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MARINEand
WILDLIFECAMP
STUDENTS MANUAL & WORKBOOK
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MARINE AND WILDLIFE CAMP
STUDENTS MANUAL
Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation Foundation, Inc.In partnership with
The Department of Education
CCopyright 2012
A project funded by theFoundation for the Philippine Environment
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Danjugan is a 43-hectare island that lies in
the Sulu Sea, 3 km west of Negros
Occidental. This island has 5 lagoons and
is covered with limestone forests - home
to a nesting pair of sea eagles, rare
pigeons and doves, threatened tabon
scrubfowls and coconut crabs, fruit and
insect bats and many other wildlife
species that struggle to exist in the
mainland.
Danjugan is natures perfect classroom. It
has seven different types of ecosystems
that students can see and experience first
hand. Each of these ecosystems are
interdependent to one another. The
students will be able to trace this
connectivity and live within the basic
principles of ecology. The Danjugan Islan
experience instills appreciation of all that
is wonderful about nature, creates
awareness of its great value and ignites
action towards its conservation.
Welcome to
Danjugan Island
moorssalCN sa ertu
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The whole island is a recognized site for wildlife and nature conservation. A true conservationist and lover ofnature must know the principles of ecologyby heart. These are the principles to be practiced not only on
Danjugan Island, but in each and every place you go.
Everything is connected to everything else.
Interconnectivity and interdependence are rules within the ecosystem. It is the central theme of ecology. Each
living thing depends on the rest either directly or indirectly.
Everything must go somewhere
A piece of plastic we carelessly throw on the beach may find its way in the ocean and endanger the lives of
marine mammals and turtles, as plastic resembles their food. Animals that mistakenly eat plastic, ultimately
suffer and die.
Ours is a finite Earth
This law tells us that theres a limit to whatever we do and extract as nature can only take or give so much.
All lifeforms are important
All species have an inherent right to exist. Diversity is the characteristic of nature and the basis of ecological
stability.
Take only photographs, leave only footprints...
We must leave with Danjugan what is Danjugans.
Nature knows bestWe have been careless with Mother Nature and now we are facing the consequences of climate change,
calamities, water shortages and more.
Other Reminders:
Therefore, we must be aware of our actions.
What we do here and now, may affect another sooner or later. Remember the golden rule, Do unto
others as you would have them do unto you.
Do observe the waste disposal management system on the island. Put all waste in the
trash bins and help clean the island by picking up garbage on the beach and your surroundings.
Therefore, do not waste fresh water. There is no fresh water on the island, it is a limited resource
as it is transported from the mainland. We must also conserve energy. Please switch off lights when
not in use.
All lifeforms must be respected and therefore we must not provoke or harm any wildlife. We
are only guests in their habitat and should also respect them by controlling our noise and minimize
our disturbances.
Do not collect plants, shells, corals or any wildlife as
souvenirs.
Bonfires are prohibited on the island. They are a fire hazard, a major green house
gas and a threat to the fragile ecosystems. For safety purposes, do not wander alone around the
island. Always inform the camp staff if you want to visit the beach and trails, and return on the
agreed time.
ISLANDREMINDERS
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DANGEROUSMARINE ANIMALS
AWARENESS is the first step to safety. Remember that we are only guests in Danjugan Island and are entering
into the habitat of many other living things. We strictly adhere to the rule Do not provoke or harm any
wildlife, not only to protect the wildlife but to also protect each guest that visits the island. Many animals have
defense mechanisms that are powerful enough to inflict severe pain and even fatalities in humans. It is best to not
handle any wildlife and observe them only from a distance. To be safe, we need to learn about the animals that
can potentially hurt us.
Jellyfishes - belong to the Phylum Cnidaria, same group ascorals, anemones and hydroids. Their main characteristic is
the presence of nematocysts or stinging cells. These are
located mostly in their tentacles and can inflict a painful stin
and burning sensation. Some jellies can cause skin irritation
comparable to a 3rd degree burn. Dangerous jellyfishes
box jellyfish and Portuguese Man-of-war.
Sea urchins - These
spiny invertebrates have
venomous spines for
protection. If accidentally
touched or stepped on by
humans, long spines are
capable inflicting greatpain that can last for
hours. Watch your step
when walking along the
tidal flats.
Cone shells - Cone shells are among those that
produce these toxins called conotoxins. The
toxins are injected to the prey through their
extendible harpoon like teeth. The Geographic
and the Textile cone shells have reported to have
caused fatalities to humans. Better not to handle
these kinds of seashells.
Lionfishes, Stonefishes, Scorpionfishes - Thesefishes have spines that can inflict a painful sting.
Stone fishes and scorpion fishes however, are
wellcamouflaged and are difficult to see on rocky
ocean bottom. When accidentally stepped on bare
foot, their spines can penetrate the skin, causing a
painful swelling. Proper footwear must be worn
when wading in shallow waters to avoid
misfortunes.
Stingrays - The
fish have a
poisonous barb o
its tail. Take extr
caution while
walking in sandyareas.
Banded sea snake The most common sea snake found in
coastal areas. It is one of the most venomous snakes in theworld, with a venom eight times more potent than that of
the cobras. Luckily, they are not aggressive. They also have a
reduced mouth and their fangs are located almost at the back
of their jaw. However, this snake must not be handled byinexperienced individuals.
Blue-ringed octopus -
This small octopus has aset of horn-like teeth
that can inflict painful
bites. It has a highlyvenomous bite that can
be fatal.
Sharks - They are the top predatorsin the ocean and their presence indicate a
healthy environment. Most sharks dont attack
humans unless provoked.
Triggerfishes These fishare known to nip intruders,
especially when theyre
protecting their nests.Mostespecially the larger
species, like the Titan
triggerfish.
Barracudas - Not all barracuda species are considered dangerous. Mostly they can attack when they
mistake something for their food. Some divers refrain from wearing shiny objects (watches, jewelry) a
this maylook like food to some animals when it reflects light.
Crown-of-thorns starfish
This starfish is covered in
venomous spines and can
inflict severe pain greater
than that of sea urchins.
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Danjugan Islands seven main ecosystems:
1. Mangrove Forest Ecosystem
2. Seagrass Ecosystem3. Coral Reef Ecosystem
4. Beach Ecosystem
5. Open Ocean Ecosystem
6. Cave Ecosystem
7. Limestone Forest Ecosystem
Can you match the ecosystem to its corresponding photo?
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a natural unit
that consists of living thingsthat function together in anarea with non-living things orphysical factors of theenvironment. It is a unit ofinterdependent organismswhich share the same habitat.Ecosystems can be permanentor temporary.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the study of relationships between living organisms and their interaction with their
environment. No organism can live in isolation. All living things, plant and animal alike, take their
nourishment from their environment for survival.
The next pages of this workbook illustrates the importance of the environment to the organism and vice
versa, specifically for the seven ecosystems found in Danjugan Island.
ECOSYSTEMS
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The Philippines is home to over 7,100 islands and is
considered one of the worlds most biologically diverse areaswith very high endemism. The geological history of the
Philippines explains why it possesses incredibly high
biodiversity and endemism. Most of the Philippine Islands rose
independently from mainland Asia and therefore had the time
and space to shelter rare animal and plant pioneers. The main
landmass of the Philippines emerged from the Pacific Ocean as
a series of island arcs about 50 million years ago. Only the
islands of Palawan and Mindoro had originated as pieces of
mainland Asia, with Mindoro dropping entirely below sea level
at one time.
To illustrate further, the Philippines is compared to high
ranking biodiverse countries. Brazil, considered the most
biologically diverse country, has 725 unique species while the
Philippines has 512 unique species, despite it being 28 times
smaller than Brazil. Madagascar, another example, has fewer
unique mammals than the Philippines (90 vs 111), despite it
being two times larger. Therefore, if you consider the number
of species versus land mass, the Philippines becomes the most
biologically diverse country in the world.
Today, the Philippines is a country with nearly 90 million
people, many of which greatly depend on their natural
resources. The countrys natural wealth has been exploited
over the years, which leaves many species and habitats close
to disappearing forever.
The Philippines is considered to bethe hottest of the worlds hotspotsdue to its:1. Extremely high biodiversity
2. High levels of endemicity3. Extremely high levels of threat
There are 244 species of reptilesin the Philippines, 68% of theseare endemic.
There are 89 species ofamphibians in the Philippines,86% of these are endemic.
There are 576 species ofbirds in the Philippines,35% of these areendemic.
There are 174 species ofmammals in the Philippines,64% of these are endemic.
PHILIPPINEBIODIVERSITY
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Tropical rain forests are not one ecosystem, but millions of
unique ecosystems. There is more life, more biodiversity here
than you can possibly imagine. Danjugan has a limestone forest,
which is a distinctive forest type, found within tropical rain-
forest regions that grow over limestone hills (karst). The forestof Danjugan harbors at least 72 species of birds, 22 species of
butterflies, 10 species of bats (insect & fruit bats), pythons,
geckos, monitor lizards, coconut crabs and many more.
Why should we care?
Rain forests are home to thousands of animal and plant species. They protect us against flood, drought and
erosion. They are an important source of food and medicine. They are home to our indigenous people.
They play a significant role in the stability of the earths climate. They are the source of water and oxygen.
In short, they keep the planet alive.
DISAPPEARING BEFORE OUR EYES
Rainforests once covered 14% of the earths land (4
billion acres), now they cover 6% (2.5 billion acres).
Our world is now facing the greatest extinction
crisis since the fall of the dinosaurs 65 million years
ago. 137 species of plants, animals, and insects are
lost every day due to rainforest destruction. Thats
50,000 species a year!
1879 1945 1970 1987 1992
The diminishing forest of Negros Island:
Due to logging and mining, the forest cover of Negros declined from 95% to 4% in just a little over a century.
FORESTS
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Mangroves are trees or flowering plants growing along shallow coastal areas
where freshwater and salt water meet. Mangroves are flowering land plants that
are xerophytes and halophytes, which means salt-loving and water-loving
respectively. They grow in firm but soft muddy substrates rich in organic matter.
Unlike other trees, mangrove seeds germinate
while still on parent plant, once mature, breaks off
from parent tree and floats in the ocean until it
finds its new home.
Propagules can survive desiccation (removal of
moisture) and remain dormant for weeks, months,
or even over a year until they finally arrive in an
environment suitable for their growth. Once a
propagule is ready to root, it will change its density
so that the elongated shape now floats verticallyrather than horizontally. If a propagule does not
root, it can alter its density so that it floats off again
in search of more favorable conditions.
Breathing roots
Propagule Sapling
Importance of Mangroves:
1. Mangrove roots make a good home for many
juvenile fishes, mudskippers, snails,crabs and other
invertebrates, and protect them from predators.
2. The mangrove forest is an important breeding
and feeding ground for reptiles and birds.
3. Mangroves protect the coastline from harsh
storms by acting as a barrier.
4. Mangroves prevent mainland soil erosion from
reaching the sea and smothering the coral reefs.
5. Mangroves are excellent recreational areas.
Juvenile fish find sheltethe roots of the mangro
Unique roots help mangroves
survive the harsh marine
environment. Some, called
breathing roots stick up out
of the soil like straws! They
have special air channels called
lenticels that carry oxygen
down to the submerged roots.
Diversity:
There are 70 exclusive mangrove species in the world an
about 40 species are found in the Philippines. In Danjugan
17 species have been identified.
Mangroves in Danger!
In 1918, there were 450,000 hectares of mangrove forests in
the Philippines. Only about 110,000 hectares are left today.
MANGROVES
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MANGROVESSKETCH-A-MANGROVE
Leaf Roots Flower Propagule
Can you identify the mangrove species based on your observations?
Genus: _____________________ Species: ___________________
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Why are seagrasses important?
1. Seagrass beds are productive ecosystems, and can harbor anincredible diversity of life as juvenile and adult fishes, algae, shellfish,
echinoderms, marine worms and more.
2. The seagrass root matrix keep the sediment together thus keeping
the water clear.
3. Seagrasses reduce wave energy and prevent erosion of beaches.
4. Seagrasses are an important link between mangroves and coral
reefs.
5. Seagrasses are an important food source for rare marine animals
like dugongs and seaturtles.Seagrasses are importa
habitat and feeding grounfor sea turtles, seahors
starfishes, urchins, crabs amany mo
Seagrasses are flowering plants that live submerged
in the marine environment. They are called
seagrasses only because they look like the grasses
that grow on land. Because these plants needsunlight for photosynthesis to produce thier food,
they are limited to growing mostly in shallow
waters. There are about 60 different species of
seagrasses in the world, 16 species are found in the
Philippines. In Danjugan Island,
8 species have been recorded.
Dugongs are calm, slowmoving marine mammals thatare strict herbivores. They only eatseagrasses! This is why they are also called sea cows.They are close relatives of the manatee.
Dugongs are endangered! Seagrass habitats are being destroyed all over the Philippines, takingaway their only food source. In some areas, they are still being hunted for their meat and some diefrom being trapped in fishing nets and pens. They need our support and protection!
SEAGRASSES
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Coral Reefs are amongst the most biodiverse and productive communities
on Earth. They are found in tropical oceans worldwide.
Architects and Builders
Coral reefs are formed by millions of colonies of tiny animals called coralpolyps. Coral polyps secrete calcium carbonate which forms their hard
skeleton (limestone). Coral polyps join together to make a coral colony.
Coralline algae cements the coral colonies together to make a coral reef.
Corals need sunlight, this is why you dont see much of them in deeper
waters. They also need the right water temperature. If the water gets too
hot, this may mean trouble for corals!
Close up and crosssection of aCoral Polyp
Why are coral reefs important?
1. It provides food and shelter to thousands of fish and other marine animals.
2. It provides income and livelihood to many people.
3. It controls the carbon dioxide in the water. Just like trees do on land!
4. It acts as a natural barrier and protects the coastline from the crashing waves and strong ocean currents.
5. It promotes tourism, thus increasing livelihood options for people.
5. It provides a very important food source to people all over the world - FISH!
Colony of polyps of a branching
Acropora coral
Corals get 80% of their nutrition from
this symbiotic algae -
The arms of the coral polyp, used tocatch plankton -
The central portion
of the polyp -
The jelly-like layer
of the polyp -
The structure made of calcium
carbonate -
Where the coral
polyp is encased in -
Label the parts of the coral:
CORAL REEFS
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Soft coral
Hard coral
Compare and contrast
soft corals vs hard corals
SOFT CORALHARD CORAL
Shared characteristics
Differences
CORAL REEFS
List down 5 conditions corals
need to survive.
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CORAL REEFSMatch the hard coral to theircorresponding lifeform.
______ TABULATE
______ MASSIVE
______ BRANCHING
______ DIGITATE
______ MUSHROOM
______ FOLIOSE
______ SUBMASSIVE
______ ENCRUSTING
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
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Cubozoa: sea wasps
Scyphozoa: jellyfishes
Hydrozoa:
fire corals & hydroid
Anthozoa:
Four classes:
hard & soft corals
Anemones
Sea fans
CORAL REEFS
Did you know that corals are related to jellyfishes, anemones, hydroids,
sea wasps and sea fans? They are all from the Phylum Cnidaria orCoelenterata.
True or False.
Which characteristics are shared
between jellyfishes and coral polyps?
____ 1. Tentacles
____ 2. Central Nervous System____ 3. Single opening for mouth and anus
____ 4. Polyp lifeform stage
____ 5. Can move freely
____ 6. Have stinging cells
____ 7. Jelly-like
____ 8. Has a skeleton
____ 9. Bilateral symmetry
____ 10. Medusa lifeform stage
Coral Cousins!
What do you call the region that holds the most diverse marine
life in the world? The region encompasses the waters of
Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, SolomonIslands and Timor-Leste. It is home to over 600 reef-building
coral species, 3,000 species of fish, including the largest fish - the
whale shark, and the living fossil - the coelacanth. It also provides
habitat to five out of seven marine turtle species.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
www.worldwildlife.org
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CORAL REEFS
LIST DOWN THE EFFECTS OF EACH THREAT TO CORAL REEFS:
Dynamite Fishing
Cyanide Fishing
Deforestation
Irresponsible Tourism
Bleaching Event
Crown-of-thorns Infestation
EFFECTTHREAT
WHAT IS THE LONG TERM EFFECT OF THESE THREATS? WHAT
WILL HAPPEN TO CORAL REEFS AND TO THOSE THAT DEPEND ONTHEM?
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Reef Fishes come in an amazing variety of sizes,
shapes, structures and colors. About 5,000 species of reef fish have
been identified in the world, and more species continue to bediscovered. The Philippines has over 2,500 species making it one of
the most diverse fish areas in the world. An estimate of 60% of the
reef fishes in the world are found in the Philippines. So far, about
572 species of fish have been identified in Danjugan.
Three classes of fish:
Osteichthyes - bony fishes,
the largest fish group.There are about 20,000
species of bony fish, found both
in marine and freshwater.
Agnatha - jawless
fishes like lampreys
and hagfishes.
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fisheslike sharks, rays and skates, also called
Elasmobranchs.
Fish External Anatomy
Marine fish diversity is highest in coral
reef ecosystems. This diversity faces
great threat due to pollution,reclamation, mining activities and
siltation due to deforestation.
Over fishing poses a greater direct
threat to fish diversity. The demand
for fish continues to increase and
therefore, in the hope of catching fish
quicker and easier, fishing activities
have become more damaging to the
coral reef, like dynamite and cyanide
fishing. Over fishing occurs whenmarine life is taken from the seas
faster than it can replenish itself.
REEF FISHES
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In order to survive in their environment, fishes have acquired different kinds of
adaptations such as camouflage, protective coloration and poisonous spines.Adaptations are mostly used as a defense mechanism to ward off and mislead
predators and catch prey.
Pufferfishes can _________their bodies and some have
spines to ward off predators
The butterfly fish has a___________ near its tail so
that a predator thinks that it isthe front of the fish.
Angler fish have a lure which theydangle in front of smaller fish like bait
________________ is the adaptationthat allows this filefish and scorpionfishto blend with its environment.
Lionfishes have________________ on itsdorsal fin used purely fordefense.
Fishy socials
Some fish love to be social and live in a group of hundreds of other fish (called a school), some like to stay withtheir mate for life (monogamous pairs) and some are just plain loners!
Somebutterflyfishes are
known to staywith the same
mate throughouttheir life.
Jacks are knownto stay in schoolsas large ashundreds.
Groupers are solitary fishes.
REEF FISHESFishy adaptations
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REEF FISHESMany creatures in a coral reef live in partnership with a completely
different species. This is called a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ relationship or in
simpler terms, a you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours
relationship. This is essential for the survival of many species.
Clownfish and anemone
The clownfish avoids its enemies by stayingnestled among the anemones stingingtentacles. Clownfishes have a specialmucous coating that prevents them from
getting stung by the anemone. In exchange,the clownfish protects the anemone bychasing away animals such as thebutterflyfish, which often eat anemones.
Goby
Shrimp
Goby and shrimp
The shrimp spends most of its timedigging and cleaning out its burrow
while the goby stays near the burrow.When a predator approaches, thegoby flicks its tail and dives for coverinside the burrow. This signals dangerand sends the shrimp down into theburrow as well.
Cleaner shrimpCleaner wrasse
Cleaner shrimp and wrasse & any fish that needscleaning!
The cleaner shrimp and wrasse go along the reef picking onfish that need cleaning. These cleaners control parasitesthat feed off their host. The fishes allow these cleaners toventure inside their mouths. They know best not to eatthese little helpers!
Mimicry
Many fish species mimic other animals to
gain an advantage in the coral reef. The
Fang blenny (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos)is alittle predator that feeds on the skin of
marine fish. This carnivore has a similar
coloration, size and body shape to the
Cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus),which therefore allows it to come close to
its unknowing victim and take a chunk of its
flesh.
http://zukan.itadc.com
Mimic Fang
Blenny looks
almost like the
cleaner wrasse
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REEF FISHESMATCH THE ILLUSTRATION TO THE CORRECT FISH FAMILY
____ 1. Damselfish (Pomacentridae)____ 2. Emperor (Lethrinidae)
____ 3. Angelfish (Pomacanthidae)
____ 4. Triggerfish (Balistidae)
____ 5. Butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae)
____ 6. Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae)
____ 7. Grouper (Serranidae)
____ 8. Wrasse (Labridae)
____ 9. Parrotfish (Scaridae)____ 10. Snapper (Lutjanidae)
A. B.
C.
D.E.
F.G.
H.I.
J.
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Cephalopod is a class
from the Mollusc Phylum,
that includes the octopus,
squid, cuttlefish and
nautilus. Cephalopods are
considered to be the most
intelligent of all
invertebrates and have
well developed senses and
large brains, the most
popular - the octopus!
Blue ringed octopus
This tiny little octopus(size of a golf ball) is notto mess with. It isconsidered to be one ofthe world's mostvenomous animals! Itlives in the shallows andmay be observed in tidepools.
Cuttlefish
Giant Clams (Tridacna gigas)
Giant clams are the largest living
bivalve molluscs. They can live
to over 100 years, weigh more
than 200 kilograms (440
pounds) and grow as much as
1.2 metres (4 feet) wide. They
are endangered due to over
harvesting and habitatdestruction.
Danjugan Island, in partnership with University of thePhilippines, works to save giant clams. A number ofindividuals were placed in Danjugans sanctuary wherethey are protected.
Nudibranchs
Nudibranchs are also molluscs. They
are often called "sea slugs".
Nudibranchs are very attractive
animals, displaying a wide array of
colors and patterns. The colorful
patterns serves as a reminder to
predators that they are distasteful
meal!
Squid
Crown-of-thorns starfish (COTs)
The COTs (Acanthaster planci) are echinoderms that feedon coral polyps. They are covered with venomous thorn-
like spines, which is why they have very few predators. An
individual COT can consume up to 6 square meters of living
coral reef per year. When their population blooms
(thousands in just a small area), the reef has virtually no
chance, unless we help collect them.The triton trumpet shell isvery rare and one of the only
few predators of the COTs.
INVERTEBRATES
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The largest baleen whale and the largest animal ever known to live on
earth is the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus). It can grow to over100 feet and weigh over 170 metric tons! They feed almost exclusively on
krill and copepods which they sieve using their baleen. An average-sized
blue whale can eat about 2,000-9,000 pounds (900-4100 kg) of plankton
and krill in a single day!PMMSN
The open ocean consists of the pelagic zone that
has the greatest volume and vertical range than
any life zone on earth. The different levels of
light, temperature, water chemistry, nutrient
content, and pressure result in different habitat
conditions that then result in a unique array ofdiverse life. Life is found from top to bottom of
the ocean. However, organisms are most
abundant in the photic zone, the region where
sunlight makes photosynthesis possible.
Life in the open ocean is dominated by plankton,
microscopic organisms that move with water currents.
Phytoplankton, which is a plant plankton, is the primary
food source (directly or indirectly) for most marine life.
Zooplankton, which is the animal plankton, feed on the
phytoplankton and in turn zooplankton get eaten by
larger marine life, such as the baleen whales.
A. Phytoplankton (dinoflagellate) magnified 100xB. Zooplankton (copepod) magnified 100x (Digital Camera
Magnification 4-)
A. B.The open ocean is home to cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises)where they find their food, tuna, mackerels and other pelagic fish.
OPEN OCEAN
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Birds are warm blooded vertebrates with feathers,
modified for flight. Birds are of a monophyletic lineage
which means they evolved from a common ancestor.
Therefore, all birds have a common origin.
The forelimbs of birds typically serve as wings, although
some are flightless. They walk using their hind legs.
Their jaws are developed into a horny beak and are
usually toothless. They have a four chambered heart
and exhibit a high metabolism. They possess a strong
skeleton, however hollow and light weight adapted for
flight. They also possess a large muscular stomach and
most of their body is covered in feathers. The females
lay the eggs, which are large yolked and hard-shelled.
Birds show a great example of wildlife parenting. Theparent bird provides extensive care of the young until
they are old enough to fly.
Diet:
From carnivores to herbivores. Birds as a whole have
a wide food preference, depending on the species.
Diversity:
There are about 30 orders of birds, 180 families, 2,000
genera with about 10,000 species all over the world.
There are 576 species found in the Philippines, 192 of
these are endemic and 86 are threatened.
Biological Importance:
Birds play important roles in the population control of
insects and rodents. They are also pollinators and seed
dispersers which help in the regeneration of the
forest.
CrownNape
Beak
Forehead
Ear coverts
Throat
Mantle
Scapulari
BreastWing coverts
Vent
TarsusRum
Back
Tail
External anatomy of a Bird:
White breastedsea eagle
Tabon scrub fowl
Danjugans forest is
home to over 70species of birds, which
include a nesting pair of
white breasted sea
eagles (Haliaeetusleucogaster) and therare tabon scrub fowl
(Megapodius cumingi) iscommon on the island.
Birdwatching in the Philippines!
Tourists from all over the world come to the Philippines just to see the countrys birdlife. The
Philippines is gaining recognition as a megadiverse country with high levels of endemism and now has
become a birdwatching hotspot! Danjugan Island was just included in the Department of Tourisms
birdwatching areas.
BIRDS
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BIRDSHOW MANY BIRDS DID YOU SEE DURING YOUR BIRDWATCHING TREK?CAN YOU DRAW SOME OF THEM?
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Limestone forests also harbor caves, which are incredibly
important to bats. These insect-eating bats consume tonnes of
mosquitoes and moths, controlling their population, which
eventually benefits us and our crops.
Hundreds of insect-eating bats iDanjugans bat cave
Swiftlet nests on a cave wall.
http://orientalbirdimages.org,www.birding2asia.com
The nest of the swiftlet used in the birdsnest soup, popular in China. In Hong Konga bowl of Bird Nest Soup costs between
$30 USD to $100 USD and a kilogram ofwhite nest can cost up to $2,000 USD.
Unique nest builders
Unlike other birds that build their nests
out of twigs, straw, feathers and other
materials, swiftlets build their nests
intricately using their saliva!
Caves are also important to swiftlets.
What distinguishes swiftlets from other
birds is their ability to use a simple form
of echolocation (just like bats!) to
navigate in total darkness in caves.
Swiftlets are also insectivores. They live
in caves at night and leave during theday to forage for food. The caves are
important as these birds nest on the
limestone crevices. Their nests are
highly sought after for birds nest soup,
which is very expensive.
The worlds only flying mammal
The forelimbs of bats are webbed and developed as wings, and
therefore making them capable of sustained flight. Other
mammals, such as flying squirrels and colugos, do not actually
fly, rather they glide.
There are a lot of misconceptions
about bats, which cause people to
fear them. Here are some myths
about bats:
*Bats are blind - false! Bats can see
and some use their vision to locate
food.
*Bats attack people and drink their
blood - false! Bats are timid
creatures, only the vampire bat
feeds on the blood of cattle and
other animals.
*Bats are dirty animals -false! Bats
spend a lot of time groomingthemselves.
*Bats carry rabies - false! Bats can
get rabies just like any other animal.
However, there is a slim chance that
a person could get rabies from a bat.
Did you know?
The largest bat in the
world, the giant goldencrowned fruit bat
(Acerodon jubatus) is foundonly in the Philippines! But
they dont roost in caves,
they roost in trees.
www.katjack.net
www.katjack.net
CAVES & BATS
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DOWN
1 - What do you call the
adaptation animals have to
blend with their environmen
2 - What do bats have that
allows them to easily find th
prey in total darkness?
4 - What is responsible for
primary productivity in theopen ocean?
7 - Another term for the
group of sharks, rays and
skates.
8 - What adaptation allows a
organism to gain an advanta
by following another?
9 - The organism that lives i
partnership with corals.
13 - What do you call thispartnership?
15 - One of the smartest
invertebrates in the ocean.
ACROSS
1 - The region with the highest marine biodiversity in the world.
3 - Corals, jellyfishes, hydroids, sea fans and anemones fall under this Phylum.
5 - Trees that are halophytes and xerophytes.
6 - The largest fish in the world.
10 - The coral animal.
11 - These birds make their nest using this main ingredient.
12 - A term used for something found in one place and no where else in the world.
13 - These birds make their nests inside caves.
14 - The stinging cells found in corals and jellyfishes.
16 - The most important gift the forest gives us.
17 - The class where hard and soft corals, sea fans and anemones belong to.
18 - The most important ecosystem to dugongs.
1 2
3 4
5
6
7 8 9
10
11
12 13
14 15
16
17
18
Now how wel
have you learned?
Lets see if you
can complete this
crossword puzzle
WORD WORM
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Match the following organisms to their habitat. Remember that oneorganism can rely on several habitats.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
_____ 1. Blue whale
_____ 2. Insect-eating bats
_____ 3. Fruit-eating bats
_____ 4. Seahorses
_____ 5. Starfishes
_____ 6. Juvenile fishes
_____ 7. Dugong_____ 8. Swiftlet
_____ 9. Blue-ringed octopus
_____ 10. White breasted sea eagle
_____ 11. Sea turtles
_____ 12. Nudibranchs
_____ 13. Dolphins
_____ 14. Coconut crab
_____ 15. Python
_____ 16. Sharks_____ 17. Plankton
_____ 18. Cucumbers
_____ 19. Corals
_____ 20. Kingfisher
_____ 21. Geckos
_____ 22. Clownfish
_____ 23. Mudskippers
_____ 24. Moray eels
_____ 25. Crown-of-thorns starfish_____ 26. Pelagic fish
_____ 27. Cuttlefish
_____ 28. Tuna
_____ 29. Soldier crabs
_____ 30. Stonefish
WHERE DO IBELONG?
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FILL IN THE FOOD WEB. Where do the organisms listed belong in this food web?
The primary producers are filled in for your guidance.
CONNECTIVITY ACTIVITY
ORGANISMS:Parrotfish
Seagrass
Algae
Dugong
Phytoplankton
Shark
Zooplankton
Barracuda
Sea Turtle
Jelllyfish
Damselfish
Krill
Whaleshark
SEAGRASS ALGAE
PHYTOPLANKTON
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ORIGAMI www.origami-resource-center.com
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ORIGAMI
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ORIGAMI
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Seahorse
Jacques Kohler, www.squidoo.com/origamiseahorse
ORIGAMI
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t efi ir shovaf
y MThe coolest thing I saw
What I liked most about the camp
What I disliked most about the camp
My favoriteCamp Activity
My wish forDanjugan
CAMP JOURNAL
My
favoritebird
Pledge to Mother Earth
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CAMP SUMMARY
DAY 1: TOPICS DISCUSSED LESSONS LEARNED
DAY 2: TOPICS DISCUSSED LESSONS LEARNED
DAY 3: TOPICS DISCUSSED LESSONS LEARNED
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Camp Notes
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Camp Notes
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Text, Graphics and Layout:
Kaila Ledesma Trebol
Photo Contributors:
Gerardo L. Ledesma
Kaila Ledesma Trebol
Special thanks to the friends of Danjugan who shared their photos:
Cris Hinlo - Napoleon wrasse (cover), cleaner wrasse, blue-ringed octopus, squid, cuttlefish
Y tt L F o fish po c pi e p ffe fish
Marine and Wildlife Camp
Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental
www.prrcf.org