DOCUMENT RESUME,
ED. 131 692 FL 008 146"
AUTHOR Enteser, M. EhsenTITLE intermediate Dan for Peace Corps Volunteers.
Afghanistan.'INSTITUTION' Peace Corps, Washington D.C.PUE DATE May 66
'NOTE 188p.
EDRS PRICE 'MF-$0483 HC-$10;03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS. Adult Education Programs; Adult Programs; Adult
Students; Educational Programs;. *InstructionalmateriAls;'*Language instruction; Language Programs;*Languages for Special Purposes; Pattern Drills-(language); *second Language Learning; *Textbooks-Uncommonly Taught LanguageS; Volunteers
IDENTIFIERS Afghanistan; *Hari; *Peace Corps
ABSTRACTI Thi.D more advanced Dari text was designed for_Peace
Corps Volunteers in Afghanistan who desired to speak the langdage onhigher levels, but it could also be used dmring the last part of thetraining programs in the United.States. It follows the author's
. elementary text, "Farsi Reference Manual Basic Course," which hasbeen-used in all the Afghan Peace Corps training.programs. This textis divided into eight units which contain'presentation,reinforcement..recapitnlation, and conversation drills. Dari scriptmaterials are included, (CFM)
*** ********** ************* ********** ******************* *Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished
materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes everydeffort* to obtain%the best copy available. Neverthelesse itcms of marginal* reproducibility are often'encountered and this affefAs the quality* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes availablevia the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is notresponsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductionssupplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.********************************** ********************************
ci
INTERMEDWE DART
for
P CE CORSVOLUNTES
AFGHANTSTAN
2reliminary Copy
M. Ehsen EnteserUniversity of,Tex 1966
PBEFACE
In 1963 when the al thor, for the firat time, tookcharge of the language training of Afghan III, noadequate, linguistically sound Dori materials wereavailable for the Afghan Peace Corpa" trainees.- Theauthor was encouraged to revise the Dari materialswhich he had developed and they were triad out onAfghan III. As u result, his Feral Referenee Man4210Pasic Ceurse, waa completed in 1944. Since then ithas been used 1-1- al 1- the Afghan Peace Corpstraining programs
Due to the quality of instrUetion; and awillingness on the ,part of the PCV'Ll in Afghan stetto speak the language on higher levels, the needfor a more advanced Dari tdxt wee strongly felt byalmost every PCV in Afghanistan._ _Plera was stillanOtherLimportant reason for the' prekoration efsuch a teat.. Most of the Afghans who were tuteringthe PCVs- knew very little-about language teaehinglamguage learning .and the grammatical structureDat:1 and Engliahi. Hence, most of these privatelessons were a waste of time, enerfy arid money.,They needed a text to guide them in their prive elessons.
The PCVs as well 03 some Peace CorPs staff inKabul eriCouraged the author to write IntermediateDari (Afghan Persian). Originally, the aithor hadthe prepaation of an Advanced-Dori text in mind._Due to his engagements in other Afghanistan 'PeaceCorps training programs, however, he was unable towrite such a book. He had finished only eightunits when he was asked to coordinate Afghan VIIIand IX at the' University of Texaa. Sip the authorhad no other choice; 11,.: had to add one more chapterand call it Intermediate Dari instead of AdvancedDar' and to máki it available for the .PCVs in
g 1anietcn.
Intermediate Dari has enough grammaticalpatterns, idiomatic phrases and-vocabulary toenable-the learner to reach the FSI S2+ rating.
Although thiS text is for.the PCVs inAfghanistan, it could very well be used duringthe ,last part of the training prograMs in theUnited States. The aUthor used part of this textfor'Afghan-VIII-since the Farsi_Roference_Manuelwas covered during the first ten weeks of the-
. training.
The .. author cannot be responsible for the =DoriScript materials of Intermediate Dari: stnce they atemerely tronslations of--the sPoken-materials.and byall Moans not controlled. He was asked by the PeaceCorps Director to include the script in this-book.The script materials of Interthediate pari, however,sheuld be- uSefill'for.interthediate students of Dori.scriptl not for the beginners.
This text, like FtroiReference Manual BasicCourse (1964),was produced under a contract with
. the Peace Corps in the short period of four monthsand must be considered within that light. Onceagain it is only a first draft, and will be reyispd .in the near future when the author has more time.
The author acknowledges the .helpful suggestionsand translations of A. Q. Ghazanfor, Kabul University;Dr. A. Jawed, Faculty of Letters; and a number ofPeace Corps Volunteers. He is grateful to ElaineBond, Mary Lou Gouttierre and Charlene Reeves fortyping the various units of this te.A; to Joe Rollinsonfor ceordinating-the printing; and to Jon Wicklund forhiS patience in getting all parts of the book and/.giving them to the volunteer secretaries for typing.;
Ehs n Entez
May, 19661===x
4431in, Texas U.S.A.
me: -anenf. ale
me;tanom (ke) emro:z
m .tanom (ke) saeba
me:tanes om (ke) diro:z
me:tane (Ice) pareal
tomarae bebe o
ketabae bexaerom..
Advanced Parsi
I can e you n
can buy the boektoday.
taetae raewan konom.I qan send theletter tomorrow.
sornaraeI bebenom. I could have seenyou yesterday.
I could (havebought) the book.last year.
ketabae bexaerem.
me:tanes (ke)ipaere:ro;zxaetae J raewan konom I eould,(have sent)the letter daybefore esterda--
mment
1) Use me:tanom wi h ale, saeba, emr6:z, etc.2) Use me.tanestom w th diro:z, parsal, paere:r o.z, _eto3) No matter what the tense is, ute the ba!_eform optati e of theverb with the Parei word meaning cam-
PRESENTATION,DRILLSDrill A.
me:tanom ke ale bUtaye xodae raeng konom.
me:tanom ke ale aemray- soma gaeb bezaenem.
.me:tanom ke ale kalaye xodae iaebdil konom.
me:tanom ke ale no:tae polesya ko
me:tanom ke ale sacwda ae bexaerom.
m :tanem ke ale paeyse=xodae Xaerc konom.
:tanom-ke ale me:waerae boo:yom
me:tnorn ke ale pevrane xodae otu kono
me:tanom ke-ale zaerfarae jols betom.
e;tanorn ke ale te:le xak bexaerom.
UNIT I
Drifl B.
me:tanae ke eumb:z daexane olam borae.
-me:tanae ke m z pe:se xaeyat borae.
'me:tanae ke emro:z dae xagybaer nen coxorse,
me:tanae ke emro:z dee po:haentun byayae.
me:tanae ke emro:z dae senf daere,betae.
rne:tanae ke emrotz dae xane jan mateletén basae.
me:tanae ke emro:z dae e:mani faerid borae
me:tanae ke emro:z seere to:seek nen boxorae.
me:tanae ke emro:z dee maenzele bale man boxorae,
me:tame ke em -:z taeraefe park qaedaeMbeze _ae.
e:tane:n_ke ernsai paeysae (pul ) pees aendaz kon n.
naeme:tane:n ke ernsal eemraye destetan nan boxore:n.'
naeme:t e:n ke emsal ko am qalin bex.Lere:no_
neeme:t. e:n ke emsal dae aetraf kar kone:n .
naeme: ane:ajce emaal aez i maektaeb xodae tabdil kone n.
naeme tane-:n'ke emsal dae abtraf deers bete:no
naeme:tane:n ke emsa2 dae taeyarae qondoz bore:n.
naeme:tane:n ke-emsal se deefae aemrika bo e:n.
naeme:tane:n ke emsal aez aeirika paele ris boxe5re:n.
naeme:tane:n ke emsal aez daefteere pis ko:r paeysae qaerz kone:no
UNIT I. Advanced Farsi
Drill D.
naeme:tanom ke
naeme.tene;m ke
emro:z sino alr-park borem?
emro.z aez raeyis sayb roxseet beger
neeme:tane:m ke emyo
na me:tane:m ke
haeme:tanem ke
naeme:tane:m kb
naeme:t :m.ke
naeme:t- e:m ke
naeme:tane ke
naeme:tenem ke
:tanesta n ke
-w soma ae begere,:m?
enro:z _ajel bae deers gaep beza
emro:z aez-sagerda emtehan begurem
emo:z eezmuzyaem didaen kone:m?
eMro:z aeznaerizetan didaen kone:m?
einTO:z aez otagetan estefudae kone:ua
emro:z kaerimeSanae me:man konem?
o:z raje:bae emtehan maejles kone:m?
diro:z.somarap ma konaen.
me:tanestach ke dirntz janee a ngui x rdaen bobaeraen.,
me:tanestaea ke
me:tanestaen ke
me.tanestaen ke
dirmz.aez.paegman raefteen :Marfa naozaer konaen.
diro:Zaez ozna1cämaek bexayaen.
diro:z aez gailm xperidaen saerf jhaezaer kohean.
ne:tenestaen ke di
ma:tanestaen ke diro:z
me:tanestaen ke d o:z
me:tanestaen ke
me:tarestaen k
z aez xanae ameedaen eaerfè naezaer konaen.
aez xanae palidaen seerfe naezaer konaen.
aez saeb payidaen saerfe naezaer konaen.
diro:z aez emtehan dadaen saerfe naezaer konaen.
diro:z aez maeriz didaen aaerfe naezaer kpnaen.
'T Advanced F-
Drill F.
naeme:tanestom ke aefte gozae-stae somarae maaas betem.
naeme:tanestom.ke aefte gozaehtas somarae pul qaerz be o
-
naeme:tanestom ke aefte gozaestae somarae-waezifae beton._ ,
na e:t estom ke aeft gozaestae somarae kare xanaegi be o
naeme:tanestom ke aefte gozaestae somarae bsysekele xodae aemanaetbeto
naeme:tanestom ke aefte gezaeStae%Somarae m#Faemae nesan,betem.
naeme:tanesto \ke aefte gozaeStae do arae r-oksaet batoM.
erne tanestom ke aefte gezae§tae sornarae baxsesi betom.
naeme:tan_ tom ke aefte gozaestae somarae pakaet betom.
na e:tanestom ke aefte gozaeAae soMara me:Mani betoM.
Drill G.ke m :tanae k9 rajei bae tarix aefganestan gaep bezaeae.
ke Me:tanae ke ra bae-sehaete amae gaep-bezaenae.:
ke me:tanae ke raje: bae raxsaeti zemestan gaep bezaenae.
ke -:tanae ke raje: bae dine ealam gaep bezaenae.
ke nie:tanae ke raje 'bate saderate aemrika gaep bezaenae,
ke me:tanae ke raje: bae taeqsim aewqate emtehan gasp bezaenae.
ke me:tanae ke bae abohaeway aefganestan gaep bezaenae.
ke metanae ke raje: bee zogale'aaeng gaep bezaenae.
ke me:tanae ke raje: bae maegale 'agaye fedayi gaep bezaenae.
ke me:tanae ke raj :.bae maesuliyaethaye ostada gaep bezaenae.
IT IAdvaxiced F
arill H.
me:tane:n ke ketabara,
me:tane:n ke
me:tane:n ke
'me:tabe:nke
me:tane:n ke
me:tane:n ke
me:tane:n ke
me:tane:n
meltanstn ke
saere me:2 bane:h?
pyalae wo caynaekae dae aelmari bane:n?
maektutee daejays bane:b?
baleetarae saere to:saek b le:n?
de:gee seem ojag bane:n?
xaetae dae pakaet bane:n?
klacaerae saere me:2 bane:n?
Aa!arwazeaewlirde:waz banitn?
kelkine otagae saewanaer waz bane:n?
REINFORCMEMT DMUS
Drill-A.
TEACHER
Soma mertane:n ke emro:2 sef_
jan me:tanae ke emiaew sinoma
STUDENT
aet bore:n? baele:, me:
borae? baele: me:tanad.
mae me:tanom ke saeba yaeg daefae somarae bebenom? baele:, me:tane:n.
sagerda me:tanaen ke emso:b emtehan betaen?
raefigetan me:tanae ke ale aemrgye golam farslgaep bezaenae?
Me: ke aspaezet
me:t- e:M ke faeri
riae yaeg daefae bazar raewankonom?
baele: mettanaen.
baele:
baele: -mertafte:n.
ae molaga ne:m? baele:, m :tane:n.
T IAdvanced F
TEACIER
mae xodem
Jan xodes me:t
-om ke Ale .kalarap otu konom?
nae ke ale otaqae jeru kon ?
me:tame ke emrtiz dosenfae deers betae? -ne:2 u x (16' naae:tana
maektdeb borem? ne:, mae xodn naeme:tanom.
me:tanaep ke saeba
taerJomani konaen? ne:, una xode-San.nae:
raefiqetan xodes
ioma xodetan me:
nofkdera xo
iagerda xo
me:manetan xodeé
ma !cod
STUDDIT
soma xodstan naeme:t
ne:, u xodeS nasme:tanas.
ane:n ke aero:.s Day pyadae_ ,
me:tanaen ke emro:z moskelatexodae bogo:yaen?
me:tenae ke dagae s baXane:ma ayae?
me:tane:m ke- deba dae qae-darsaefasr k ne:m?
aspaez Xodes me: nao Ice ale saere qotirae
upa xodeian nae
xodii n :tanae,
nema xodema nes -*
.waz konae? ne:, u xodes naeme:
10
e;11.
a n.
UNIT.
Drill C.
TEACHER
ki-me:tanest ke di- :z pae
ke parse). 1
S TUBER
bores., soma
Advanced Farsi
a me:t e te:n ke diro:z pgnan bore:n.,
_aerae bexaerae? (jan)
jan me.tanest ke parsal mo:taerae bexaerae.
ki me:tanest ke digaeb sinoma borae:
mae me:tanestom ke d1aeb 8i.norna borom.
ki st ke diro:z\e:io xaeyat borae? (
aspaez me:tanest ke diro:z pe:se xaeyat
borae.
ki me:tarest ke parsal the xanabadsàefaer konae u)
tanest ke pareal dee xanabad saefaer
konae.
ki A- anest kedir z da maejIes ae)
mae me:tanes om ke diro
ki me:tonest ke dieaeb aemrayetan sinoma borae?
soma
ae maejles bo
,:taneste:n ke disaeb aem
ki Me:t=:est ke paerelro:z qasemae molaciat konae? (
ma te:tanestem k- Tae ,z
sinoma
ab molaciat
kone:m.
MIT I Advanced
Drill D.
TEACHER,
e:ckaes naetanest ke
MEM_ bazar bo_ (golam
eoto. ne:, golam raeft.
e:clzaes naetanest ke taer om konae? (mae
coto: ne:, mae
e:ckaes a _1 est ke galinae bexa a (aemu aemrikayi)
ckass est ke seers e a
ne aemu aemrikayi cer1d.
nae?
co- nle:, ma waz kad
a:ekaes n- _apest ke dae MQ: rae?
zoto: ne:, jan rioft .
e:ckaéshtanes ke eniteh - hatae? (do naefaer
.coto: ne:- do naefaer eehan dad.
ja:ekads.n_ -anest ke rno3kelatetanae hael konae? lemsayb)
n aelemsayb hae3 kaad.
e:ekaes naetanest ke nanae ta -sim konae?
coto: ne:, aupaez taNsint.
0:ekaes naetaxest ke lekca=i terjomae konao? golam
eoto:,ne* gollm
e:ekaes iaetanest ke somarae ra&momayi konae? do:st
e:ekaesnaotu3t ke golamae kom
ed.
cote: no:, o:stetanraehomayi k d.
konae?
eoto: ko:maek e
TEACiR
Id me:anae ke. bitaymae aarg
Id kf; raeqa1aerae taerjomtle konae
keea xaeridaen, borapp oke elev:z taeiiine paeye : e
xo name;
ROW X0 TIMM° t
a nae cum.
a ae-ke-yieg daetne daeftáorepiako:rJan xo naemeztnae,
ke aerotz d o e m,
kabol pul paca aendazkoma piakorra xo
naemeItanaem.
ke snore b ekel pao& boae . enomatan. X0naemertsnest
anne ke mae xo' mem
anae ke- a
ma 'co nae
d Farsi
ke :n? mro:z:nd om laken .2
me:tanomke emo:aemrãrdakáez,= hamedgsep bezaenom? emro:z naeme: tRze n, laken diroz
me:tamesee:n.
k .emsal ae inoma bora -emtel naamme:taneet.
ken pars
emro:z naerne:tenom, laken dird zme:tanestom.
:tanest ke PR -real =áal naeme:t
ems'aiawe.;
r
diro:temro:z:::;!:,anom, 1
gip kemuzyeeme kaboldidaen kona:n?
Advanced, F
RECP2ITULATE:1i fa
Drill A.
TEACHER'' STUDDIT
.mertianorn ke sle .yaeg
sbma bne:n ke ale yaeg daefa
goma me:tarrestembebene:n._
ospasze-bebenae.
ke diro:z yaeg daefae jan e
mawosoma me:bebenem,
mawesorna me:tanestem ke diro.z yaeg da.efaeeriae fako:lte aedaebejatae bebene:m.
este:rn ke diro:z eg daefae janeei'
---mayosoma me:tene:rn ke degaesceba yaeg daetaeraey1e fako:ite aedasbeyatiae bebenam.
-gagerdaye iolamme:tanaen ke degaesaeba yaegdaefae raerise fako:lte aedaebeyatae bebenaen.
_
ye golam me:tenestaeri ke aefte: gozaestaep fako:lte aedaebeyatae bobenaen.
. 4bozkassirae
.-sagerdaye golan me:tanestasn ko Aelte:felme banoranae bebenaen.
ki me:tanest ke aefte: goza ae fel:6ebebena?
ki nie:taneat ke aefte: gozáeatae bozkaesiraebebena?
1 6
ste:n ke diro:z no.taa po eve kone:n?
4:kagaez
z.aewan
he. (
gozaal ae
molar:lilt:16nm
,komaek-
(endinci
z pe:s
-maerefi
ae fganestanGe
17
A
Advanced Farei
e. kire xodap xaelaø konae.
kare Xwae
flaewestae
diro:z,
:z
raewan,
pe:ran
iiiiaaw
tu kens°
.aero.z
teket
seteeftete,
1 8'
.bobaedietni ma_ dao qalin xaeri. °gas ined.ne:stom, laken`emro:0- ;besyar kar. &trot wee basarraeftienaemitanom. ._
naamettane:n ke emro:z aezxaeridaen saerfe naeoaer koneim.mae xo me:Tana-in Ice Beebe aernreyetangain xaeridaen borco.
ae ice mae degaesaebaaemrika me-from wae saebem karepaeporte xodae xaelas re:konom.
cera ne aema beradaeretanam daesaewda.xaeridaen xub xat bud?
mestanae ke denk konae.
EteSS lot °tan taesaekor. mae-entezare beradaeretanie darom.
xaey y-aeg caerd dee:114as metalme:kone:n ke beradaeremae pkonom ke aemrsietan,cialin xaeridaentoKae?
Noce ae baed nets cera 6aendro:s 'pe:s yaeg qalizie beayar kub,
ma kaeridae bud..
baele4 1 vs e: tangs. e:nae m as aemiaetft mg :Tom wae baereg me:gom Re
soma qli xaeridaen borae.
.:Dr41-1A- eJontinued.
can boil the dishes now.
I c 'buy kerosene now.
Dr _I
He: can. go to Ghulams h6use today.
can go. :the tailar Aoday.
.1 He can eat at the Khaibar 'today.
He can come -_y
_He can wait for you at John' s House.
:-Tio-'00. go tO s invitationr :today.
Yon...-pan.t say-
You an't eat by your hands thisyear
You buy a y rugs hi year;
Ybu 9spit rorkintheproiinceS' this yeer.
You can't change from thisschool this- year.
Yot can't teach in theprovinces this year.
You.canttt fly to Qundus this year
:You dan' t go ,to the U. S...three. tiMes this year.
an't order razor bladthe U.S. this year.
You can'.t borrow-money fromthe'. Naos. Corps, office thisoar..
Drill D.
, Can't we "go to the Park Cinema
Caztiask permissfon n excusefromtoday
Can't we ask-permi ion from you today?
prebident (director)
-Can't we talk abo thS o :todsy
Can't_we give the students an exaltbdoer
I
.Canit wevsitthe museUM today?
Can't we visit your -ati
Can't wô usoyour.
t toclay?
today?
0 4 4,)1:".r AV I
barrwmi 01; jb,
DriJi D continued
can:t we invite theKurtoddy? .
t.-we have a, meet pg.aboutthe etam' today?
TheY' could introduce- couldhave introduced you yesterday.t.
They could take Johli,buy grapes yesterday.
They could forget aboutgoing to 2aghman yesterday
,
TheY could ask you fgr helpyesterday.
They- could- torgriabout buying therug yesterday.
They could forget :about cominghome yesterday.
,r.
hey could forget. abotit.---. looking for ta, house yester
They could forget aboutstaying overnight yesterd
,-.,:
They could fbrget about:taking- the exam yesterd
,They could- forget aboUt. seeing the sick mail)yesterday.
I couldn' tlast wepic.
iy:o you your salary
I-couldn'
I cOuldnit give.you hoiiweek.
couldn't lend you mbicycle las week-.
I.cou dn't showyou themusetiM last week.
cou excube you last week.
I couldn' giveyoU any tip-last week .
an envelope_ cSly
couldn't invite you giVe you aninvitation) last week.
Drill. G.
Who can talk -about. the historyof Afghanistan?
can talk about the public health?
can talk about the wvacations?
Who .can talk about the religion ofIslam?
o can talk about the- AmericanExports?can talk abou
uiecan talk about the climate
of Afghanistan?Who can talk 'about cbal
,
Who can talk about hi'. Fedayi'sarticle?
Who can talk about the respon-sibilities of the professor?
an kali put the .books on the desk?
Can you put the- 'cupin the -cupboard?
Canisu Tut the uttc
Can you pat the pillown on
45-
ji2.11.; 45.4:1
Can you pu
Can kou puenvelop9
you pittzbloi
the pep on the 31/45
4310 u.t..1 ailcysJ .
P-You leave the ccrpound.door
Can Ytaljjeave the i7irtdcfst open atnif,W
ja.SJ
-
z
elr
r 77-ri
UNIT v :wed Fa s
emro:z
Bayead (ice) ale borom.
Savaed (k ) amsaew borom.
Ilomhen (k saeba borom.
diro:z
ba -d (ie ) diro:z me:raeftom.
sayasd (ka ) aisaew me:raaftom.
momken (ke ) garsal me:raaftom.
1-tzem-a ke) ale byay lazem bud (ke) diro:z myamaedont.
az-aess (ke) eesaw byayom. ejazae bud (ke) daSew myamaedom.aetmisS ke) Beebe byayom. aetmi bud (ke) dirq:z myamaedom.
momken.aess(ke) ala byayom. momkan bud (Ice) disaew myamaedom.
zaerur aess(ke) amsaew bvayom. zaerur bud (k disaew myamaedom.
Comments:
1) Alqays use bayaed, i';ayaed, and momken with the optativeform of the Iistb,when the tinse-17-5Fesent or future, e.g.bayaed ke amro:z borom.
'In the past, however, you should always use the-prefix me:-with the past stem of the verbs: bayaed ke dito:z me:raefto
lazem, eja_ae; aetmi, xaerur and momkin are often, thoughhcA always, with tne optative forErTM-Verbs_in the presentfuture and the me- f rm otvorba when the tense is simple
Drill
bayaed k
babaad ke
PRESZMTATIO 1.111
ae o:z daa kar aajaaLa konom4
aero:z dee aami.xanaa zendaeg .,konom.
bayaad ka aet4o z aawdanaa por konom4
ba37ad. ka aero:z boxariraa deer betom
bayaad ke aaro;z tamirae xaebaer bigirom.
bayaed ka aaro;z otaciaa,golf konom.
bayaed ke aaro:z saetlaa xali konom.
bayaed ke aero:z taesnabae ga,rm konom.
bayaad ka aero:z pamane saefe:d,-bopo:som.
bayaad ke a o:z daa saarwis maektaeb borom,
sayaadika
sayae. ke
Sayaad k
sayaad
-sayaed.ke
sayaad
ayaad ka
Sayaed ka
ayaad Ic
golam otlaa ali konaa.
amro:z golam
'sayaae, ka
sayaad
o:z
0:2
snro:z
tfargs bo*aoyae.
golam karaa oaa konae .
iviem aawdana prir kona- ,
golam mo:taaraa te:iae koha
amro:z golam gaapa 'bawaer konaa.
o:z golam gaapaa (la bul konae., ..
golam.sagardArae Jaaza batae
amro:z golam golaraa a2w betae.
amro:z golam mitaaraa gol'konae.
:z golam aemrayam mowafaciae konae ..
(k,) arafta2 taaraafe da-rya qaadaam bezaen r
l -so ac (ka) Afar asftaa aegi .ararak t :aawom.
aaftas ko: baLa saawom.
lazc:m aass.(hs)-aur asftaa daa caamaan'bazi konom.
-Asr aaftaa daa maa
,lazam asn aeftaa d:, b-g satarl kotorii .
lazoo asss aaftaa dAa manae taafri konom.
lozam a2fta dae pagman
la (ka. ) a:r aaftd..!
lazem aass (ka) asfta- daa
7az-sm aass naamaz bo::anora .
lazam aass (ka) aa tacD.
. bayaacl
bay:
bayaccl k d:i_rotZ rinaba3n1 Mu larida:m.
dAro:c bury
b&a l rUro z t2ka- oa=arida:m.
bayas he cliro :z 7,!aa1ta kagazzi mam.arida:m.
baya Vro:z ..:span m-:%aerida:Ok
diro: z langi m.:caarida:m.
fito z anjanb rnmi ms:Ica
baya cro:z ball
ba,,, . ka di abas
- b diro aynaa ma vaarida:m.
ha C.c;.ro saltaraj ms
diro:c o-:b-.
axuri borom.
o:ta21 saaw t konom.
alif .rnataktan ba6Om.
ko. payan Saewom.
diro:z Taatah, marcaarid
ri. :m.
oc.:caarida:m..A
ma:_aaride:m.
diro: _gostaar(i)m's:x_
. rn.::caerida
/.
Drill E.
raorlIcn.ha baysahalaa jo:rna2mz:haadaen.
-1.11
non -ro:z golraa buy nam: :kazcIan.mo:tea n2 cstn0. nnama:1-,aadd n.
r121,7a.p
morlk2n ra
morah,n ha diro:z pya
las, na2ms :haadaen.
jaam nma :kaedaem,
momhan aro :z sa2raahao. :raarab na-ma:kaada n.
MCI u.lc2 naama:kaadaan.
Al.lor±2ti paaysaara na rtara:kcdaan.
laOr a-nlga,, I ni2ama. a2daan.
r :z ba-rcia2 gOL nama:1'aada2n.
latnt bud _
lazlm bud
buel
u 1ma b2bm. m?
asaake 2, bwcora
2r holcacra2 bwr.ore:m?-
l_az.cq bud 1.-c2- inn2W ataan jana2 _1:m7
bufn-h-disaaw,- faataan pirata roxta s hon3:m7
r,r3m fasw7r7in mo:ta2raa_nstadw, kona-m?
laz-zn burl. Jc
lazam bud 7-,2
ta2rbuza dag, paraa konz:m?
-2t92u kodam si da2ga2 baxaar2
7 raja: -ba:2 hodam fv2 g ap baznam a?
lisaw kodn71. , _agna b2g3r2:m
Drill G.
C3.
ass
s
naro pot 2ridd3 babinmam.
o:z pot ka2btib b=ordsn.
ha aaro:z pot adayaara molaqat 1coni.n
_ k- tp,2:rana
. c- 10 a,ss _ot fardl boxanan.
e3 i3ZiU aass ha daro:z Dot bar7 alamaa bobaardan.
baynad
17..3 aaro. pot q(tL1fltL baa-7 hon, n.'
+
aro:Z Dot armay fd2rid gaap baztwndan.
aaro:z Dot maamomaa h ,n konaan.,
ro Dot r,
1a5-am aasd ha d'Iro:z not sarrddra,
2 ,a2rw3a-
ba7naci
bayaad ha
ba7d,
coma :COG Dasa
-t oona al -Jdr bada:n.
t dood bc-,
ru3tsomn
7-r,3 daruat soli
-: %a nar
7_ soryl
taan eto:-
Jpaa:n.
donn Joria bdca:n.
ba,Taa ha 1.:2rwa-.:nt
go.s Iconam.
oo:taabaar bana:n.
da;: 7 bdda
Inqaamdme. bad,'
=r b-
baya2 R:a 3r7-7.2.a:7,t soon
-0 I, o donn
a-runa7.,:t sum ,r1r1=-10
bataan.
Drill,I.
momkan nc.abu k2 parsal daa rtriica -loud.
monk= nnabuo pnrsal rmlndo':k mibud.
homkan nnabue
.momhan nnaouc l. parsal snara soma gar mibud.
motakan naabud k ptrsal ociaa ba:har mibud .
par ni ociaa d2Lasp mibud.
-v'rcct1 ociao gar-3mi mibud .
momhan n,
MOokan nnabui Ita parsnl oqa sat mibud.
monk= ,nn NO:ha parsnl ociaa 8darib mibud.
momhan naabud ha parsnl oqa ca mibud.
r-rioan naabu, -nnl oqa, zynt,m*j.bud.
mo nnaburl ociaa 74odusi mibud.,
monkan nnabuC, k tarsctl ocia- asur nibud.
nonaan na: parsal octal =1,;(1i mibud.
.otnic ha jnn
aatmis -n- amro:z claa mn3_,s
313sa2w daa aroci
nIts h7_. anroa nomn azar Ijsar.l.
_yin an-- ftnar aar basna.
,jnn amro:z rlora ma: _i ,._ ..sna.n2t-tis
natmis
2t-17f.s
jfln amro:z dna-xana: n4.1azar
jnr ,2nria-:zha jan amro lnwaat azar basda.
tt-ilis ha Jan anro:z dn; 2rnixur1 az2r basda.
gaya ,saaryris
natm- o:z daa haali
o:z dna la2 0.23
A
1 K.
zacrurac- k rLo:k33r p
zacrura
SearUrac,no:k
awda bora2.
aaz boraa.pos
no :Iar pos _ act'bor\--
2rurs k2 no:kaar poste dubi'borna.,_..-
,
ca no:kasrpoa yaa:c boraa.
zarur
za.2 a 1 boraa.no:kaar po
zaaru__-_ dome.no:ka3 post:3 d
za3rura ,no:kanr pdsta sabun borae
zacmra no:aar axtbar'boraa.
zacrura P, no:kar iost moja2 Ina boraa
za3rura :kaar post- asn1 bo
sa3rura-s ka no.:kaar posto jaru bor
no:kaar post3 gorup bora-
Drill h.
enS ti
M char:
aro:z rcysa CLm
galin z-n---
aw radayo:r,n,:konna?
,golnm o:tct3b
xnna :tan da
pnasto:. na:f
jo :r
T DRILLS
Student-
na : 1 aaort ,tanaabayn.-2d ke snabn-;:anaa basce.
amsal ro3nat nacdaran.baynad ka amsnl ro::sacti dastaabasa:m.
na ainro :z paaysaa nnedaraabnynad- ka amro:z pnaysna dnstaabnsae.
ne:, emsnl qalin narzan na:ss,bavaad ka amsnl galin aarzan basaa.i
^ aw radayo:rn nneme;konna. bayaed ka ansaaw rndayo:raejo:r konc.
-taabaer na:sbayaac. 1c go1iu moitaabner
naaw-aa na:, ,c.'na:twi dtsfirabnywd ka :na dna.basne.
na:, mlabayn-,d.k a
naew
o: nneme:zno.om.-naSto: bofamom.
Dra
Jan o:zs.77
mna diro:z orin3naspurarLom.,(1nz-2:'7
naw nd. bay ,d ka rliro
CLWC po7to2nnakaadon (nom%'In.
Oiro:z drY3 sn!rt.72:snaaraafto (bnyasc
r.,nrsal dna knbol 7.annonn2 .fltor1 (sayaad)
ociaa
lanaMedom.
:staar anat1cx a x,laadOo. 1n2taM_
nn2 pnrca(bny
o:b-re1)
_as qaandar ta!ranz2L
z taana,..ninomaa ftOm (bayasd
.1nzam diro:z pc:rans
mon_ n ka 'oor77..a nalwa poxtaam2:14a2da:n.
bayaL 7k's-*S:ounma,:rnefta:n*
1,ry!.
avaed ks somn da kbo1ma:dnsta,:n.
bud-kaads:n.
bn nod Its pars co:b M2 rida:n.
bnynati
soma caewn2Maamedczn.
omn -ta:n .
n ndom. 1c 2 soo71 da2.-1.n7ars sdaLma:(1-1-1a:n.
1,,,eMAk
11 C.
lehe
naema0 an .
^nr11. a no sa:'Sodaan. (amkn
-baz zrdori farsma:zaennan.
na Ianaa12 :konzt
bi gaep
'daa za '.atan new( :chaec)
acpa7,,
u b2cy
an bas
maare
:konaa.
oqz zutzutba7,
burebalm
.ud at!
sagret naema
an.' a:ctaas ameGtanwr=uri. raejEt-
u ba..yar paaysat.naokonaa.
Ix:woad ka olaa,nnarae.,
bayacaarae
sinona
SfrZ bura
manning.
oth s
tho cook
aspace
Goraa
to th2 pinoipa1
see thl
rom
8 Sri
lazem bud
rase
.bayasd
ilL ths ,latav
rr,:!-.aeclon
P2n a night in Jalalabad
1iv in H3rat
raz with the teacher.:
Jan
eoi1ct
astrai7
ozaas tae
punish his stu Jlts
10d thl bOok
iounta
4 3
en
Jan ia'tica soma daa a mani aefganace Icona:n ]a araz oma, -aaeaen,
mas b'd act rayc a kaes.dest betom. b aegae,qasoqo paenjae naabaaa aemraya deat nan boorori.bayaed ma:nanoco:rdaeln amraye destee.bo ame:m cardae-baze :,:ana'cia'soqo aenjae naame:bas
-rasti,_das nanay, aefgani kodam cizara :besyar-xee
mae fekr me:konom kw asaekkatbab 1:inyar daezaadar-ae..,
. .Teacher: 'cub, fekr neemikoni ka daomttaa ba2wa2 -'374ne:.
p:lani qabeli 'a lwa
aemrikar
baele: baya .saawae.mae fellr me onom ke ba3aid baze raesturana 1 qesmnanara datae bdea.s. baYaed ke Obeli aatmaen dae-aemrika yaft Saewae, wee mariazem.7aess ke (lite r.ana:
. =,d yaagah waext kaebab poztae kona:m..
(Ae) lib)
iveA.11 this housseveryday.
Are everyday'.
ld check the bu lding everkday,
should lack the room everyday.
Fiould empty the bucket everYday.,
should heat the taesab eve yday.
:sholi.tld a whiter sh
fi should go to school by buseveryday.
-pryday.
phulam may ,:punish the studentstoday,.
Ghulm may watertoday.
flowers,
G ularn may turday.
he meter
y agree with mo todax,
4 Ci
Ltd4
Drial C.
It js neoessry that I take a walktD rd the river eve yweek. t
tis nece_sarythat-I cross thisroad every Week.-i '
It is necesaary that I "climb:the-Mountaineveryweek-.-:
-It,is necessary-that I play .inthefield everyweek.:-
It is necessary that I pray in,themosque evety week.
It is necess_ y that I play n thegarden every wek .
It ls nece -ary. hat I, relax athome every week.
-It is necessary'that 14.go' to Pfor r creation every week.
It is necessary that I stay athotel overnight every.week.
It i necessary thetI wait for youat Is alif every week'. Ar-
It is nece'seary that I.0,eme Aownthe mountain every 'week. -I
11r:
should have bought 1400d yesterday.
We should have bought elasticyesterdaY
We should have bdught brassieresyesterday.
should have bought a mat yesterday.
We.should have bought so e material.
yssterday.
We hould have bought a paper.yes erday.
e should have bought some ropeyesterday.
We should have bought a turbanyeraiterday.
We .dhould have boughttomatoesYesterday.
ffe should have boOght a p llowFyeaterday
.
Ifli-shouldhave bolight clo hesyesterday.
e should have bought glass.nye terday-
We should have bought antiesyesterday.
We Should have bought a Tingyesterday.
We should have bought a petticoatyesterday.
4 8
4311-4Jig
44,11.6. -P6.1-
fi
hay. were-,not..repairingyesterdaY'.
Maybe they ere 'DoYesterday.
Maybe they Were AOflowers yesterday.
. :
Maybe'theywere.noO6r Yesterday.-
fi
Maybe they were'notope yesterday.
'Maybecups
. . ..
hey=were. no puttay yesterday.
cooking aelwa
èrnl1ingth&
stoPpftig th&
Maybe they were noi damroad yesterday.
'ng the
be they were not tying the ropeyocte day.
_Maybe they Were-notmoney yesterday.
aving the
aybe they were not rollistone yesterday
the
Mnybe.they w re ,noiturning thelight off yesterday.
4 9
ittJ
.iLi J./1
Drill F.
Was it necessary for usthe movie last night?
_see
ncce ior Us to ea_ thelas
1,17. iii-oct;lsoary for,us te e-- that,--'cookies last night?,
.
it ab olutely necebsery.to:see John last night?
Was it necessary fpr us to makepancakes all ofa" sudden?
Was it flecessary for us to stop the .car imedjate1y last night?
Was It necessary for us toslice a water-melon lasnight?.
Was it necessary for us to buyanother piece of glass last ,night?
'as it neceseary foruSto talk about.anofherguy last'night?
es it necessary for us to getother mirror last night?
.
Drill G.,
Why should the' see Frride secretly
Why should they ea Rabat'soccretly every day?
Whyshouldthey y rheet Assidsecretly 0-mry :day?
. .
Why sheuld-they:washtheir shirt secretly
;
Why Should they..studYk. Pasebtetly evory.day?
Why should they. take IrlY'bicycle Secretly every, day?
Why.should they a k the pree'Of the 06.4-vet sepretly ever-;k:clay?
-why should lbhey talk, o'--Farideseeretly 'every day.
Why should they invitepeople'..secrotly eVery.day?
Why shou1dradio seere
hey listen to the.ly every day?
Ithy should they punishthe cf.udents secretlyeveryday?
)49
You, should always (ev.ali-times) be 'happy. ytime or.
be pa
be dlever*---
You should always Ae-, Separate.
You should always, be wait n
You should always be rich.t.
nu should always i4 generous.
Y9.1A.. should alweys be iitere
J.I
hould always be industrious.
Tou shou d always be honeE
was_not possible for him to ben Am.aripa last year.
It apn't po sible fo -him to -be shy.'last year:.
It wasn't poasible for the weather,to be that-het last year.
It wasn't poSsible.for h'im to be'.angry -t you last Year.
forldmtato frealatt year.-
It1 wen'tposible for it'that itti*eating-lastyear.
It wasrOt possible. for it tobe that ,hard lait year.
It wasn!t-possible for him:tobe that poor last year:
-It wasn't posaible for him to,be that fat laat year.
wasu't-tOssible for so e h ng-o'be.tilit much last year.
It Vaan:that pri
sible -for him to bee last year.
It wasn't Pes 1.1q.e for himthat famous-1 st year.
be
It wasn't Ross ble for scime hinto be that real last year .
j L.
JL
absolutely neaessary forto be in class today.
. .
id'absolutely necessary kx.to be in the meeting today.
absolutely necessary forohn to be at the weddingonight.
absolutely necessary forobe at the cinema today .
s absolutely neapJoh* tabs presenVin-Oday
'LbsOlUtely -nece dary-fo- -be at the-party today.
-absolutely necipsary for .o be-at our-hotive today. ,
*bsolutely nece nary forohibbe at the-bus-stop
=;tod
4bablutelse necesaryolin _to'be'presentatceirtion today.i=
_s Absolutely necesearle-be present at.theeinent- party today.'
it ievabsolutely ncoessary4Ohn to be at tho'church today.
jthálut'John to be 1at th
a
4.A -71t-., it;;;]0:t;L:71.1eA'
trine (b=tly)
Xt tk3 necfacoar7 tor tr.,7 opr,:nt tr/
"ft (A neconsary for th'trip- the -Lauhcij,.....
it is necessary 17or thP earvant tr.!,bring ice,
It is necesearytor the:servant tobring a bulb .
it lc necespery for tht,brn flobr, ,
It is=nocQstary fOr vont to
-
1,4, is nocestary 1-or-tne aervralt totjt. tt.6, 4Ai4V4.itt
It it nrceotary for th -$erv,azt tobri!g the paper.
It-is necoszar, ',for th arvant tobdng tht magozine..
It ie nCcessar: for the sPrvantbring-,"atnis" (th nowsbaner),
,lUt,_.4s-htdessary- for: thb
"
Jxr
r
j tv:1 *T:=;1`;', 1"54:7--
2
1
iaf,k
k, 31,1
f.,1 r:F.014.
-
r-1
6
a
.1 .1/414
t.t
%
CEMLNI DRILLS
.1:
1)rill A.RECAPITUJjATXON D ILLS
5 9
AEC ITULATI3N' DRILLS
(Lif
*
t.L14
RLCkPITULAIION DRILLS
6 1
59
3
.a%VjL
d
_ae
mae
:z
felmae Ididas
eeridae'o:zJ gainae
daersae
a dada's;nee saeba golarae_
eiro:z
;
:me:tanom. I can water the
m. I as sc the movie.nowe
.tanom. I can hey tte rug
'today.tanom. ! I can finish the
! lessen tether
flowers tomorrow.
mae i dirom felmae didae ,tanestom. 1 was able to see1 the movie yester&y.
el dibaew daereae leaelas kaedeeltaneetom.,
; 1 was able to finish1
. 1
i the lesson last night .mae dims golarae ew dadae taneetom, I-Was able to water_
the flowers yesterdayomarae didae .meetaneatom. 1 conld:haVe seen
i
e y,u yeaterdayem dihew paoyaaerae xrc kaedae me 7tariestom. r I could have spent ,1 the money last nit
tanestom. 1 ceuld have stud.,1 ied Pushto lest year.
M
'mate: p peat() : xen (sae
Ir golware nasok - aess. This girl is as fine Oa a fibem zaware ayar aeos. This person is see Clever as a crow.
t arwere taelx aBss. Thi: cigarette is as .tter aspoisen .
1 :nes in A illustrate that when the auxils verb me:tanom pr ent-tan- and past s am - t-) when used ill the prese re tense,thar verb compound or Simple) should be (l)in the airplo past endae suffixed to it. e.g. (did ¢ ae) . did4.
2. Sentences in B illuetrate the past atom of the auxilary verbeith the simple-past of the verb preceding it. The meaning of such seer,tences is was able. e.g. "filmae didae taneetem" - "I. was ab e to neethe repvie 717:51711 could see the movie."-
3. Sentences In C illustrate the fact that when the 2temof ,hisauxllary verb is used with the prefix me:- s-TEe meaningcould have rather than was able or eould. e.g ae parsal paegto:xandaeeee:tenestom." 111-Zaira-have utedied Peftto last Year."
4.,Sentences in D, however, explain thafect that you must have a nounsuffieted.by eware to give ti-e meaning which is thenfollowed by en.adjective. e.g.-getaeware maeAbui-aess - She io aspretty as a picture.
, UNIT-III
P TATION tILL5
Drill A.
doxtaare maacisud golware nazok aess .
namzate.maacisud golware nazok - aess.
doxtaeraaki maektaebi goiware nazok aess.
aemgere k idaen golware nazok aess.
ruya doxtaere xale:g golware nazok aesa.
aebaye u dorbaer golware nazok aess.
Oestaye raefiqe: goma golware nazok aess.
pe:rane.arusitan golware nazok aess.
pe:rane xaewe to:rpe:kaey golware nazok ss
jorabe.n lona raeu1etan golware nazok aess.
paerdaye otage xaewatan golware nazok aess.
nane7silotsaangware saext bucL
.go:Ita gaew saengware saext bud.,
tolgaeke.xane:tan saengware saext bud
.z-saengware saext bud-.
u balegt saangware saeXt bud.
dole u,Maelem saengw saext 6
paeneire u doikan saengware saexi bud.
pi:3:sta oarmae saengWare saext bud. .
lubya saengware saext btO.-
jaeware lo:gaer saangware'saext bud.
Sitaye aezu mo:taer saengware saext bud.6 3
Advanced Far
Drill C.
/-aemi xanae do:zaexwa gaerm ne:se?
aemi agpaazilanL do:zaexware gaerm
aemi jelalaebad do:zaexware gaerm
aemi flo:reyda da:zaexware gae ne:ss?
aemi ataq da:zaexware gaerm ne:r3e?
aemi maentaegae'do:zaexWare gaerm T 1:ss?
aemi saerwisa do:zaexware gaerm
aemi senf do:zaexwa gaerm
aemi kali do:zaexware gaerm ne:ss?
aemi aemam do:zaexware gaerm r
Drill D;
godseyae baerabaere Yoma ketab.:KoEne- naemell,anaa.
godseyae baerabaere g oma ketab naeme tanae.
godseyae baerabaere soma ketab Awe- naem, ae.
godseyae baerabaere góma ketab nacweihae naeme:'Anae .
godseyae baerabaere ipma ketab gereftae naeme:tanae.
gods yae baerabaere gopla ketab bo:rclae na4me:tanae.
ciodseyae baerabaere oma ketab nega kaedae naeme:tanae.
qodseyae baerabaere 5oma ketob di naeme:tanae.
godseyae baerabaere goMa ketab 5m kaedae na e:tanae.
qodseyae baerabaere goma ketat nijan _e naeme
godsayae baerabaere ioma ketab to,Tslim kaed, 3
ae.
:tana
Advanced Farei
Drill E.
kole maerdom segret kaegidae naeme:tinae.
-baze maerdom segret kaogidae haeme:tanae.
iaemame-maerdom segret kaegidae naemeLtanae .
yaegan maerdomsegrat kaegidae na_ t-
aemae maerdom segret kaegidae naeme:tanae.
aeksaere Maerdom segret kaegidae naeme:tanae.
besyari maerdom segret kaogidae naame:tanee.
nesfe maerdom segret kaegidae naeme:tanae.
be:staere maerdom segret kaAidae naeme:tanac.
yaeg te:da&maerdom segret kaesidae naeme:tanae.
Yaeg esae maerdom segret kae5idae naeme:tanJe.
DrIll F.
mae xo irae famidae naeme:tanom.
mae xo irae aewar kaedae nae :t _m..
mae xo irae faeysaelae kaedae naeme:tanom.
mae xo irae zyat kaedae nae_
mae xo irae taeslim kaedae n me:tanom.
maeL xo irae taegdir kaedae naeme:tanom.
mae xo irae moragebaet kaedae naeme:tano
mae xo irae paeyda kaedad naem
mae xo irae faerZ kaedee'neem,?,:
mae xo.irae.zeemanaet kaedae n-eme:tanom.
_a irae purae kaedae naern: banom.
tanom.
mae xo ae nega kaédae naene:tanom.
6 3
,7 4
IL ;
Drill G.
jan xo eml be bud:1c
jan xo emro:z taena budae na etanae ,
an xo emro:z be:se ad .(naxiAl ) budae naeme;t
aeme:tanae.jan xo emro:z no:z gozaeren beta
an xo emro:z budae naen
an xo emro:z aieZ budae nae e. .
an x6 emro:z momsek budae nae -:+arae.
an xo emro:z gar budae naeme:tanae.
an xo emro:z jegaerxun budae na me:tanae.
jan xo emro:z azad budae naeme:tanae.
an xo emro:z mofies budae naeme tanae.
an xo emro:z deljaem uda. e:tanae.
jan xo emro:z be:karae auduc 1 tariae-
((!a
Drill H.
ki diro:z urae ociae zud
ki diro:z urae ogee zua
ki diro:z urae ogee z d dae
rn
anest.
tanest.
me:tanest,
ki diro:z urae ogae zuciij ie nx:tanest.
ki diro:z urae ogee zud numrae aad me:taneet7
ki diro:z urae ogee zud
ki di o:z Iffne oqa zud ta,
ki diro:z urae ogee zud
ki diro:z ogee
ki diro: ogee
ki diro:z uvae ocia zu
do
kaedte me nest.
me:tau
me:tant.
andae
t
ac
Adw Fral
Drill
asw noqraeware saf aess.
nak qaendware er in -
ay zarware t_
ea noqraoware
nan maeskaeware naa a ass.
aengur qaendware Aarin aess.
de:wal baseware saafe:d
eay zarware taelx seas.
i. kard Itaange:rware te: aess .
i sew noqracware aasfes
i.nan maaskaeware naerm aess.
nak qaendware erin
cay zimare taax
illityan salanze akware,
rv:Ti- rV°
pakestaal zarware teelx naeb4a7
(gage eatezar co : rr tri eaowi?
_Faro
Li UN'
acs4
5aca-nware
orwa re IS r
xadaofare
modir
-7,Lware
al 4;0yl Jan
raeftaen avvRe
Xt4A:tetti,--1.1t7«,,t'ff:,=,g"
arware taelz
be:kar-aostaon?
a
aoba beiqebarae
u gaopae fayiaelao :kono:
u naofac
STULIOn.
ne:, mac etaro:z co:bnaerte:tancen.
no: , ale xaolaa Imam:
ne:, earpthn boskar budaonaome:t4naen.
aba gu1rae anoon anao.
no: o roans:tow didaonom moo.
no: aoblnaoma tanao.
no:1 alokoodoe name
ao
no:, maw boore naafidadao naernoitanao.
flQt dao aenf guxi kaudaonum:Ito:mon.
no: z goza _ koadaonoem: nac.
jam dirv:a
baecaa xan
f
Advanced
. (kalker
xoelas kaedeebazo gagerdan
ickaes
kaedae
didae me: =est.
ne: d kaadnaet
,bale Nerdan iaalaa kaedaaoaataneetaen...
el *sea xananaatanest.
Ike pars-
ao oqtoo
aes atiz ke;
katabae baare jan azr rar.:Jo t..ck amanact dadae
ntlat
UNIT rrAdv_ eed Fa
asugur bite fekre gcma
aex (geteaware
extayei coto;r-aess. (eaware)cay cotof r.aeaa. (tarware)
caqu cototr-aasa. (taet
goat xub tud?
bud? (baelet :za
1,baecae
;egret sigaal onto r-a
(zarware
MIT
..aengur q--ae4s.
doxtaer ciataewaremaelbul-aass.
-erntayan aawware
1. cay zareare taelx-ac
cage gaarn5e: mare taees.
no:. Vat aangare abud .
baelety aemgaerm bud.
1.1 baecae za
zaevare
egret signal .z aelx-atm.
RECAPIiJLATION. DRILLS
riU
ale baeke1etae nega kaedae naeszestanotn.dirosz
Jan
.paes awordae
amideati (right away
raeligem
&none
gorup (light
buy
irol z piinkagke
fin d
hayaB
eaybe rd)
minket.)
B.
u dorteer qat
ale
baya d
kalke
efli
z
nak qaendware
maegtful
kard
paeIe
segrete sigael zarwarecaye sya
UNIT III AdvCec
Drill C.
mae xo i qaiinaexaeridaenaetne:tanom.
msmaye aspaez
bring to my house
diro.z
Boma
aemu buryarae
take a look at
peas me:tom
aemidesti
sweep
sell
mae
aefte: gozaajtae
rosze yaek daefae
wash
UNIT III-
Situations
TEACHER:
,STUDENTs
TEACHER-
MIA:ENT:
o_
N1iSATION LLU3
raje: bae tartxe ol kaeme gaep Uedae met
nes-, raje: bao.tarixe molol daedan maelumatnaadaro- laken rbae tarix oaemgelz baeretam maelumat dadae ne:tanom.
motao aosefanao ale bayaed mawgoma saere tarixe mo 1 gaepbezaonesmm lazem:aess ke cpma rage: bae mo olam cize yad dal asbagesn.
xse:n, rat± ko mao bayaed kodam ketabe tarixe aefganestanaeke ajes bae tarixe molo1 babeo bexamom..' aema-fe:lien raja: baeta#.te-megollese maelumat naedarom1 aez goma yaeg sazwal kbedaeme:tanom?
TEACHER:- baele: bofaermaye:n.
oTULENTs -mae daelmjatedam ketabe
jarixe xu OR yaftae me:tanom.
TEACHER: ketabaye tarixe aefianostam dee aer ketab forugi wapketabxanae paeyda mestae.
UNIT IIIMagaud's daughter is as delicatea roge. (flower)
This little school girla rose.
TATIgN 1RILtS Drill A.
cats as
Eden's eld6k-sis er is as delicate as arose.
Hi her colaas a rose.
That girl' lips
Your
rose.
Your we
delicate -
delicate a
d'a hards areas delica as a
-g dross ia as :delicate-an 00
0
z---10iv 10R-
Torpek nightgown is as delicate as.a.rose.
Your fri nd's nylon sock(sdelicate as a robe,.
The draperies for your be rOom are .as delicate as a rosed.
75
That '3-ask was
That .t8CX
roOk.
This opi...n from Leger w .-h d aki a mak.
The seats in that hard as'a rock.
76
77
6
UNIT III
Isn S kitchen, as hot as hell?
abad as hp: as hell
his) Florida as hot as hell?
this:zoom as hot ahell?
this diStrict hot as he 1?
Thesp busses -en't they as hot as 1?
Isn't this classroom as hot as he].
Isn't this cafe hop s hot as hell?
this bath as hot as hell?
77
UNIT III
Qudsia readwe.11 ati
bcyks)
Qudsia 't buy oks) as wellas you ,Cara.
Qudscan.
Qudsia can rt keep (boàkuas:well as-you can.
d ia c look up the books as wellyou can.
Qudsia can co act books as well asYou can.
Qudsia can't s o oks) aS well asyou cm,
Qudsia can't ddliver(books) aswell as you can.
.1J1 d 4,11 -LD
4JLIA L r..Lu L
UNIT !III
cigaretle can Make
Drill E.
people CSfl t -smoke cigarettes.
:All the people can't mmoke cIg es.
le cant.t smoke ciare
Most people can't- smoke. cigarettes.
people can moke cigarot
the people c ke cigs
Anunxbor of the people can ke * JailANIJcigaret
1.41 potion of theip?ople c 'cigarettes.
79
8 0
d th
just can't apread titta.
aettlo thia.
-
ustIteautt
u aritea
1173t can't m
juat '-_op th
the oXpensoe
8 1
80 .
't.be iUitorat tod
, John
8 281 4.0 riffrI
t.4,1,1"v tit t.you racif,-7
,.r
.144 74 IV
crAil
'At Otor1,--v-i
CV-41d1,4r do,y1
t.tv=1;._,t-r,at -1 .1; j
. ,M..17 ,
CrA""i4 7-44
'1111.0 -tcrp-141t 0 TA;.i-1,47,...r4V7
Mit,'.4Wevi to o=1. hotriDy'?
$
:
iitYj -f= 447, ). tp
Sto-ri trolo trpitlt -(177N t hat ti Zig-4-yotwt4- '7-7
.1
i=atikitio hi tr,==?Iat ziocre
8-3
.h f
=
4))
At7
J
J.171-7,Pt
"P-
5 fl
r
r r411 lz.) 44 ,
Wwn t thf.J neiim nnclul
Wel/717,--i 4 t t i1112 elk 1,./j 1 !. 47
Waih-Ot tr WFt ngrzive?
t the }-imirrit4ci c:_-.1n die 7
---
tra---z4vt:h r;;21. Lj-- J-t-itaNe,r7
.4415-ri t t zct iu CI CA21 "
Wann t Gnel= :lit Uri daU ght h tx:(xiCAI?
a
Wtjj J61ri co.oit tail atl
Wan) the dir Ent off cL grav,-J7 4-
a
Wa, 't th tront yard aL flower?. .
t Jo1in hciet us -Whit
Wasn t go-Ing to t hi-a cit 0-3417 al; water?
8 :3
p
LI
J
J1 J
UNIT III
I
I 1:
p
Drill B.
8 7
1
LI
TWOgim
cv
d B4170ifirpail
AR
momken (kc!
(ke) MR0
-aeba xanae baSom.
qrw xana.,2 hns 1,
(ke) jar' ale maektaeb has
F. led k ro:z xanae me:bedom4
(ke) mae disaew sinoma me:b(vier
mom ken (ke) jan dir z mncktacb me:bud,
momkc- (ke) jan diro:z xanae bodae basae'..
d- (ke) jan iiaew sinoma boda- basae,Lee'
4bayac (ke) jan diro:z xana bodae basae.
S:ntenoesin A illustrate that when the words .ga aea.bvaod, etc., are used with'the present or-future yime ekpression$, the optative form of .BE is always used e.g.layaed keale xanae bafte, ,notakeniZe sathba xanae bagae.-D. When, however,- the,word,aNaed, momken, ete,, are used with--the past time expressions, _en, two lifferent verb structures
are used dppending,whether:the speaker i$ sure er doubtful.The past stem of BE:withthe nrof/ix me: (me:bud) indiCates-rtainty. The:speaker knows that so 'and so should, have been .home, but he wasn 't. e.g., bayaed jan diroiz xanee me:bud.John_ should have been home but ,he wasn't. The clause "lakenpaebud" is implied. The past stem of BB with suffix (ae) pluthe optative of.BE is used when the speaker is not pure aboutJohn's being home. Thus ba_aed an:d_irol_ z anae -bodae baa6.John must have been home yesterday ns-that he is oabout his being home; he might or might not haVe been home.
8;)
89
PRtSENTATION DRILLS
,
.bayaedlu?. engur xubt,s asae.
bayaed.ko angur serin basae.
bayaed,kp aongur nazok bn
bayaed ke aengur tazae baSae,
ke aengur sotac Vasae
bayaed ke aengur poxtee -bas__
sayaed ka ala.xanaosaerd- basao.
riayaed ke ale kanae-nozdik ba;ae.
,hayaed ke ale xanae:sotrae baeae.
,
sayaed ke ale xanae forsaet basae.
sayaed ke alp xanae bo:kar
sayaed ke .al xanae birobar basae.,
sayaed ke ale xanae xali
Dr
momken:ke jan'oclao
notkah i jan oclae
homken jan eciae
nomken-I-_
karfgaer naebpao.
ppl;,sesi'llaebaao.
aemaetkaos nao
Jan egae wadaexeiaf naebasap.
'ken ke Jan onae rnanclao naebaae.
lemken ke jan eciae doro:ggo naeba-671ae.,
oclao we! -,:f.aese
UNIT I
Drill D.
bayaed ice diro:z aerzan
-bayee- ke diro gaiiI ae aerzan mibud.
bayaed kb diro:z hanjanc rurni acrzan mibud.
bayaed ke diro:z jaynemaz eran ,mibud.
bayaod ko d_i-o:z ard soJi aerzan mibud.
bayaed ke diro:z nogel aerzan mibud.
Drill E.
bayaed ke diro:z Jan dae xanae nacue:bud.
bayaed ke dirotz Jan xane: soma naeme:bud.
bayaed ke_diro:z jam. dae emteyan naeme:bud.
bayaed icc diro z jan dae maejles naeme bud.
aed ke diro:z Jan dae et naeme:bud..
bayaed diro:z Jan da, me:lac naeme:bud.
bayaed ko diro Jan dac .!79,nno
91
bud.
FARSI_UNIT IV
REINFORCEMENT DRILLS
STUDENT
Drill A.
TEACHER
soma saeba xanae-
go: al aerzan-
bosyar karigaer-aess?
farid saeba be:kar-aess?
zr±a xo pak-aess?
ne:p naem ;basoM;baom. a.yaed Ice xanao
ne: a-1%Jan ne bayaed keaerzan bagae.
no:, karigaer n ss; bayaed kekarigaer bagae .
ne:, be:kar ne:ss: bayaod'kebe:kar bakte.
ne:, pak ne:ss; baya-d Ice pakbaae.rda saeba m e uf-aes en? ne:, maesruf'ne taen bayaed ke
maesruf bagaen:m e ale-paeysaedar-aestom.
paeysaedar np:ste:n; bayaedke paoysaodar base:n.
A
1?2,
SI UNIT IV
Drill B.
n'a4CHER
fcim xubes bud.
STUDENT
-:ekodames xubes naebiXd. bayaedyaekid xuboei me:bud.
.., , . _ _sagord sesi bud. c:cRodamos Rososi naebud. baya
Re yaokid kodeai me:bud..
aspaez bosyar (label bud. c:okodames qabel naebud. bayaedko yaeki6 qabel me:bud.
9In
kodametan diro:z xanc, .bode:n. e:ekodamema xanae naebodo:m.bayacd ko yaekima xanac mo:bode:m.
-sal maerizbode:m-i e:ckodamotan parSal maeriznaebode:n. bayaed ke yaoki nmecriz me:bode-:n.
-Icsan,disaew gar bud.
Rodamotan diro: daebodo:n.-
Rodam
c:ckodamosan r -naebud. bayaedke yaokidan qa_
ess c:eRodamema dao maejless naebodem.bayaod Re yaekima dae maejle-me:bodem.
gacyrazer bodc:m. e:ekodamotan gaeyrazer naebode:n.bayaod ke.yaekitan gaeyrazer
ekodamesan ooac porkan neebud.bayacd ke emi yaeki'dan porkarme'bud. . o
kodAmmxn besyar porkar bud.
93
Dri.. c.
-27Y.MER
-:de soji alu-7;9,aed
m erdem dc=
Jan ens.°(bayaed
wada-xo naebud.
STUDE1-
'de sojibsEja
7rksc- :ggo:y
bo, d - ion onae wadna
-:acgan riacfaer czifac- enas- acrkaess zifaonaaes naess. aerkaess)
aerkae-(ktske
zamsetksetc-aess.
parspi b(n3naebud, (bay -cd
otaq ale_eciaee:cetaq)
'nane cat ale(Sey cd)
.gaorm
-8iriCa rozavobiro'an-
qas000 paenjaebud, (bayaed.
farsi.a(kanc
qimact
aerkaos 2amactkae 6
hayacd parsal qalin besyar ei aet
etaci ale ocae gaerrn ne:Ps.
,layand Ito nrtne cat aIcbaeac .
f7emken ke sine, a hirobarb
paenjae
psoyda
11
sabune
haya
parc,
bure ac
caendan
ke abo farsi
emsal
besyar
xub
maclemc fa
momken
aeft,!: goza stae
kaske
JECAFITULATION DR
95
bay
CAZ
ce
ko: sem.
: Z.`1
rill C.
, mac diro:z xanae bodom.
.som
sa3 -d
dae po:acntun
lc
Jan
inomkon
aiikc
xane: judi
vozuraete xare ae
bayacd
c:ckaos
diro:z,
Aae ma
V
TEACHER
n ar ale'dae bazar yaft
CON-ERSATION DRILLS
cmsal dae xarej aengar sader sod?,
raeTiutn aenguraye xodae dxarej sader kaed.
ere CPC d foro:xtae ba;ae.
ed taór mefro:xt oerakesal aen.7.ur climaet bud.
_.1.1etam xarej racf:1 ya- baereg.fere,:xt'
. ,
xo bayaedaMa Sayged yaeg lack
'naebodao basae..
-caena sod e
STUDENT
bayaed ke dae baZar yaft-6aewle cerake aeno:tam waexteaehgur te":r'haegodae.
.
aeme:famom, motken dae enjaeyet 6aewae. bayaed da carayisedaraet xo,aetmsen yaft ifiaewae.,
baele, bayaed sader godae bagaeaez xaterekemae meltaerayeaengurae, medidom ke taeraefegomrok'baere masul kaedaenme:raeft.
bayaed sader me:kacd, amaaenguraye xodae dae kabol tforbzxt.
xub xaebaer naedarom, momkense;re cel aefgani foro:xtaebagae.
baele:, bayaed mefro:xt, aemadae I baey foro:xtae naegod.
momken xodesam sxarej me:raefacma raeftae naptanest cerakemaeriz god.
ba.cre mae xub malom re:a momkenkoleff yaeg lek godae baffae.
mac aerz kaedom ke purae xaebaernaedarom mc6ken yaeg laek sodaebagae.. waexteke raefige xodaedidom, ba34ed aetmaen.aez pe:gespursas_konom ke paeysc aengurebcogae sodae.\ xoda kpnae ke aezyaeg laekam zyadtaer godae bagae.
9 8
98
'PRESENTATION DRILLS
Drill A.
The gr:rape(s ) should be good-.
The grape( s 'shoUld.
The 61. _pe( Should be inder..
should .be fr
eet.
The p?(
The grape"( should be .raphed,,
, The grape(s ) -ahati The -ilpc.
Drill_ B. ,
The house.maybe cold ( o l) now.
The hou e maybe near new.
The hoUse maybe.cleam nOw.
The house Maybe less crowded now..
The house mrybe free'n
The hou e ma be etod.ed now.
The house'maybe emptY now.
.99
4 .
d I
Drill C.
John'may no(capable
be that
John may not be that
John may not be that
John-may not be'
John may npt be
John may n-
Drill D.
Priv-
PRESENTATION DRTILS,
indstrious
industri
hard working.
hat undependable.
hat tired.
b.P.a lier 41ke that,
be that,dependable.
should have been che p yesterday.
Carpet(s) should have been cheap Yesterday.
Tomatoyesterd:
.should have been che
Jis)A.
Rug(s)A(iPor praying ) should have be6n cheap 'ys
yesterday.
Baking powder should have 13een cheap-yesterday.
Nociol (a kind of candy) should have beencheap yesterday.
100100
cD-1"
ill B.REINTOR EMENT DRILLS
iOi102
Drill C.REINFORCEMENT DRILLS
A
J
1
J ZeNtg )1.0y=t)
L-I
J.Lt )
vc4, r"
03
J
4;31
-76
abl
RECAPUULATION DRILLS
Drill A..
3
104
RB APITULATION DRILLS
1 4
10
b
j _tr$1
.01
Drill C.RECAPITULATION DRILLS
1053 06
mae
mae p real,-
Jan disaew
jan diro:z yaeg daef,
rt- bae
diro z yaegAaefae
jan disaew
didomos.
-LtO171,
-goftotan.
paeyl Kaedom s.
fae taeyar kaucle_s,.
-mae ale acmrayes sin°
mae ale ae r .yetan s±noma me-rom.
mao emsae aemray.jp kaeybaer me;rom.
soma ale aemrayem sinoma m re:n.
oma saebaaemraye ma azar me:re:n.
Iflae kaet me:.om.
VTENTS:A. Sentcnes in k ilaustrate that object markeleet marks, :,re suffixed to the verbs. But theyarc the _last-',rd suffixes in_ the Verb. POT examlacnae/did/211/es (netive ver16 stem 4. Subject marker-+
Object), -1-1.-Tt:ar- the compound-verbs are concerned,they are usuy :uffixed to thesecond word of thecompound but tjleY .re,sometiales attached to the fivstpart Of the o.-Japond as well, e g.saeyl me:koncm0 orsaoyleb-B. Object markers,' as:the sentences 'in- B iliustrate,arezazo 6uffixed 'to the prepositionsHlike aemraye, kact(,_aere, etc. Thus unlike English, the object_of -thepreposition can b a-bound form attached to the-propo-sitions.
1 )6
107
PRESENTATION DRILLS
'nezdik bUd (w) d1roz byarometan,
nezdik bud (ke) diro:z begerometan.
ne 41k bud ( diro:z bezaeno etan.
nezdik bud (ke) di o:z b go:yo etan.
nezdik bud (ke) betaelbometan .
nezdik bud (ke) dir-:z bea -anometan.
ne.zdik bud (ke) dir begaerdanometan.
Drill B
iezdik-aess ke alexaelas konomes
ezdik-aess (k ale daem konome-..
nezdik7aess.(ke ) ale apwar konomes;:
nezdik-aes (ke ) ale taeqsikonrmeè.
nezdik-aess (ke) ale cirae konome'S.
nezdik-aes (ke ) ale maeydae kono e§.
nezd k-aess (ke ) ale ro:saen kono e
ne dik-aes .(ke ) ale be:jay konorneg
107
_qaerib bud (ke) paere:ro:z jaeza betels.,
qaerj.b bud (Ice) paere:ro:z,makaem begere
qaerj.b bud (ke) paere:ra:z ejazae bete e.
qae_ib bud tite- -Paer o:z baex6es bete:e.
qaerib bud (ke) paproIro:z maeas.bete:s.
qaerib bud (ke) paeraire:z saelam bete:6.-.._-qaerib bud (ke) paere:ro:Z ne,ean bete s.
qaerib, bud (ke) paere:xo:z roxsaet-be=
Drill:D_
qaerib-aess (kb ) ale naegero
qaerib-a_ss (ke ) ale naexayomet.
qaerib-aess (ke) ale ntlebenomet-
qaerib-aesa (ke) ale naetomet.
qaerib4ess (ke).4le naebaerometI
qaerib-aess (ke) ale naemanomet.
rill E
me:xay (ke) saeba.aemraytan simota borom.
m-3.kaom (ke) saeba aemraytan me:lae borom.
mth:xayom (ke) saeba aemraYtan ddeftaer bbrom.
J:xayom (ke ) saeba aemraytan kaebab x .rdaen borom.**
xayem ke saeba aemraytaii muzyaem didaen bordom.
.xaYom (ke) saeba aemraytan maeriz didaen boromL
:Xayom (ke) aaeba aem/aytan emteyan daden. borom.
..xayom ke) saeba ae r yt n aewbazi kaedaen borom..
109
108
rill F
jan xo
ja
emxo aemraym kar naeme:konae,
emro:z aemraym ketaek naeme:konae.
Jan xo emro:z aemraym nan naeme:iorae.
jan xo emro:z aemraym kala nae o;yae.
Jan xo emro:z aemraym xana.,pali naeme:konae.
Jan xo e--o:z aemraym. otu naeme:konae.
an xo emro:z'aamra
Ja xo e ro:z ae
eyan ae
daers naeme:xanae.
jan xo emro aemraym farsi naerne
,
RINORCEMENT DRI
xanae
_
Drill A
-TEACHER'
'emro:z Janae.dide:n?_
' kare xanaegitan e xaelaEkaede:n?
diro:-z soma maerae dide:nn?
disaew ketabae janaedade:n?
Jan paere:ro:z somarae xast
sagerda janae xanae be:rdaen?,
STUDENT
ne:, emr
ne:,
ne:,
ne:,
ne:,
ne:,
:sema maerae paeysao gaerz dade:n? ne
aspaez, diro:z felmn saeyl kaed? ne:,
Drill B
me:xaye:nJke ale galinae bexre:
mesxayae Ice embaew maerae bebenae?
me:xaye:n k saeba janae me:man kone:n?
:z naedidomes.
xaela naeka demes.
diro:z naedidometan.
digaew naedadomeg.
paere:ro:z naeiastem.:
naebo:rdaeneg.
naedadometan:
diro:t saeyl naekaede:s
__e'xayaen ke emsalfelme.arayenaraebebenaen?
baele:, kaskp be aeromes.
baele:, k'ittake bebene:tan.
baele:, kagke me:mankanom
bgele:, kaske bbonaenes.me4xayom lc_ ale radeyoirae xanaes bobaerom.baele:, kafgke'bobaere:nea..
me:xaye:n ke i xa.eitae aemrika raewan-konem, baele:, kaske-raewankone:nes.
ke:yaeg daefae berxdaeret:-aebebene:n?
110 baele:, kaake bebenomel.
Teacher
dirolz ktaba xaulas kae
emidPati sofaraet me:r
. 'Studen
nedik bud kc wablas konomps .
aemray'S' sinomaraeftc:n? nezd ke aemrays borom.:
pareal dg:c actraf kar kaedom., ,
sdik,-aess k- acmidesti borae.
nez_ bud Ice p!arsal kar konc:n.-
'.dire.:zlacrimiaomraytan xanaepali raeft 'nezdik bUd, ice diro:z borae,
--edraym kabab xo:idacn
o:z baran barid?
baerf 6'0:berac?
Drill,D
ketabac xae d?
e:re: nezdik-aess ko acmraytankapbab xo:rdacni borom._
nezdik bud ko baramb.obarao .
saow molaqa ,kacdom?/,,,
somaracA.4.ro:z ko maek kaedacn .
an motitaerac xanae avord9
alp paeysae ,q4-crz.me:
sacbameben
ozd1kaos1e ale baerf bobarae.
-nci
kaeridae aetaneste:s.
t kitedao paetan9ste:
k naek:kaedae'llaetancetacncz:.
awordac napaneste
-0aerz dadae, name tanomos
. didae naemetaomotan ._
ne: , ale sostae n.ome tanc :s.
110
Student//
"ae bogo: kc ale xanae borae goftomcs ka,orao.
-baecarae bogo: ke dao 'sonf basaen goftoMegan ke basaon .
dipiezae bogo: Ice ,yaeg daefae bazai borae. g9ftome6 ke borae.
_ae bogo Ice .kafitaoyar konae gofteMee b taeyar. kenae.,-
oftom4 le ale naerac.
getoMet'ali,ke-Itia4sae naed _4.
raefigitae bogo: ke ale sar naeac .
matrae boui: ke paeysae naedarem.
marirae bogo: ke aezi do;kan:sgewdaI
,sagerdorae bogo: ke saeba emteyan-a
d6:kandarae,bogo:- oipaeyse:t caend
aipaezae bogo: Ice aeba waext
dubirae bogo.: ko derisimae dae
tekaerae.
k.goftomerian'ke saeba.Omteyan-acss.
4oftomes kc.paoyoe:t..cgutend Sod,-
byayae... 'gpftOmes Ito satba:waext. yayae
,
aew.naoso:yao. goftomeb ke daenaeso:yae.
'Aipaezae bogo: ke-tayae waekt..dem ko-a
marae bogo: roxsaeti ce waext 0
1 '1
aew
g tomes ke waext dadm,koae.
o: g ftbmetan ke ccoro: me:sae.
112
RECAPITULATION DRILla
Drill A
ciaer1b7-ae ke ale bexaero
diro
(bring it).
mae
ale
(eat it)
naegerames
parsal
.nezdik bud
soma
saew
(iead it)
sayaed
ale
'ciaerib bud/-;
una
her)
112
Drill B
delem me 'ae ke emsaew aemraytan sinoma borom.
diro:z
xaeybaer
b xo:rdaen
ka
dela an me: od
afUdy far
(go to the mu yaem
the pa
e tailor
113
14:
#.
ki
jan
di
61.7, xaciases me:konae.
zedik bud
(b4:
cora
'aemidesti:
nezdik-aess__
saeba
an
(take it aWay
soma
send it)
114
T nearly told you 71e.
nearly askad you to come
)
embarassad you. yenterclay.
yas arday.
Jri1l13.
finish it -now-.
going todivie
now.
now.-
up now.
o_brisk it now .
nerirl going ,tc light
o rrnove it now.
115
He nearly unisheyesterday.
ariy held himyesterday.
day before
He nearly save him p rmission. day before yesterday.
nearly .gc:4! him a tioday before yesterday.
oar
o to hin the y before
7r,T.e nearly dhoujd him tb baforetertitv.-
. .
arly dismissed hin the day b,eforestarday.
_
.nzar that 'I 'don't ta
ar. that I _dont askiyou
It n_aar that I don -you now.
It i ner:that.I don.!t glvo you now.
I it r that. I do you albng now.
omo .noW.
xt is that I _in you now.
rant to go to th. novis.tomorroy,
want to gtomorrow.
qant to gomtoorrow. with you
T-rant: to go toatkabrh with you .tomorrow.
I want to goyou tanorrow.
I wan to go to-with t f;r1ori.-OW.,want to go tvT-zietomorrow.
I want to_ gotomorrow,.
Drill -F.John just rlo2an Tt -rork uith ra?2, today.
John just do'acnrt hel
John x) :3-at 7:17th m
3Frq.
John just doe n wnsh clothes wittod
John just dosnTt lool f house wl.thrite tcrlayJohn just, -doesn Tt iron vrith today.
. John ju-st 'does-ma today a.
ju st db.2sn t tud,7 rfith rn
.
giva an sxatn with
t
od ay .
119
12_
118 ,T,T11
//
'WA 4.1
UNiT 6
aegae
degae
aegae,
aegae
.[..............rer4.
ale amere xodae bebenom
-eaeba emteyane kodae begerae,
etro:z taease xodae begeraen,
emseew maezmune xodae bexanae,
aegae diro:z
aegae disaew
aegae diro:z
aegae parsal
pea:me-lite
xub me: ae.
xub met ae.
xubBme: ae.
xub me:sae.
amere xodae medidom -xub me:sod.
etteyane xcdae megereft, ,xub- me:sod.
so:b maeaee xodae megerefteenocub me:sod.
maezmune xodae Mie:xandom xilb me:sod.
'A. Sentences A illustrate that with -orde like ale,--,eaeba, emro:z,, etc. (present-future tense), the37gTiv-4 form of.the verb(BeForm ) is used, and'theverb in the, main_61se hat thejAe-Porm (i.e present-future tenee).-
e.g, aegde ale
B. Sentences in B illustrate the fact that in the, aegaeclause the simPIe past em of the verb 131130d4"
ear Iorom xub me:6 e.
PRESENTATION D I LS
aegae-saeba ketabe.xodae,-
-aegae,baeba ketabe Xodae
aegae saebaketabe xodae
:aegae eaeba ketabe xodae
aegae' eaebECketabe xodae
tiagite eaeba ketabe xothle
aegae saeba'ketabe xodae
aegae. §aeba'ketabe xodae
boxanom, xub-me:sae.
byarom, xub me:sae.-
begerom, xub me:eae.
totaleae konom xub m
tekrar konom,' xub.me::
gaerdan kondt, xub me:-,
aemanaet betom, xub-me:
taeslim konom xub me:s
127
Drill B.
aeg e emro:z paeysae dastae basae yaek cand ta ketab me:xaerae.
aeg emrci:z paeysae dastae basae, yaek cand ta pe:ran me:xaerae.
aegae emro.z paeysae dastae basae, yaek cand ta gorup me:xaerae.
aegae emro:z Daeysae dabtae basae, yaek oand ta qalin me:xaerae.
aegae emro:z paeysae dastae basae, yaek cand ta qoti sirme:xaerae.
aegae emro:z paeysae dastae b s e, yaek sand ta pakaete xwayime:xaerae.
aegae emro z paeysae dastae basae, yaek cand ta masine r'sme:xaerae.
ae ae emro:z paeysae dastae basae, yaek cand ta besqab me:xaerae..
emro:z paeysae dastae bar 3e, yaec cand ta xakestaer danime:xaerae.
aega-e
Drill C.
aegae ale waext dostae base:m, aemraye golam molaqat me:kone:m.
aeage ale waext.daStae baSe:m, aemraye golam sinoma
aegge sZe waext dostae bada.mi aemraye golam kaebab xo:rdaenme:re:m,
.-aegae ale waext daStae batie:m aye golam ketabae me:xaer :m.
aegae ale'waext dastae ba6'e:m, aemraye golam felmae saeylme:kone:m.
aegae ale waext d kae bE :m, aemrayegolarn kareie xaelasme:kone:m.
aegae ale waext dasta base:rnf aemrayegblam dae sefaraene:re:m.
aegae alL waext dastac babe:m, aemraye golam pe:se janme:re:m.
aegae ale waext dastae base:m, aemraye golam dae kanfaeransme:re:m.
Drill D._
aegae diro:; waext me:dastom, golamae molaqat me:kaedom.,
egae diro:z waext metdastom, golamae xanae: xod me;b0:rdom.
egae diro:z waext me:dastom, golamae farsi daers me:dadom.
aegae diro:z waext me:da6tom,-golamae xane: soma myawordom.
aegae diro:z waext me:daStom golamae ko:maek me:kaedom.
aegae diro:z-waext me:dastom golamae sinoma me:bo:rdot..
aegae diro:z waext me:da8tom golamae aewaxuri me:bo:rdom.
aegae diro:z wae me:dastom, golamde aemraye xod sar me:bo:rdom.
128
J.,
aegae diro z 6omarae medidom, bded naeme:6od.
aegae diro:z aemraye starnaer gaep me:zaedom, baed naeme:odaegae diro:z janae daewaet me:kaedom, baed haeme:.6od.
-aegae diro:z karetanae xaelas me:kaedoM, beed naeme:6'od..aegae diro:z raja bae zaeraaete aefganestan gaep me:zaedom,
,baed naeme:*Sod.
Aegae diro:z cialinae pass Me:dadom baed naeme:ged.
aegae'diro:zmo:taere xodae mefro:xtom, baed naeMe:sod.aegae diro:z Mo:taere xodae pakme:kaedoM, baed naeme:sod,aegae diro:z Mo:taere xodae pak me:kaedom, baed.,naemeigod.
aegae diro:z mo:taere'xodae myawordom, baed naeme:god.
-Drill T.
hegaedird:z kar naeme:dastom, somarae medidom.aegae-diro:z kar baete:dagtom yaegdaefaelar ma:rae- om.aegae'dira:z kar Ilaeme:da6tom felm giri'ielkaedom.aegae diro z kar naeme:dagtom, aemraye jan:sinoma me:raeftom.aegae diro:i karnaeme:da-gtom, maektubae taeypme:kaedom,Aegae diro:z, kar naeme:da6tom-; peetan dae xanae myamaeddm.aegae diro:z kar naemb:da tom, emteyane fezikae me:dadom.aegae diro z kat-naeme:da _am baeretan Pkelaew poxtae me:kaedom.
2
leacher:
CRC ENT pRius
Student:
aegae ale waext .Jas he bagam, sinoma m :rota.
See John.
Come to your home.
by the w ring
invite the boys
get sa
ail., to the 'man
turn on the light
aegae ale waext dagtaemebenom.
aegae ale waext datae basom, xanetanwyayom.-
aegae ale waext aastae basom, qa1inenaewae me:xaerom.
a_gae ale waext daltae basom, becaraeanewaet me:konom.
gae ale waext datitae bagom, paeysaeraemyarom.
asgae a ext da tae basom, maseidexodae megerom.
aegae ale waext dd&tge baom, aemrayeu adaam gup me:zaenom,
e ale c.aext dastae bgiom, baergaero:Eaen me:konom.
Drill B.
aegae ale segret n kaeae, tub ma:sae.
rdiroiz asgas segret nái!ne:kaeid, xub me: od.
emsal a enisal &egret naeleaesae xub ma:saa.
dtaew aega2 disasw s3gret naemkaasid, xub me:sud.aero:z-- aegae-aero:z zegret naekaesaa xub me:sod.
diro:z aegaa diro:z segret naeme:kaesid, xub mais
oarsal aega parsal
aami de ti aagaa aemi desti s
msaew aagae emaew segr-
130
-at naeme id, xub
naakassae, xub
makaega
ne:gae.
xub me:sae.
Orfll C.
Tsacher
dlro:z jmnas di eul?
ma2 6.rrsb
rafigeta
tanae
paasta: ma:famaa?
-a_ al qaandar rae
saaba kar
arm?
ne:,- _ro:z joie naedidom,xub me:i0d1
nbae naemyara:n.byararn, xub me:cae.
na:, raafigeta aegret naaxaeridaegae aagret ma:xaarid, ,xub me
ma:, tam .poestO: naeme tamae.4agae pa ato: bofamaa, .taib me:baa.
ne:, parsal qaondar naeraaftom.aegae persal claendar Me:raaftoht,
xub me:god.
ar-i xnn :n7 n farsi naexandom.aegae farai ma:xandow, :..cub ma
ics m-,:aae? a:, saeba kar -alas naeme:.gaa.aagae, saaba.kar xaalas Oewaa, Xub
me:dae.
sneba ma- as 'dasvaa e:kona:m? na:, saaba davwaet naema:konometaneaaga- sacba daawaet bokonomatm,
xub ma:gae.
.an tan naemyaya,ane:tan by;-7aa,
:cub 1-,e:gaa .
em's..aa xane:rna thyayath7
131
Drill A.
Aegae a
( e)
diro:z
waext
Ra411?
Teacher-
paaysge dagtae basom,
(could havesent theletter)
you (informi
n me
saaba
naema.ta
diro:i
ma :tanaeti
.'-fbaught- the1 radio
ala
paeyaaa
N 'RILLS
aegae paeysae da6taa sinoMa am.
aagae dirovz pa.2ysae,m2:daicte:M. sinomaba:raafta.m.
a-gae diro:z wr at e:das :m, sinoma .raeftema
&algae diro:z waa; ala:ddAem, xaatae raewan kaedaema:tanpatem.
aegae .ir z
a.!gae,diro:z wa
aa:daste:n, vmetaa raewan kaa
0:tana- -n.
:dagte:n, maerae didaa'me:tane _:n.
-a aaega2 saeba waext' astaa basae, aaerae didaa
mertiane:na
a3gae saaba
aegae
agaediro:z waat ma:daS
a e /ro:
basae, maaraa didaanaeme:tanaa4
--aaxt ma.dabti
a.aegaa ale waax daa sta bd6i
aegae
,(buy to kharwars aegaeof saw ctusit )
saagee
acrac dida
amarae didae
naame:tanest.
radeyorae Laaame:taneati
_deyorae xae itft'aewe:,tanis
eysae c1taa begi, adeyd:rae xa ae
paaysae dtiftaa ba77e'1,' biaretaeraaacaeraa
_paaysaa.dasf
tas basow, do xa-- bura*aeraaxaarida
_
Drill B'
aegae diro:z xanae me:racf
(hadn't completed the o k)
.ale
(gto the party)
-emaaew
j
to my ho e
cook paelaew
(for me)
(n t ape
aeme:sae
diro:
you(formal)
talk to iiie boss
( veryday)
(they)
ale
NIth us
xae ae me soddm.
teacher:.
Jan, xodat ce waext dae kabolamaadi.
aegan eriae nae.ymaedi, ccme:kaadi.
daa pit; ko:r daxal
dae sa: maya ke'dae amrikabaare aafganestan amaadaentaerbeyaa godi, ceqae wad:ftfax-Si xandi,
baz aez g otna. xo emteyane&Arai gar lzan ya na:.
. .
aegA3 dac-amtayan knaemaisdi, aefganas tanmn:tanesti?
TIOt D. ILLS
Studen
taecribaen saa ma pa
aagaa naemymae om, ale do kodampohaentun daers me:xandom.
.baexyalem no: ma pe:g dae pis ko:rdaxel 'Sodom. aegae -no: ma pe:g daipis ko:r daxel naame:60dom, daaaefganestan amaedae naeme:tanestom.
Baera se: Lela, ro:ze car sat farsiNanrls:m, aegae ro:za car sat farsinaeme:xande:m, farsirae oqae yadnaamagraftem.
baa amtayan garaftaan.Jae daa amteyan kamyab godom.
ama,aa baala:, aao kimyabam naame.sodan-enjae,amaedaa me:tanastom. aemaaagbe farsiraa yad nacmagraftom,daa,anjaa baa-dorosti kar kaedaenaetaztanastom uae aez kare xodlazaet naeme:bo:rdin.
mc., aagaa kaas dae ettlyankamyabam naahae, aafganastan.amaadas.ma:tanae; =ay baaraCI aaz soua emtayan magaraan.
.emayan a zi xatar magaraen kabofamaan aerodame Ma caqae farsiyad garaftaa aegaaamteyan naagaraanvfamidae naama:tans.= ke progaram farsi ta. ea
'-aendazae.xub bodaa, waa,ma xodvmaXub faml_aa naema:tane:m ka caqaefcircL
_ -
maa fehr ;ae:_canom ka.aaksaaretanyaag-aendaeae farsi yad megara:n..ya be:taer bogo:yom aemoqaefarsi ma:fame:n ke n:tnyajate soma rast ra:4,]ra:n. acgaa daero:zene:tanaa raafae kone:n'. zaarfa se ma aemaqae farpi rad
.
naagare:m, ace yaag taaraeftaambaali marae nedan ra,z,:taa waasee taarafs dagaa teambaalimaalamaya farsiras nebcul ma:taa.
131
1
:2 -2 ,boolt (41710r10W. it NI-7.ft ba-good.
Tf.I3e., gook
11,TION LLS
r3V 'book tomorrm 't rill
Ef I 1& ho& tondri.6u, i.yiL1qooe,
ctur.7,y my book tomorrouLt uill be-good,-
If I ravieu m, 1ouT tomorrow itbe good.
IfI review ny 000k tciorrowAU be good.
I loan 10112-300a.
If I deliver my'bootoraorrow it will .be gc
3.
he'haswill buy sorio books.
12 h has 'lona7ow= shirts.
If ha'.buy-some electric bulbs.
ha s. money toda7 h .iL)1 buyra ,cerpetei-ia has co
buy so,
if 1ii_ has mone7 todLbuy air letters,.
If-ha hasbuil' some .rezors,
tojny be willof c'lk,
J
1
447'
I. (
-1Z: .122
will buy ss,..a Dlet?.s
we_ -'agirre
tnIth (3ht.0
now we w-MA meet
I V3 tine now w7 WA'-2 OVi 11 hulaza.
1!.7 vz _eve ti;-In now!elbab witb Gh1:1
V7a hrV tio now wa WILLjo on:" buy -1h12 1cbab T r1th Ghular
Tf w7 hav%; 7:-M2 nou,w2 will seathn filr7 wi '
If 7-72 hevl.tril now. aWill, £ic 2 tyor7.
t2,r:t2 now T.Ta will goezthassy
w2 havaJohn with :..37-..u1
Gh...0,77.,
.If U2 br,v, now 'TI2'
Orili I.Ifhava. met Joh-a,-
rhava
laa P. ti;le
ye bro,kght
I .har-. time
have h2122d Ghulam
LSi
z--;) ix-KJ M
I wo-:216f
yactarf, .c7t 0 lrotkr
y2,ster I woul6to th2 noviq.
T _
bpv.i:a1/47n
X-r=
ay I . wouleyen.
beetrin at
-y.sct.
nava n bui to
,lay I would_
1.41*
_ 1 14( Q3Sfl yo. yehay?. balm ac.
wouldntt
If I ha,.1 t ir. tinr e_#reay oa
1-.7:1 he 5,11vit2 Jobnwo.o1e'lutt hava- 4v!en bacl
121t2r0_., it woot0.611t haNr.I bati
:7.1 I het about,,--.1t-Irc..
1o1lt hava bean bet.1.. J. rat-xm tha
a r won, bran bad,
t
!vol:CiAmIt hav
IZ I had olatit uarIlr'flo haw.
1:17X
1.1ova bri 3t11--
, ,:c)
X 1:7D-,2 linv3
Ahterj.
r:g )
rr.
K
ksi n
urn rirry.
t
143
140
de: go mola naebrodin
bud nasbud Yaeg mola bud;
,
name aezi mola naesrodin bud.
0rodiddgesays besyar daoaesp daraa.
so ma:gom::
mae amro:z yaSki aez cisS eaae
naes-
mola naesrodin yaeg rosz yaeg daig kar'datt.
psz xateraaft ke,yaeg detg elaarz konae.
yasg de:g qaerz dad. caand ro:z bad, mola de:ge aamsayas
yaeg desgeaeram daa baeyne daige aemaayae maud
e baeres
laken
aemsayae aez Mola pc:1mm
kaed ka 1. da:geae eis;mae xo4rae baeret:nasdadaa bodom. mola gate; ke
ni daiga degae ouee: de:ge kaelen-aesseige aoma anelaadar bud. dab
ma micas dad. maa bayaed coomsam aomraya babretan my:rdom. Da
de:g male giama-es."
emsayae pei3e7:xod fekr kaed_ke,"mola aehmaq-aeas; adaem bayaod male
aehmaeciae'boxotrae."' maim-Oar, aemsayaa-besyar xo; god wae
geraft. eaantlto: z bacibaz Mola aez aemsays: xod yaeg de:g.-
qaprz kaed. aansayae bas beSyar,xoai yaeg danae de:g baere mola ciaerz'dad
aemsayae
me
yaag ro gozaerit
del besyar xo5 bud abz xatereke faker kaed Ice baz de:gee
gozaeat, paanj ro:z gotaest daa ro:z
gozaelt biEr6 po.z gozaat, o.z gozaat, col rosz gozaeit laken
1.mola de:gee Paes.naedad. taebaen, aemsayae be:aeweelas sod wa e dee x es
mole raaft ke de:go xodae paes begerae.
lisolarae goft ke "cera desgemae paes nawordi" mola goft ke"boba sem
sayb, getan !wird; dl_rosz rosze,celeB bud wae ma fatyaygae prate
145
14t
ke tu besyar laewdae-s e:g xo adaem ne kezut de:ge maerae paeyda ice aegae ta Beebe de:gemae pees ;mai,
bee polls e1,la .me torn.0 mole goft ke, "Ferns laawdaestem. aemoto lea de:gbaz.Yaeg waext,me:moram.. cuce: de:g xosetan mimed, al
baedetan rayayae."
viola goft ke' de:gJen me: gee. ke emro'Soma goftesrke yaegan amer xub nae
o ltae mesiom Ice deers betom.aelyabad raeft Ice-Tnaeriise-Bebenee.aerirnxanae ke kamyab gaewae.
rae:rae:ke iagerda mateleg-aestaen..xanae mesraa ke xanomem matelam-aess.
me:xorom krbeayar tosnae-storn.-'
ke has various meanings in Feral.. hér oe some of its uses:In .sentences in A, Ica is used in direct speech. It is like quotationmaiks used in writing to show direct speech. It should be noted, .furtherthat in Feral, direct speech is very freqient; -and indirect sp-eeoh,'unlike English, is very common. That is to says in Fers l. we don't say"John, said that he was sick." Instead, we say John said, that "I am sick.(Jan goft ke mae maeriz aestorn not Jan goft lip u maerlz bud.)Please note that this ke can be oraitTa.As sentence8 -in13 illustrate, ke has the meaning of "in order to" e.g."mae senf raeftom ke deers betom" - I went to clean in order to teach.Notice, however, that whenever ke isoused in this siiireTIn7rerb ofthe subdrdinate clause should always be in the optative form e.g. "me tramke deers betom" I'm going in order to (so that I, or so afi to) teach.Another meaning of ke is "because, since, or as." As you can see insentences 02 the verb (or be)'ill the subordinate clause is always in 'thepresent-future form - -e.g. "sent me:rom Ice gagerda matelem-aestaen"I am going to class because the e-,udents atie waiting for me.
146142
,
aez eaderate; kae dtaer-ae,es.
aez nakeg kaedae
gee (Ice). be: sewade : aefanoetn aez basewadeg kaedae zyadtaer-aeses
sgae (ke) ko aye Began_ !
z daeryaayg kaedae zyadtaer-aeza.
.gae (ke) desclanaye aef anestan aez mammrinei kaedae zyadtaer-aaaa.
gae (ke) kogaye aellanestan aez wadiayg kaedae ,zyad aer-aeas.
am melgae (ke) waredate aefanesti nez eaderate6 kaedae zyadtaer-aees.
ntill B.
oma gofte:q (ke) b e motaoxaoees
goma goftem (ke) i wezaraet ,ba maehrugat ehteyaj
item (ke) i woiaraet bae maewade ertez aqi
goma gofte:n (ke) 1. wezaraet bae maordome tae1,
goma gofte:n (ke) . ozarae t bao xanaesaman ehtayaj darae.
goma gofte:n (ke) i weartiet bae ta wae o:ye be:s+ ehteyaj darae.-.
gofte:n (k za t bao mogaworin bataejrobae ehteyaj darae
daft°.
arae.
yaj dar
ehteyaj darae.
1437
ae me:rae ke kar dara
e ke yaeg radeyo: bexaerae.
baanmeirae ke raeficle xodae kabol byarae
lam aefaxanae .thesrae.ke-raeficie imdae beben
lam pesge xasyat me:rae ke deregi xodae begerae..
golam-pe:ffe xaeyat me:rae ke gearlo-sendame xodae begerae.
&lam pea° xavat metrae,ke naetlune xodae dorost kohae.-
Dr111
sengAsr meijusterde ke beaiar xu
an yaexmesxayaLke besyar gaermi-ss.
Xeyaelmbesyar mandae-ps.
-de, ke:besyar goihae-se.
etxakae ke besyar baercia
xaerbuzae me:xaérae kebesyar aerzan-aess.
an cialln me:xaerae,ke besyar xuba-aespo
144
148
Students goften. ke jan dae i daeftap
StUdtints roi
aefeatan aez a ertJ keedee zya
g sn ke bee fekre mae waredate
ayadteer-seas.
ad'aefganest- tesdade boss
mairateb xyadt r-aexa.
StUdent a meigesn ke dae aefgane
keedee bee maerateb vadtaer-aos
agwe ogee saerd naebud.
dirosz aewi oqaedaer naerd na
Teachers
Studen gomag
a aadera
kiedea bi
deft bo:aewai aez bagewad,
Teachers bae,aegides mae bayeed taemajne piakosra baraye ieneetan
beayar xedmeet koneen.
Students ue:gesn kg ba se bayaed taemsrno piskotra
baeraye gefbnestan besyar xodmaet konaen.
14914 of
doro
ertxc
dorest *damn.
1 it'd
21rIATION RtILLS
_1 ak.
ale bayaed tari
Jan melgae ke a1 -
iki
goft ke
taelirtv-o-taerbiye
karim
met xaytie ke
waredat,o-eaderate aezlaye
_e aef'anestanaa xub motalette konom.
soma me:ge:n ke
mae neeme:gom ke
aetma
-e
147
151
148
152
14
the w. be teus to Mghana
a detge xe ae qaers de
la exwaaze yaek detg, do degg taere *omegas dad7:.,
5) cera aomsayao £ekr kaed ke mole
6) cora aeayae baz baere mole de:ge-xodie:
7) cera mole detgaa daefes dotrom.paes needed?
'8) aemsayae,teneat ke dege dowomae-paea
9) Isola coto aemayaerae -riene:
:134
;
J
=
flA'AL
A
.
,,
161
Ai;
Le
A.: [
)
I
1 5 ti
162
jr.tri.-7
1.)
U.:01 tia
64-toa
1.4
)
-1
L.:
4=IA 144.".
J
991
09T
K
161
157
:
pace. das v maeèhur
bud. yaelt( ro:z baere waezire xod goft ke dae dbnya aez mae haedag-/
kaese me:man naewaztaer-aess? waezires goft baele:
mae ma:4Um-aess, dae qaerye: taey yaek adaem 1)aename ata7m-aese ke
nesbaet bee soma me:mannaewaztaer-aes. I paea besyar gar tied wae
goft Ice ta mae I adae-ae naehogom name-