Developing Master Plans for Constructing Tribal Correctional
Facilities and Multi-Service Centers
Tribal Justice and Safety ConferenceJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ
• Why Plan?
• Planning Based on Populations, Missions and Programs
• Case Study: Rosebud Sioux Youth Wellness and Renewal Center
• DOJ, OJP/BJA Tribal Planning Grants
Shelley Zavlek, JPI
Mark Goldman, JPI
Patricia Broken Leg, BIA
Shelley Zavlek
Justice System and Facility Planning:Dollar$ and $ense
Tribal Justice and Safety ConferenceJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ
Shelley ZavlekShelley ZavlekJustice Planners InternationalJustice Planners International
Why Assess What We Are Doing?
The main and most compelling reason for System Planning and Reform:
We needlessly and inappropriately lock upWe needlessly and inappropriately lock up
too many kids and adults in this country too many kids and adults in this country
at at staggering social and economic costs!staggering social and economic costs!
WAAAYWAAAYWAAAYWAAAY
Economic Impact
In 2000, as a nation we spent $10-15 billion on juvenile justice, with the lion’s share spent on secure confinement.
Economic Impact
States spent $29.5 billion for prisons in 2001, about a $5½ billion increase from 1996, after adjusting for inflation.
Economic Impact
State correctional expenditures increased 145% in 2001 constant dollars from $15.6 billion in FY 1986 to $38.2 billion in FY 2001.
Threshold Question:
Is our level of reliance on incarceration of adults and
youth necessary?
Juvenile Violent Crime Is Declining
The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in 2003 was The juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate in 2003 was lower than in any year since at least 1980 and 48% below lower than in any year since at least 1980 and 48% below the peak year of 1994the peak year of 1994
Juvenile Property Crime Is Declining
The juvenile arrest rate for Property Crime Index offenses The juvenile arrest rate for Property Crime Index offenses in 2003 was 46% below its levels in 1980in 2003 was 46% below its levels in 1980
How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement?
19791990
19972001
2003
97,000
104,000106,000
65,000
51,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Juvenile Offenders held in Residential Placement Facilities
How has that affected the Rate of Juvenile Confinement?
Juvenile Confinement Has Increased by
almost 100%
In every state except Vermont, the custody rate for In every state except Vermont, the custody rate for minority offenders exceeded the rate for whitesminority offenders exceeded the rate for whites
Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report – NCJJ/ OJJDP
Ratio of minority custody rate to white rate
2 6 8 12 16 22
258
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Spain France Bulgaria Austria Czech Rep England USA
Youth In Confinement
Rates per 100,000 population
Note: Precise comparisons are difficult to make due to differences in methods and basis of data collection.
U.S. Compared with Other Nations:
Source: New York Times, 1/15/07, The Mentally Ill, Behind Bars
Federal and State prison populations:Federal and State prison populations:
1970 – 200,000 adults1970 – 200,000 adults2002 – 1,300,000 adults2002 – 1,300,000 adults
Over 600 inmates per 100,000 adultsOver 600 inmates per 100,000 adults+ 700,000 inmates in jail+ 700,000 inmates in jail
U.S. Compared with Other Nations:Adults In Confinement
Highest adult incarceration number and rateHighest adult incarceration number and rate in the WORLD!in the WORLD!
Rates per 100,000 population
Note: Includes pre-trial detainees.
Source: World Prison Population List (6th ed.), Int’l Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College
U.S. Compared with Other Nations:
31 58
142182
487532
714
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Nigeria Japan England Mexico Cuba Belarus USA
Prison Populations
Is our level of reliance on confinement effective?
The Question We Need to Ask:
Impacts of youth detention/incarceration: Increased recidivism Increased re-offendingAggravated condition of mentally ill youth Youth at greater risk of self-harmNegative impact on re-enrollment in schoolReduced success in labor market
Programmatic Impact:Recent Research
Source: The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities, JPI, November 2006
Economic Impact
Secure facilities are:
Expensive to buildExpensive to build
Expensive to operateExpensive to operate
Not effective for many offendersNot effective for many offenders
You will pay the cost of construction about every 38
months for the life of your building.
Lifetime Cost of Secure Beds
10 x Cost of Construction
Impact On Service Delivery
Unnecessary reliance on detention and incarceration drains available funds away from interventions that:
Work as well and often betterWork as well and often better
Cost far lessCost far less
Reach more offendersReach more offenders
Danger:
If confinement is a hammer and the only tool in your toolbox, then every problem begins to look like a nail.
Danger:
Case Study: Juvenile Tribal Center Dollars & $ense of Secure Confinement
40 Beds – overcrowded, to be replaced
Proposed 80-bed facility at cost of:
$389,767 monthly cost of operations and debt financing over 10 years
$ 10,900,000 Building, land & bond fees
$ 266,000 Monthly cost of operations
Juvenile Tribal Center: System Assessment
Careful evaluation of needs achieved through a comprehensive system assessment reveals that with improved operational efficiency and availability of alternative programs and services the tribe may need only 60 beds, which it can design to expand to 80+ beds in the future.
Juvenile Center System Assessment:
Projected Bedspace Needs
60 Bed Alternative: $ 8,600,000 building, land & bond fees
$297,651 Monthly cost of operations ($200,000) and debt financing ($97,651) over 10 years
$92,116 monthly savings vs. 80-bed option
Source: McMillen, M. 1998. Planning juvenile detention facilities: The real costs. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 13(Spring):49 57.
Building a Continuum of Care
What types of services can you purchase for $92,000 per month?
• 10 Shelter care beds @ $120/day = $ 36,000
• 20 Daily units electronic monitoring @ $18/person/day = $ 10,800• 10 slots of day-reporting (tutoring, counseling,
skill building) @ $15,000/month = $ 15,000
$ 61,800
$31,000/month left over for family intervention, substance abuse counseling, community-based services, etc.
Immediate Economic Benefit to Kids County
For the cost of holding 80 juveniles in secure confinement the tribe is able to serve 100+ juveniles and their families and provide support services in the community.
Long-term Economic Benefits
1.983.36
6.81
10.82
13.36
$0$2
$4$6$8$10
$12$14
County Detention Diversion andMentoring
Functional FamilyTherapy
AgressionReplacement
Training
Mult- SystemicTherapy
Benefits achieved in terms of reduced crime and costs of crime to taxpayers
for each dollar spent
How do we go about changing our level of
reliance on secure confinement of adults and
youth?
Comprehensive System Assessment
Conduct a comprehensive system assessment that examines all factors that define how your adult and juvenile justice system is working.
GOAL: Maximize system efficiency and effectiveness
Keys to System Change:
Establish a comprehensive range of sanctions and services that are responsive to the particular needs of your tribe
Organize policies, practices and services to provide a coordinated response
Maintain sufficient capacity in programs and services to ensure a timely response
Adopt explicit policies and guidelines that govern how the system will operate and services will be utilized
Justice System andFacility Planning:Dollar$ and $ense
Conference NameJuly 30, 2007Phoenix, AZ
Shelley ZavlekShelley ZavlekJustice Planners InternationalJustice Planners International
201-768-6839201-768-6839 [email protected]@justicesolutionsgroup.com