HFAM II Modeling Seminar
State of California
Division of Statewide Integrated Water Management
Sacramento, Ca January 27, 2010
Model Evolution, Stanford to HFAM II
Model Year Hardware Scope Features
Stanford 1 1959 Mainframe Rainfall-Runoff Daily, continuous soil moisture
Stanford 2 1962 Mainframe Rainfall-Runoff Hourly, land and reaches
Stanford 4 1966 Mainframe Precip./Snow Hourly, land, reaches, 10K copies
HSP 1972 Mainframe Hydrology, WQ Hourly, hydrology, sediment
HSPF 1979 Mini Hydrology, WQ Hydrology and water quality (EPA)
SRFM 1985 Eng. W. S. Hydrology Graphics interactive
SEAFM 1991 Eng. W. S. Design/Ops. Probabilistic (Ensemble) Forecasts
HFAM 1.1 1997 PCs Design/Ops. Expands operations for facilities
HFAM II 2007-2010
PCs Design/Ops. New Model Structure, WQ, new physical elements (glaciers)
Interflow
HFAM II Main Menu
Watershed Modeling Input Time Series Results Help
{watershed list} Model Setup Data Availability Land SegmentsCheck/Load Data Update Data Availability inc. Glacial Segments
Run Simulation Graphs ReachesWatershed Reservoirs/LakesRun Types: Aquifer ElementsForecastAnalysisProbabilistic
Optimization
Model Time Line
NOW
Past Future
ModelTime
Historic Data Real Time Data Forecast and Ensemble Data
Watershed Initial Conditions (snowpacks, soil moisture) can be stored at the “Model Time”, at “NOW”, and for any time in the past.
Set initial conditions,Probabilistic Run
ForecastWeather
Model Elements
Element Input Output Features
Land Segment Met. data, irrigation
Surface, interflow,groundwater, aquif. recharge
Infiltration, actual E. T., soil moisture accounting,glacial segments
Reach Upstream res. & reaches, land & aquif. outflows
Flow, aquif.recharge
Kinematic wave routing, complex cross-sections
Reservoir Upstream res. & reaches, land & aquif. outflows
Outflows and res. levels, evap.,seepage
Multiple spillways, outlets and powerhouses
Spillways, low level outlets, powerhouses
Reservoir Levels, outlet demands
Water deliveries, generation, deficits
Demands are fixed, annual patterns or time series, inc. physical constraints
Aquif. Element Recharge and aquif. elements,pumping
Outflows, down. gradient and to reaches
Allow flows across surface drainage boundaries
Diversion Demand Flows, deficits Link to reservoirs, reaches
HFAM II Elements and Linkages
MeteorologicalStations
Land
La
Land Segment
Reach
Reservoir
AquiferElement
Spillways,L. L. Outlets
Diversions
Powerhouse
HFAM II Elements and Linkages
MeteorologicalStations
Land
La
Land Segment
Reach
Reservoir
AquiferElement
Spillways,L. L. Outlets
Diversions
Powerhouse
HFAM II Linkages
Tree Structure(from Wikipedia)
Hfam II elements are assigned index numbersin a tree structure. In graph theory a tree is a connected graph without cycles.
The tree in Hfam II is traversed from leaves to the root: The root is the most downstream reach or reservoirin a system.
Data sources (time series) needed for each model element are specified. Linkages between elements are found by an algorithm from element data sources only.
The operations sequence for model elements, “walking the tree”, is found by an algorithm.
Hfam II elements for a watershed may contain more than one tree structure – in graph theory this is called a forest.
A connection from5 to 3 creates a cycleand is not allowed.
Setting Simulation Order
HFAM II Input Schema
In OOP (Object Oriented Programming), Hfam II Elements are Objects. An object is a discrete bundle of functions and procedures relating to a real-world entity.
Hfam II is written in Delphi, Object Pascal.
HFAM II Reservoir Element
The zero or one to infinite tag shows optional objects, and where multiple objects are allowed.
HFAM II Reservoir Element: Outlet Components
HFAM II Structure Capabilities
HFAM II watersheds can contain;
• any number of meteorological stations with records of any length• any number of land segments, reaches, aquifer elements or reservoirs• reservoirs can have any number of spillways, stop logs, power houses, outlets or diversions
Model runs can be made for any period of time, from hours to decades, and if requested, hourly information on a model element is available for the entire run.
HFAM II DataPrep
Time Series Data Management
Hfam II DataPrep Main Menu
File Data Plot Options Help
Import Raw Data Edit Raw Data Spatial Set Default Data FilesExport Final Data Generate Final Data Time Series Activate Raw SourcesExport Streamflow Data Edit Final Data Select Raw Data SourcesMake Forecast Files Check Data Availability Set Monthly DefaultsMake Annual Pattern File Set Long Term Averages
Modeling Large Watersheds
Snake River at Hells Canyon
Tocantins River at Tucurui
Tuolumne and Sacramento Rivers
Tuolumne Sacramento
1,884 sq. mi. at Modesto 23,500 sq. mi. at Sacramento
13,100 ft. to 60 ft. elev 14,200 ft. to 40 ft. elev
850 land segments 9000 land segments ?
75 reaches 750 reaches ?
9 reservoirs/lakes 90 reservoirs/lakes
1930 to present data base ??
Tuolumne River historic run time for 1930 to the present, 50 minutes, on a 3 GHz PC with 8 GB RAM (unthreaded).A one year probabilistic forecast run takes 25 minutes.
Cedar River at Landsburg, WA
Masonry Dam
PH flow increasesto meet downstreamflow requirement
Miscellaneous Slides