...asurveyconductedbytheEnvironmentAgencyAustriatoanalysethedevelopmentofgreenhousegasesandselectedairpollutantsinAustria’sfederalprovinces.

Co2 EqUivalEnt …makesitpossibletocomparedifferentgreenhousegases.CO2

isagasthatiscreatedbycombustionprocesses,includingsimilarprocesseslikerespiration.Therearealsoothergreenhousegases,suchasmethaneornitrousoxide.Differenttypesofgasesdo notallcontributeequallytothegreenhouseeffect.Forexample,methanehas21timestheclimateimpactofcarbondioxide,whichcorrespondstoaCO

2equivalentof21.

CogEnErAtIon/CombinEd hEat And PowEr (CHP)

…isthecogenerationofelectricalenergyandheat,forexampleinaheating plant.

CombUstiblE WastE

…includes industrial waste and the non-renewable share of domestic waste.

ConvErsion lossEs

…referstotheenergythatislostduringtheconversionofprimaryenergy to secondary or useful energy.

ECobUsinEssplan viEnna

…istheenvironmentalservicepackageoftheCityofViennaforenterprises.Itincludesprofessionaladviceandconsulting,supportwiththepracticalimplementationofmeasures,legalcertaintyandeffectivePR.Formoreinformation,pleasevisithttps://www.wien.gv.at/umweltschutz/oekobusiness/

EnErgy FloW Chart

…isachartdepictingtheenergyflowswithinagivensystem,suchas the City of Vienna in one year.

Final EnErgy …istheenergyavailabletoendusers,e.g.intheformofelectricity,districtheating,petrol,diesel,woodpelletsornaturalgas.Theycan use this energy directly or transform it further.

Frost day …isadayonwhichtheminimumtemperaturegoesbelow0°C.

28 29


ChaptEr 5Energy–fromgenerationtouse

gross FinalEnErgy ConsUmption

…istheenergyavailableafterconversionbutbeforedistributionto end users. It is used to calculate the share of renewables at EU level.(cf.Directive2009/28/EC)

gross inland EnErgy ConsUmption (gIEC)

…istheenergyavailableinthecity.Itisthedifferencebetweenim-portedandexportedenergy(netimports)andtheenergygenera-ted in the city itself.

hEating dEgrEE days

…arebasedonanindoortemperatureof20°Candabasetem-perature(exteriortemperatureatwhichthebuildingisheated)of12°C.ThisisdesignatedasHDD20/12.ThenumberofheatingdegreedaysisthesumofthedifferencebetweenindoorandmeanoutdoortemperatureonallheatingdegreedaysoverthecourseofayearandisgivenasKelvinxdays(Kd).

hEating plant …is a system for the centralised generation of heat for water and space heating or for use in industrial processes.

hot day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast30°C.

hybrid ProPuL SIon/ hybrid Car

…apropulsionsystemorvehiclethatusesacombinationofdiffe-renttechnologies.Inthisreport,thetermisusedforpropulsionsystems that combine petrol and electricity or diesel and electri-city.

iCE day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisbelow0°C.

KiloWatt pEaK (kwP)

…isanon-standardisedvaluethatdescribesthepeakpowerofasolar module.

Klip …isVienna’sclimateprotectionprogramme.

KlipbalanCE CalCUla-tion mEthod

…isthebasisforallcalculationsinVienna’sclimateprotectionprogramme(KLiP).ItistheresultsofBLIminusemissionstradeandminusvehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoVienna.ThevehicleemissionsthatcannotbeattributedtoViennaarecalculatedasthedifferencebetweentheemissionscausedbytrafficinBLIandtheAustrianemissioninventoryemikat.at.

othEr typE oF propUlsion

…inthisreport,thisreferstopropulsionsystemsthatuseliquidgasorhydrogen(fuelcells)aswellashybridsystemsthatcombinepetrolandliquidgasorpetrolandnaturalgas.

primary EnErgy …istheenergyformorenergysourceinitsinitialstate.Thismaybeafuel(e.g.coal,wood,naturalgas,crudeoil)orenergyfromthesun,windorambientheat.Primaryenergycanusuallyonlybeusedafterconversionintoanotherformofenergy.

pv arEa …thisreportusesphotovoltaicsurfaceareaasaunitofenergymeasurement.6.5m2ofPVareacorrespondto1,000kWh.

sECondary EnErgy

…istheenergythatistheresultoftheconversionofprimary energy.Thismaybewoodpellets,dieselfuelorelectricalenergy.

sUmmEr day …isadayonwhichthemaximumtemperatureisatleast25°C.

transmission lossEs

…referstotheenergythatislostintransmissionfromthesource,e.g.thepowerplant,tothefinalconsumer.Thisincludestheener-gyuseoftheenergysector,transportlossesandnon-energyuse.

UsEFUl EnErgy …istheenergythatisactuallyusedforheating,lighting,mechani-calwork,etc.

wEAtHEr-CorrECtEd data

…correctsthedifferencesbetweenyearscausedbydifferent weatherconditions.Asaresult,theenergyconsumptionof differentyearsisshownasitwouldhavebeenhadtheweatherbeen the same.

30 31


Fig. 8distribution of energy generation and energy imports in vienna by source


Energy generation and imports

3.2 %renewables

1 %renewables

12.7 %electrical energy

1.4 %district heating

36.4 %gas

34.3 %oil

8.6 % renewables3.8 % combustible waste0.5 % ambient heat

total: 88.2 %

total: 1 %

import

Export

total: 12.8 %EnErgy gEnEration

b.Howwhereweliveinfluencesourenergyconsumption

Acityflatorahouseinthecountryside?Doeswhereyoulivemakeadifferenceintermsofenergyconsumption?Yes!Onaverage,livingintheouterpartsoftheViennaconurbation(intheadjoiningprovincesofLowerAustriaandBurgenland)consumesapproximately50%moreenergythanlivinginthecity,althoughthismaydifferforindividualhouseholds.

Whatcausesthesedifferencesinenergyconsumption?Amajorfactoristhattheshareof detachedhousesishigherinruralareasthaninthecity(55%inLowerAustriaandBurgenland comparedwith9%inVienna).Anaveragehouseconsumesmoreheatingenergythanaflat.Thisismainlyduetothelargersize:asingle-familydetachedhousehasanaveragesizeof115m²,whileaflathas75m²onaverage.Detachedhousesalsohavealesscompactconstructionstyle,increasingheatingenergydemandbyapproximately15%.

Atthesametime,livinginsuburbanandruralareasconsumesapproximately80%moreenergyformobilitythanlivinginthecity,whichismainlyduetolongerdailytripsandahigherrateofcarownership(1.5versus0.8inthecity).

average household 2014

spaceheating 13,200hotwater&cooking 3,700appliances&lighting 2,500transportation 10,900total 30,300

7,400 spaceheating 2,700 hotwater&cooking 2,100 appliances&lighting 5,300 transportation 17,500 total

197 m2 114 m2

sUbUrbs viEnna

kWh/household

pv area in m2

Fig. 9Energy consumption and pv area required for an average household in vienna vs. the suburbs

32 33

Ma 20 Energy Report of the City of Vienna

c. Energy flow chart of the City of Vienna

Howmuchenergyisneededtorunawholecity?Whatenormousenergyflowsmovethroughthecityandwherearetheyused?TheenergyflowchartoftheCityofViennaanswersthesequestions.

Itshowshowmuchenergyisrequiredtosupplythecity(40,648GWh),wherethatenergyistransformed,andwhereitisfinallyused.

Thechartshowsacleardominanceoffossilenergysources(36%naturalgasand32%fuels)inthecity’senergymix.Approximatelyhalfofthenaturalgasisconvertedintoelectricityanddistrictheating.Fuelsandmineraloils(petrol,diesel,andotherpetroleumproducts),ontheotherhand,areusednearlyexclusivelybythelargestconsumptionsector,transportation.Theenergyflowchartalsoshowsenergylosses,whichamounttoover20,000GWhor48%ofgrossinlandenergyconsumption.Theselossesoccurduringdifferentphasesoftheenergyflow,withapproximately3,850GWhlostbeforearrivingattheenduser(conversionlosses,transportlosses,etc.)andapproximately15,650GWhlossesinend-userconsumption.

TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsur-faceareatoshowhowmuchPVareaisneededfortheaveragepersontoliveinthecityandtoshow how much PV area would be needed to supply the entire city.

Fig. 10Energy flow chart of the City of vienna 2015, based on data from 2015 [EFb] Source: Wien Energie


Gross inland energy consumption40,648 gWh

Electric energy 5,180

Districtheating 570

Liquidenergysources 1,022

Renewable energy sources 4,561

Solidenergy sources 1,568

Fuels 12,937

Naturalgas14,809

Conversion

7,022 7,788

2,5371,548 0

204

2284551,634

2,2214,167

5,689Conversionlosses

Energysectorconsumption, non-energy use

1,150

Final energy useby energy source36,793 gWh

36 % 13 % 1 % 3 % 11 % 4 % 32 %

Districtheating 5,804

16 %

Electric energy 8,197

Liquidenergysources 790

Renewable energy sources 2,025

Solidenergy sources 20

Fuels 12,935

Naturalgas7,022

19 % 22 % 2 % 6 % 0 % 35 %

12,295

27

589

204

1,0424,63

0

2,9002,597

2,919

211

438

10

981

1,491

208

556

3,70

9

873

227

169

1

8420

731

79

Final energy useby sector36,793 gWh

Energy unit:

106 kWh = 1 GWh

1 GWh = 3.6 TJ3.6 TJ = 3.6 × 1012 J(Joule)

Final energy use by end use36,793 gWh

1,397

6,57

5

1,540

14,157

1,869

696

5,424

921

2,36

11,

852

Productivesector,agriculture3,015

8 %

Services8,816

Trafficandtransport 14,157

Privatehouseholds10,805

29 % 38 %24 %

14 %

Power and lighting18,964

Space heating12,965

35 % 52 %

15,647

Process heat5,134

12,309

21,146

10,458 6,655

2,23

9

1,09

9 4,03

5

Energy lossesat end users

Useful energy consumption21,146gWh

- 5.5 %

- 4 %

90.5 %

100 %

90.5 %

90.5 %

- 38.5 %

52 %

34 35


Fig. 11average energy consumption of one viennese resident in pv area

Energy consumption of one person in pv area

energy sector consumption

Power and lighting

energy losses at end users

transport losses

conversionlosses

TheenormousamountsofenergyoftheenergyflowcharthavebeenconvertedintoPVsur-facearea.1unitofPVareahasasizeof6.5m2andgenerates1,000kWhenergy.In2015,everyinhabitantofViennawouldhaveneeded148PVunitstofueltheirlifestyle.Outofthese148units,19areprovidedfromwithinViennaand129havetobeimported.Only77ofthesePVareaunits(showninyellow)areconsumedasusefulenergy,therestarelostindifferentphasesoftheenergyflow.2PVareaunits(darkyellow)areconsumedbytheenergysectoritself, 4(darkgrey)aretransportlossesonthewaytothefinalconsumer,and8PVareaunits(lightgrey)areconversionlossesfromconvertingenergyfromoneformtotheother(e.g.biomass todistrictheating).Thelargestlosses,57PVareaunits(black)arecausedbyfinalconsumers.

vienna’s energy flows in pv area

14.

13.

23.

18.

19.

21.

22.20.

17.

16.

15.

1. 2.

3.

11.

10.12.

9.

8.

7.

6.5.

4.

Fig. 12Energy consumption and losses in vienna in pv area

InordertoprovideallenergyusedinVienna,twothirdsofthecity’ssurfacewouldhavetobecoveredwithPVpanels.Theenergysectorwouldconsumealltheenergygeneratedonanareathesizeofthe15thdistrict(darkyellow),the18th district would be needed to compensate transportlosses(lightgrey)andthe16thand20thdistrictwouldcoverconversionlosses(darkgrey).Inordertocoverthelossesatfinalconsumers(black),districts1through12wouldhavetobecompletelycoveredwithPVinstallations.Anareathesizeofthe14thandthe22nd district wouldbeneededtoprovidetheusefulenergy(yellow).


6 MonIToRInG InDIcaToRs foR THe sMaRT cITY wIen fRaMewoRK sTRaTeGY

36 37


TheadoptionoftheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyinJune2014wasanenormoussteptowardssustainableenergysupplythroughresourceconservationandintelligentuseofresources.Thestrategydefinedenergy-relevanttargetsfordifferentareas,suchasefficientenergyuse,renewableenergysources,mobility,andbuildings.Thischapterpresentsindicatorsforalloftheseenergy-relatedtargetsthatwillhelpmonitorprogresstowardsreachingtheseobjectives.IndicatorsthatarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategyarepresentedinchapter2.

a. Emissions per capita

ChaptEr 6Monitoring indicators for the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategychapter“Highestpossibleresourcepreservation”is:ReducingpercapitagreenhousegasemissionsinViennabyatleast35%by2030and80%by2050(from1990levels).

table 1.1greenhouse gas emissions per capita in vienna in tonnes of Co2 equiva-lentsSources: [BLI 2013] and [emi-kat.at 2013]

t Co equivalents per capita 2 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2013 Change [%] base year 1990

Emissions according to KliP method

3.8 3.6 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 –26.1%

Fig. 1.1greenhouse gas emissions per capita in vienna in tonnes of Co2 equiva-lentsSources: [BLI 2013], [emikat.at 2013] and [SCWR]

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Emissions according to KliP methodLinear target path until 2050 (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsTarget value KliP II (2020: -20% from 1990)SCWR base value (1990)SCWR target value (2030: -35% from 1990; 2050: -80% from 1990)

ghg emissions per capita

note: Theemissionscalculated using the KliP balance calculation method are the basis for all calculations for Vienna’sclimateprotectionprogrammes(KLiPIandKLiPII).Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.

b. Final energy consumption per capita

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000watt.1

kWh per capita 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005

Final energy consumption per capita

18,486 20,931 21,680 24,211 23,704 22,513 20,825 –13.98%

table 1.2Final energy consumption per capita in viennaSources: [Energiebilanz 2014] and [Bevölkerung]

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

Final energy consumption in vienna per capita

Final energy consumption per capitaLinear target path until 2050 (-40% from 2005)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsSCWR base value (2005) SCWR target value (-40% from 2005)

Fig. 1.2Final energy consumption per capita in vienna, 1990 – 2014, sCWr targetSources: [Ener-giebilanz 2014], [Bevölkerung] and [SCWR]

note:Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.

1ThistargetaswellasallthefollowingclimateandenergytargetsinthischaptercanonlybeachievediftheactivitiesoftheCityofViennareceivesupportintheformofsuitableframeworkconditionsbythefederalgovernmentandtheEU,includingtheconsiderationofearlyactions.

38


39

c. Primary energy consumption per capita


Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysec-tion“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is: IncreasingenergyefficiencyanddecreasingfinalenergyconsumptionpercapitainViennaby40%by2050(from2005levels),reducingpercapitaprimaryenergyinputfrom3,000to2,000watt.

table 1.3primary energy consumption in vienna as continuous power rating per capitaSources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Bevölke-rung], [SCWR], [AEA], [MA 37] and [OIB]37 und OIB

W per capita 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005

Primary energy consumption per capita

2,833 2,940 3,286 3,172 3,062 2,831 –13.8%

Fig. 1.3primary energy consumption in vienna as continuous power rating 1995-2014, sCWr targetSources : [Energiebilanz 2014], [Bevölke-rung], [SCWR], [AEA], [MA 37] and [OIB]

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

primary energy consumption in vienna, continuous power rating per capita

Primary energy consumption per capitaLinear target path until 2050 (2050: 2,000 W)Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsSCWR target value (2050: 2,000 W per capita)SCWR base value (2005)

note:Primary energy consumptioniscalculatedbasedonfinalenergyconsumptionforViennaandconversionfactors(AEA,MA37,OIB).TheSwissmethodofthe2,000-wattsocietycannotyetbeappliedexactly.Themethodisbeingdevelopedfurther.Thetrendlineisincludedtomitigatedeviationscausedbyweatherandleapyears.

d. Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Efficientenergyuseandrenewableenergysources”is:In2030,over20%,andin2050,50%ofVienna‘sgrossenergyconsumptionwillbecoveredfrom renewable sources2.

gWh 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005

Renewable energy in Vienna 2,305 4,078 4,193 4,091 +77,5%

Imports of renewable electrical energy 1,673 985 3,778 4,615 +175.8%

GrossfinalenergyconsumptioninVienna 41,352 41,956 40,785 38,356 –7.2%

Renewable energy in Vienna 9.6% 12.1% 19.5% 22.7% +135.9%

table 1.4share of renew-able energy in gross final energy con-sumption in vienna pursuant to EU directive 2009/28/ECSources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Strom-marktbericht e-control] and [SCWR]

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

share of renewable energy

Linear target path until 2050 (2020: 20%; 2050: 50%)SCWR target value (2030: 20%; 2050: 50%)Share of renewable energy (Vienna)Share of renewable energy (imports)

Fig. 1.4share of renewableenergy in grofinal energy consumptionvienna pursuto EU directi2009/28/EC, 2005-2014, sCWr target

ss

in ant

ve

Sources: [Energiebilanz 2014], [Strom-marktbericht e-control] and [SCWR]

note:Theimport of renewable electrical energy is calculated based on the amount imported according to the ener-gybalanceofStatisticsAustriaandtheshareofrenewablesintheAustrianelectricitymarketaccordingtotheelectricity market report of energy market regulator e-control.

2Thesedonotnecessarilyhavetobelocatedinthecityitself.

41


40

e. Choice of transportation

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:StrengtheningCO2-freemodesoftransportation(walkingandcycling),maintainingthehighshareofpublictransportanddecreasingmotorisedindividualtraffic(MIT)inthecityto20%by2025,to15%by2030,andtomarkedlylessthan15%by2050.

table 1.5: modes of trans-port in viennaSource: [Wiener Linien]

mode of transport 1993 1999 2003 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2010

Bicycle 3 4 3 6 5 6 6 7 +40.0%

Motorcycle 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Public transport 29 33 34 35 36 39 39 39 +8.3%

Car 40 36 35 32 31 27 28 28 –9.7%

Walking 28 27 27 27 28 28 27 26 –7.1%Fig. 1.5: modes of trans-port in vienna, 1993-2014Sources: [Wiener Linien] and [SCWR]

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

1993

1999

2003

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Targetvalue202

5

Targetvalue203

0

Targetvalue205

0

mode of transport

Public transportWalkingCarCyclingMotorcycle

Target value walking&cyclingTarget value public transportTarget value MIT

f. Share of electric and hybrid cars

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:By2030,thelargestpossibleshareofMITistobeshiftedtopublictransportandnon-motorisedtypesoftrafficorshouldmakeuseofnewpropulsiontechnologies(e.g.electricvehicles).By2050,allmotorisedindividualtrafficwithinthemunicipalboundariesistooperatewithoutconventionalpropulsiontechnologies.

share of electric and hybrid cars

2005 2010 2013 2014

Burgenland 0.001 0.083 0.161 0.207

Carinthia 0.005 0.084 0.201 0.256

LowerAustria 0.005 0.115 0.244 0.321

UpperAustria 0.001 0.089 0.219 0.276

Salzburg 0.003 0.117 0.331 0.416

Styria 0.002 0.081 0.198 0.262

Tyrol 0.002 0.099 0.260 0.339

Vorarlberg 0.009 0.202 0.515 0.594

Vienna 0.003 0.193 0.427 0.540

table 1.6share of elec-tric and hybrid cars by federal provinceSource: [KFZ-Bestand]

note:Targetfor2050:100%

0.7%

0.6%

0.5%

0.4%

0.3%

0.2%

0.1%

0.0%

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

share of electric and hybrid cars

ViennaVorarlbergTyrol

StyriaSalzburgUpper Austria

Lower AustriaCarinthiaBurgenland


Fig. 1.6share of elec-tric and hybrid cars by federal province, 2004-2014Source: [KFZ-Bestand]

42 43


g. Share of electric and hybrid lorries


Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:By2030,commercialtrafficoriginatingandterminatingwithinthemunicipalboundariesistobelargelyCO

2-free.

table 1.7share of electric and hybrid lorries by federal provinceSource: [KFZ-Bestand]

share of electric and hybrid lorries

2005 2010 2013 2014

Burgenland 0.007 0.024 0.056 0.060

Carinthia 0.012 0.041 0.243 0.257

LowerAustria 0.010 0.026 0.157 0.192

UpperAustria 0.005 0.010 0.109 0.126

Salzburg 0.021 0.015 0.110 0.133

Styria 0.006 0.016 0.146 0.206

Tyrol 0.003 0.012 0.128 0.147

Vorarlberg 0.012 0.027 0.135 0.157

Vienna 0.015 0.031 0.218 0.332

Fig. 1.7share of electric and hybrid lorries by federal province, 2004-2014Source: [KFZ-Bestand]

0.4%

0.3%

0.2%

0.1%

0.0%

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

share of electric and hybrid lorries

ViennaVorarlbergTyrol

StyriaSalzburgUpper Austria

Lower AustriaCarinthiaBurgenland

note:Commercial traffic bothoriginatingandterminatinginViennaiscurrentlynotbeingmeasured.NotallcommercialvehiclesregisteredinViennaareusedfortripswithinVienna.Thetargetvaluecannotbeexactlymonitoredwiththecurrentlyavailabledata.Includedvehicles:Lorriesandsemi-trailertowingvehicles(categoryN)aswellassmallmotorisedtransportvehicles.

h. Energy consumption of passenger traffic across city limits

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Resource-conservingmobility”is:Reductionofenergyconsumptionbypassengertrafficacrossmunicipalboundariesby10%by2030.

Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents in vienna

1991 2010 2015 Change [%] base year 2010

Distancedrivenbycarsofnon-residents inVienna(inmillionkm)

1,596 1,820 1,809 –0.6%

AveragefuelconsumptioninVienna [l/100km]

8.5 7.3 7.1 –2.7%

Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents inVienna[inmillionl]

136 133 128 –3.3%

table 1.8Fuel consump-tion of cars of non-residents in viennaSources: [Private PKW, MA 18, SCWR]

Fuel consumption of cars of non-residents in vienna [in million l]

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

Fuel consumption [million l/year]SCWR target path (2030: -10%)SCWR base valueSCWR target value 2030 (-10 %)

Fig. 1.8Fuel consump-tion of cars of non-residents in vienna, 1990, 2010 and 2015, sCWr targetSources: [Private PKW, MA 18, SCWR]

note:Theenergyconsumption of passenger traffic across city boundaries is not currently being measured.Fuel consumption iscalculatedbasedontheaverageconsumptionofcarsinVienna(StatisticsAustria)andthesimulateddrivingperformanceofcarsofnon-residentsinViennaaccordingtothetrafficmodel(MA18).TheseresultsdonotmatchthedefinedSCWRtarget(trafficofnon-residentsversustrafficacrosscitylimits).

44 45


i. Share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning


Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:Cost-optimisedzero-energybuildingstandardsforallnewstructures,additionsandrefurbishmentfrom2018/2020andfurtherdevelopmentoffuturesupplysystemstowardsevenbetterclimateprotectionlevels.

table 1.9share of energy sources in final energy con-sumption for space and water heating and air conditioning in viennaSource: [Nutz-energieanalyse 2014]

Share in final energy consumption 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2005

Combustible waste 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% –91.6%

Electrical energy 9.5% 9.3% 9.5% 10.2% +6.6%

Districtheating 32.7% 37.8% 38.8% 39.3% +20.2%

Gas 44.5% 43.2% 42.1% 40.8% –8.4%

Coal 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% –77.1%

Oil 9.2% 4.9% 3.2% 3.5% –62.0%

Renewables total 3.5% 4.6% 6.3% 6.1% +77.3%

Fig. 1.9share of energy sources in final energy con-sumption for space and water heating and air conditioning in vienna, 2005-2014Source: [Nutz-energieanalyse 2014]

share of energy sources for space and water heating and air conditioning, vienna 2005-2014

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Electrical energyDistrict heatingRenewable energy sources

CoalOilGasCombustible waste

note:Renewable energy sourcesincludebiogenicfuels,fuelwoodandambientheat.TheViennadistrictheatingsystemusesrenewables,wasteheat(e.g.cogeneration)andpeakloadpowerplants(e.g.gas).

j. Final energy consumption for space and water heating and air conditioning per capita

Oneoftheenergy-relatedobjectivesdefinedintheSmartCityWienFrameworkStrategysection“Buildings:Builtenvironmentandnewstructures”is:Comprehensiverefurbishmentactivitiesentailthereductionofenergyconsumptionofexistingbuildingsforspaceheating/cooling/waterheatingby1%percapitaandyear3.

kWh per capita 2005 2010 2013 2014 Change [%] base year 2010

Final energy consumption for space heating,airconditioningandhotwater

10,014 10,405 9,628 8,277 –20%

table 1.10Final energy consumption for space and water hea-ting and air conditioning in vienna per capitaSource: [Nutzenergie-analyse 2014]Final energy consumption for space heating,

air conditioning and hot water (kWh per capita)

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Trend line, moving average over 4 yearsFinal energy consumption for space heating, air conditioning and hot waterSCWR base value (2008-2012 average)SCWR target path (-1% per year [from 2008-2012 average])

Fig. 1.10Final energy consumption for space and water hea-ting and air conditioning in vienna per capita, 2005-2014, sCWr target pathSources: [Nutzenergie-analyse 2014] and [SCWR]

note:Thetargetpath„-1%peryearfrom2010“iscalculatedusingtheequation Targetvalue (Targetyear-Baseyear)

(Targetyear) = Final energy consumption(Baseyear) ×0.99 . Thestartingyearis2010andthestartingvalueistheaverageof2008to2012.

3ThistargetvalueassumesthatthefederalgovernmentandtheEUcreatesuitableframeworkconditionstosupport the measures.

MoreinformationonMunicipalDepartment20:www.energieplanung.wien.at

Documents

Energy! ahead - Energy report of the City of Vienna 2016€¦ · 6. monitoring indicators for the smart City Wien Framework strategy . a. Emissions per capita 36 b. Final energy consumption