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7
[gf Pmjrb Kbaamhm
Oibkdmnistry Agobrgtbry
Kustbnizm Agobrgtbry Ngfuga
(Gktivity 7-:)
Hrbup 5
ONA[ ?E
Goufjb, [inbf Lbfsbf
Dgabh, Lbdf GftdbfyKgfgcgf, Egrgijg _.
Jbpagyfg, \ippbrgd
Pgrghmam, Cinomray Kagirm
Zgfsmkb, Cgrmf
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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GKZIUIZY 7G & 7O
[]OKMAA]AG_ KBNPBFMFZ[ BE ZDM AIUIFH KMAA
W]GAIZGZIUM ZM[Z EB_ ZDM KDMNIKGA KBNPBFMFZ BE ZDM KMAA
I. BOLMKZIUM[<
Zb jmtmrnifm tdm kbnpbsitibf be brhgfmaams.
Zb ufjmrstgfj gfj gpprmkigtm tdm jieemrmft oibkdmnikga systmns
tdrbuhd smpgrgtifh tdm suokmaauagr kbnpbfmfts be g kmaa.
Zb om goam tb pmrebrn jieemrmft qugaitgtivm tmsts spmkieik ebr
kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs, gfj aipijs.
Zb kbnpgrm tdm rmagtivm gnbufts be kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs, gfj
aipijs.
II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN (7G)<
Xgsd bee oabbj erbn kdikcmf
aivmr usifh g emw jrbps be =%
ZKG (trikdabrbgkmtik gkij).
Xmihd tdm aivmr.
Gjj = nA be suspmfjifh
nmjiun pmr hrgn be aivmr.
Dbnbhmfizm gt abw
-
[mjinmft 7 [upmrfgtm 7
Kmftrieuhm ebr 70
nif. gfj jmkgft.
[mjinmft ? [upmrfgtm ?
Kmftrieuhm ebr 70
nif. gfj jmkgft.
Gjj 70 nA be =% ZKG gfj
nix. Zmst ebr
kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs,
gfj aipijs.
Kmftrieuhm ebr 70
nif. gfj jmkgft.
Gjj 70 nA be =% ZKG gfj
nix. Zmst ebr kgrobdyjrgtms,
prbtmifs, gfj aipijs.
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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[KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN (7O)<
Zmst ebr kgrobdyjrgtms
Nbaiskd Zmst
Zmst ebr prbtmifs
Oiurmt tmst
[mjinmft ; [upmrfgtm ;
Gjj 70 nA be =% ZKG gfj
nix. Zmst ebr
kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs,
gfj aipijs.
Gjj 70 nA be =% ZKG gfj
nix. Zmst ebr
kgrobdyjrgtms, prbtmifs,
gfj aipijs.
Zb = jrbps be
smjinmft/supmrfgtm, gjj
= jrbps Nbaiskd rmghmft.
[dgcm
Agymr witd 7 nA be kbfk.
suapdurik gkij. Pmrebrn
kbftrba tmst usifh 7%
riobsm sbautibf.
Zb 7 nA be Omfmjikt’s
sbautibf, gjj ? jrbps be
tdm smjinmft/supmrfgtm.
Obia ebr ? nif. gfj kbba.
Zb = jrbps be tdm
smjinmft/supmrfgtm, gjj =
jrbps be 70% FgBD gfj 7
jrbp be .=% kbppmr suapdgtm.
Pmrebrn kbftrba tmst usifh 7%
gaounif.
Pagkm 7 nA be tdm
smjinmft/supmrfgtm if g tmst
tuom.
Gjj 7 nA be kbfk. Fitrik gkij.
Dmgt gfj bosmrvm
kbabur kdgfhm.
Kbba gfj gjj =
jrbps be gnnbfiun
dyjrbxijm.
Kbft. [up ?
Omfmjikt’s tmst
Tgftdbprbtmik tmst
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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Zmst ebr aipijs
[ujgf tmst
III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF
ZM[Z[ KBFZ_BA MTPMKZMJ
_M[]AZ[
[MJINMFZ
7
[MJINMFZ
?
[MJINMFZ
;
[MJINMFZ
:
KG_OBDYJ_GZM[ 7%
_IOB[MNBAI[KD P]_PAM P]_PAM - - - -
OMFMJIKZ’[ O_IKC
_MJ
- - - -
P_BZMIF[ 7%
GAO]NIF
OI]_MZ UIBAMZ + - - -
TGFZDBP_BZMIK YMAABX + - - -
AIPIJ[ 7%
AMKIZDIF
[]JGF _MJ _MJ - - + -GK_BAMIF GK_IJ
BJB_
+ + - +
IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm Wumstibfs<
7. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmst usmj tb jmtmrnifm tdm kdmnikga
kbnpbfmfts be tdm brhgfmaams.
Nbaiskd tmst- jmdyjrgtibf be tdm kgrobdyjrgtm oy suapdurik gkij tb prbjukm gf gajmdyjm
Zb = jrbps be tdm
smjinmft/supmrfgtm,
gjj = jrbps be [ujgf
IU
Pmrebrn kbftrba tmst
usifh 7% amkitdif.
Pagkm .= h. Be
pbtgssiun oisuapdgtm
if g kamgf, jry tmst
tuom.
Gjj g jrbp be tdm
smjinmft/supmrfgtm
gfj dmgt. Fbtm tdm
bjbr prbjukmj.
Gkrbamif tmst
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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Omfmjikt’s tmst- rmjuktibf be kbppmr ibfs oy rmjukifh suhgrs, wdikd tdmf kgf om
jmtmktmj oy tdm ebrngtibf be g orikc rmj prmkipitgtm be kuprbus bxijm
Oiurmt tmst- rmjuktibf be kbppmr ibfs wdikd tdmf kbnpamxms witd fitrbhmf gtbns bf
pmptijm obfjs gt dihd pD
Tgftdbprbtmik tmst- fitrgtibf be omfzmfm rifh prmsmft if tdm strukturm
[ujgf tmst- goiaity be egt kmaas tb smamktivmay gosbro pihnmfts if egt jyms sukd gs [ujgf IU
Gkrbamif tmst- Xdmfmvmr egt is dmgtmj if tdm prmsmfkm be g jmdyjrgtifh ghmft, egt
nbamkuams sdmj haykmrba if tdm ebrn be tdm ufsgturgtmj gajmdyjm- gkrbamif.
?. Mxpagif tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if tdm smpgrgtibf skdmnm ebr tdm suokmaauagr kbnpbfmfts.
Zdm prifkipam omdifj tdm smpgrgtibf skdmnm is jieemrmftiga kmftrieuhgtibf. Zissums br kmaas grm
eirst dbnbhmfizmj tb rmamgsm tdmir iftmrfga kbftmfts. Agrhmr pgrtikams smttam egstmr tdgf
sngaamr bfm gfj tdis prbvijms tdm ogsis ebr botgififh krujm brhgfmaam ergktibfs oy jieemrmftiga
kmftrieuhgtibf.
U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
<
Nbaiskd tmst<
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;, kbftrba
Omfmjikt’s tmst
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;
Oiurmt tmst<
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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Tgftdbprbtmik tmst<
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;
[ujgf tmst<
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;, kbftrba
Gkrbamif tmst<
Erbn amet< smjinmft 7, smjinmft ?,
supmrfgtm ;, smjinmft ;
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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Gktivity ?G
Wugaitgtivm Zmst ebr Prbtmifs/ Kbabr _mgktibf Zmst
I. BOLMKZIUM[
Zb jmtmkt prbtmifs tdrbuhd tdm jieemrmft kbabr rmgktibf tmsts.
Zb cfbw tdm sihfieikgfkm be pmptijm obfjs gfj gnifb gkijs if jmtmktifh prbtmifs.
Zb ufjmrstgfj tdm prifkipam omdifj mvmry tmst.
II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF[
Wugaitgtivm tmst Mhh Gaounif [bautibf Mxpmktmj
_msuats (+)
Niaabf’s tmst Fbt pmrebrnmj Fbt pmrebrnmj Orikc rmj
Tgftdbprbtmik tmst + ymaabw ymaabw
DbpcifsRkbam tmst + Uibamt
Oiurmt Zmst + vibamt
Fifdyjrif tmst + Oaum-vibamt
[gcghukdi tmst + rmj
IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm Wumstibfs<
7. Mxpagif tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmst
Niaabf’s Zmst- Niaabf's rmghmft (Dh/DFB;) hivms pbsitivm rmsuats witd prbtmifs kbftgififh
tdm pdmfbaik gnifb gkij ‑tyrbsifm’’, tdm prmkipitgtm turfs eamsd tb rmj kbabr, ie prbtmifs
kbftgififh tyrbsifm grm prmsmft.
Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst- jmtmrnifmj tdm gnbuft be prbtmif sbauoam if g sbautibf usifh kbfk.
fitrik gkij. Zdm tmst hivms g pbsitivm rmsuat if tdbsm prbtmifs w/ gnifb gkijs kgrryifh
grbngtik hrbups, msp. tyrbsifm. Zdm prbbe is fmutrgaizmj w/ gf gacgai, turfifh jgrc ymaabw.
Dbpcif’s Kbam Zmst- Zdmrm wgs g vibamt kbabr prbjukmj gt tdm pbift be kbftgkt.
Zryptbpdgf dgs gf ifjbam fukamus wdikd is rmspbfsioam ebr tdm vibamt rifh ebufj gt tdm
lufktibf omtwmmf tdm twb agymrs.
Oiurmt Zmst- _mjuktibf be Ku?+ wdikd tdmf kbnpamxms witd tdm F gtbns bf tdm pmptijm
obfjs gt dihd pD.
Fifdyjrif Zmst- Gnifb Gkij kbftgififh g ermm gnifb hrbup gfj g ermm kgrobxyaik gkij
hrbup tdgt rmgkt tbhmtdmr witd fifdyjrif tb prbjukm kbabrmj prbjukts. Hrbup bf tdmgapdg-kgrobf gfj kgf rmgkt witd fifdyjrif tb prbjukm oaum purpam prbjukt.
[gcghukdi Zmst- If gacgaifm sbautibf, prbtmif kbftgififh Grhififm hivms rmj kbabr witd
Gapdg-Fgptdba gfj sbjiun dypbkdabrijm.
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
Prmpgrgtibf be Mhh Gaounif sbautibf
Zmst rmsuats. Erbn amet< [gcghukdi tmst, Fifdyjrif tmst, Tgftdbprbtmik tmst, Dbpcifs ‛kbam tmst,
Oiurmt tmst
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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GKZIUIZY ?O
P_MKIPIZGZIBF ZM[Z EB_ P_BZMIF[
I. BOLMKZIUM[
Zb bosmrvm tdm rmgktivity be rmghmfts & sbautibfs if mgkd tmst
Zb cfbw tdm prgktikga rmgktibfs if mgkd tmst
Zb Ijmftiey gfj bosmrvm tdm prmkipitgtm if mgkd tmst wdikd yimaj g pbsitivm rmsuat.
II. II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN
G. Prmkipitgtibf _mgktibf oy Kbfkmftrgtmj Nifmrga gfj Brhgfik Gkijs
O.
Prmkipitgtibf oy Nmtgaaik [gats
K. Prmkipitgtibf be Gacgabijga _mghmfts
J. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba
Pagkm 7na be M Gaounif if mgkd be tdm : tmst tuoms
Gjj = jrbps be
Kbfk. [uaeurik
Gjj = jrbps be Kbfk.
DKa
Gjj = jrbps Hagkiga
DGk
Gjj = jrbps be Fitrik
Gkij
Pagkm 7na be Mhh Gaounif if mgkd be tdm = tmst tuoms
Gjj 7na be Jia.
Nmrkurik Gkij
Gjj 7na Jia.
Amgj Gkmtgtm
Gjj 7na Jia.
Ogriun Kdabrijm
Gjj 7na Jia.
Kbppmr [uaegtm
Gjj 7na Jia.
Emrrik Kdabrijm
Pagkm 7na be M Gaounif if mgkd be tdm : tmst tuoms
-Gjj 7na be
Pikrik Gkij
[ba’f
-Dmgt
-Gjj 7na be
Pdbspdbtufhstik
Gkij
-Dmgt
-Gjj 7na be
Zgffik Gkij
-Dmgt
- Gjj 7na be
ZGK Gkij
-Dmgt
Pagkm if mgkd be tdm ; tmst tuoms =na be 9=% Gakbdba
-Gjj ; jrbps
be Mhh Gaounif
-Gjj ? jrbps
be 70% FgBD
-Gjj ; jrbps
be Mhh Gaounif
-Gjj ? jrbps
be Jia. DKa
-Gjj ; jrbps
be Mhh Gaounif
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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M. Kbghuagtibf be Dmgt
E. Zmst ebr Jmfgturmj/Kbghuagtmj Prbtmifs
III. _msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibf<
K. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gacgabijga _mghmfts
Kdmnikgas _msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs
Pikrik Gkij (+) Ymaabwisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm
Zrikdabrbgkmtik Gkij (+) Xditisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm
Zgffik Gkij (+) Orbwfisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm
Pdbspdbtufhstik Gkij (+) Xditisd [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm
J. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba
_msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs
9=% Mtdya Gakbdba+Jia.DKa (-) Kabujy [bautibf/Prmkipitgtm
9=% Mtdya Gakbdba+70%FgBD (-) Kamgr [bautibf/Prmkipitgtm
9=% Mtdya Gakbdba (+) Xditisd, Kabujy [ba’f/Prmkipitgtm
M. Kbghuagtibf oy Dmgt
_msuats gfj Bosmrvgtibfs
=nA gaounif sba’f + DGK (+) Xditm Kabujy Prmkipitgtm
E. Zmst ebr Jmfgturmj/Kbghuagtmj Prbtmifs
[uspmfjmj
prmkipitgtm
Niaabf’s Zmst Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst Oiurmt Zmst Dbpcifs-Kbam Zmst
Pikrik gkij Fbt
pmrebrnmj
(+) (-) (-)
Zrikdabrbgkmtik (-) (-) (-)
Dmgt tb Obiaifh =na be Gaounif [bautibf
Gjj ? Jrbps be Gkmtik Gkij
Pagkm ;na be mgkd tmst tuom[uspmfj mgkd prmkipitgtm
if 70 na be Jistiaamj Xgtmr
Pmrebrn tdm ebaabwifh tmsts3
g) Niaaabf’s Zmst
o) Tgftdbprbtmik Zmst
k) Oiurmt Zmst
j) Dbpcifs-Kbam Zmst
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm Wumstibfs<
7. Hivm tdm prifkipams ifvbavmj if mgkd be tdm tmsts.
G. Prmkipitgtibf rmgktibf oy kbfkmftrgtmj nifmrga gfj brhgfik gkij
[gat orijhms rmsuat erbn tdm fmutrgaizgtibf be gf gkij gfj gnifm bf sijm kdgifs. Zdm eifga
iftmrgktibf is ibfik omtwmmf tdm pbsitivm gnnbfiun hrbup gfj tdm fmhgtivm gkij hrbup.
Gfy kbnoifgtibf be tdm vgribus gkijik br gnifm gnifb gkij sijm kdgifs wiaa dgvm tdis
meemkt. Gs nihdt om mxpmktmj, gkijs gfj ogsms jisrupt sgat orijhms dmaj tbhmtdmr oy ibfik
kdgrhms. G typm be jbuoam rmpagkmnmft rmgktibf bkkurs wdmrm tdm pbsitivm gfj fmhgtivm
ibfs if tdm sgat kdgfhm pgrtfmrs witd tdm pbsitivm gfj fmhgtivm ibfs if tdm fmw gkij br
ogsm gjjmj.
O. Prmkipitgtibf oy nmtgaaik sgats
Prbtmifs grm prmkipitgtmj oy sgats be dmgvy nmtgas, sukd gs nmrkurik kdabrijm, zifk
suaegtm,mtk. if wmgc gacgaifm sbautibfs, prbtmif nbamkuams kgrry fmhgtivm kdgrhms gfj
kbnoifm witd pbsitivmay kdgrhmj nmtga ibfs tb ebrn ifsbauoam sgats wdikd prmkipitgtm
erbn tdm sbautibf. Zdm prmkipitgtmj prbtmifs grmjmfgturmj gfj tdis prbkmss is
irrmvmrsioam.
K. Prmkipitgtibf oy gacgabijga rmghmfts
Gacgabijga rmghmfts (m.h. tgffik gkij & trikdabrbgkmtgtik gkij) grm dihd nbamkuagr wmihdt
gfibfs. Zdm fmhgtivm kdgrhm be tdmsm gfibfs kbuftmrgkts tdm pbsitivm kdgrhm be tdm
gnifb hrbup if prbtmifs hivifh g prmkipitgtm.
J. Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba
Gakbdba jmfgturms prbtmifs oy jisruptifh tdm sijm kdgif iftrgnbamkuagr dyjrbhmf
obfjifh. Fmw dyjrbhmf obfjs grm ebrnmj ifstmgj omtwmmf tdm fmw gakbdba nbamkuam
gfj tdm prbtmif sijm kdgifs.
Xdmrm jbms tdm ngx. prmkipitgtibf bkkur2 ;rj tuom.M. Kbghuagtibf oy Dmgt
Zdm rmsuat wgs kbghuagtibf be tdm gaounif sbautibf. Mhh-wditm is egiftay gacgaifm.
Kbnpamtm prmkipitgtibf tgcms pagkm bfay if egiftay gkij sbautibf. Zdm tmnpmrgturm gt
wdikd kbghuagtibf tgcms pagkm jmpmfjs tb g agrhm mxtmft bf tdm gnbuft be gkij gfj be
sgats prmsmft
E. Zmst ebr Jmfgturmj/Kbghuagtmj Prbtmifs
Zdm tmrn jmfgturgtibf is usmj nbrm ermqumftay tdgf kbghuagtibf oy skimftieik
ifvmstihgtbrs gt tdm prmsmft tinm tb jmfbtm kmrtgif kdgfhms if prbtmifs. Jmeifitm
kdgrgktmristiks be tdm prbtmifs grm kdgfhmj wdmf tdmy grm kbghuagtmj, gnbfh wdikd is
abss be sbauoiaity if wgtmr gfj jiautm sgat sbautibfs. If sbnm ifstgfkms gfj ufjmr kmrtgif
kbfjitibfs tdm kbghuagtibf prbkmss ngy om rmvmrsioam. Ngffmr if wdikd jmfgturgtibfngy om orbuhdt gobut. Kbghuagtibf be prbtmifs ngy om orbuhdt gobut oy g vgrimty be
prbkmssms. Out if gjjitibf tb dmgt tdm gktibf be gkijs, gacgaims, sgats, gakbdba, nmkdgfikga
ghitgtibf, rgjigtibf, gfj uatrg-sbfik viorgtibfs ngy jmfgturm tdm prbtmif gfj kbfvmrt it
erbn g sbauoam iftb ifsbauoam ebrn wmihdt gfibfs. Zdm fmhgtivm kdgrhm be tdmsm gfibfs
kbuftmrgkts tdm pbsitivm kdgrhm be tdm gnifb hrbup if prbtmifs hivifh g prmkipitgtm.
Zdmrmebrm, mvmf g prbtmif is jmfgturmj it wiaa stiaa hivm g pbsitivm rmsuat erbn tdm
Wugaitgtivm be prbtmifs.
gkij
Zgffik gkij (-) (+) (-)
Pdbspdbtufstik
gkij
(-) (-) (-)
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?-;. ]sifh niac gs tmst sbautibf, dbw wiaa ybu prbvm tdgt niac is g prbtmif2 [dbw g skdmngtik
jighrgn tb grrivm gt ybur gfswmr.
Oiurmt sbautibf is usmj tb ijmftiey tdm prmsmfkm be prbtmif. Oiurmt rmghmft is g oaum
sbautibf tdgt, wdmf it rmgkts witd prbtmif, wiaa kdgfhm kbabr tb pifc-purpam.
Prbkmjurm<
Zb g tmst tuom, gjj :0 jrbps be niac sbautibf
Gjj ; jrbps be Oiurmt rmghmft
[dgcm hmftay tb nix
Fbtm kbabr kdgfhm
Prbtmifs wiaa turf tdm sbautibf iftb pifc-purpam
[kdmngtik Jighrgn<
Zb g tmst tuom, gjj :0 jrbps be niac sba’f
Gjj ; jrbps be Oiurmt rmghmft
(sbjiun dyjrbxijm 70% & kbppmr suaegtm 0.=%)
[dgcm hmftay tb nix
Kdgfhm if kbabr be sba’f tb
pifc-purpam kbfeirns prmsmfkm be prbtmif
U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
Prmkipitgtibf oy Gakbdba
Erbn amet< FgBd, DKA, fmutrga
Prmpgrgtibf be Mhh Gaounif sbautibf
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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7:
Dbpcif’s-Kbam Zmst
Erbn amet< Zgffik gkij, ZKG, Pikrik gkij,
Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij
Oiurmt Zmst
Erbn amet< Pikrik gkij, Zgffik gkij,
ZKG, Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij
Tgftdrbprbtmik Zmst
Erbn amet< Pikrik gkij,
Pdbspdbtufhstik gkij, ZKG, tgffik
gkij
Prmkipitgtibf oy Gacgabijga rmghmft
Erbn amet< pdbspbtufhstik gkij,
Pikrik gkij, Zgffik gkij, ZKG
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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7=
Gktivity ;G
Mfzynms
I. BOLMKZIUM[
Zb om goam tb cfbw tdm prbpmrtims be gf mfzynm
Zb om goam tb tmst tdm prmsmfkm be gf mfzynm
Zb om goam tb tmst tdm spmkieikity be gf mfzynm
II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN
Prmpgrgtibf be pbtgtb mxtrgkt
e
Pbtgtb (Pmmamj)
Hrgtm/oamfjmrmj (700na
be jistiaamj D?B)
[trgif
(tdrbuhd kdmmsm kabtd)
Eiatmr
(tdm mxtrgkt tdrbuhd eiatmr
g mr
Amt it stgfj ebr 70 nif gfj [tir Bkkgsibfgaay
Oiurmt tmst
7 na be mxtrgkt
Gjj 7 na 0.=% Omfzijifm
Dbaj g spaiftmr bvmr tdm
nbutd be tdm tuom
Nix 7 na be ;% D?B?
= na be mxtrgkt
Zmst ebr kgtgagsm gktivity
nix.
gjj ?-; jrbps be
Kbppmr suaegtm
Gjj ? na 70% FgBDsbaf
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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75
Prmpgrgtibf be jiautm sbautibf be sgaivgry gnyagsm
[pmkieikity be Mfzynm Gktibf
_ifsm tdm kbaamktbr’s nbutd
smvmrga tinms witd wgtmr
Zmst tuom 7
? na 0.0? N pdbspdgtm
oueemr (pD 5.8) gfj 7 na 0.9%
[bjiun kdabrijm sba’f
Zmst tuom ?
? na 0.0? N pdbspdgtm oueemr
(pD 5.8) gfj 7 na 0.9%
[bjiun kdabrijm sba’f
Prmpgrm 7<4 sbautibf be sgaivg
oy gjjifh 70 jrbps (0.?= na)
sgaivg witd ?0 na wgtmr
Kbaamkt 7 na be sgaivg
]sm ebr tmst
[tir tdm nixturm
[tgfj ebr 7= nifutms @ rbbn
tmnpmrgturm.
Gjj 7 na 7% haykbhmf gfj 7
na sgaivgry gnyagsm sba’f
Gjj 7 na kbbcmj stgrkd gfj 7
na sgaivgry gnyagsm sba’f
If mgkd tmst tuom pagkm 7 jrbp
be tdm sbautibf if g spbt pagtm
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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78
III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF[
_msuat Mxpmktmj _msuat
Oiurmt tmst + (vibamt) vibamt
Zmst ebr Kgtgaysm gktivity
-spaiftmr - Pbbpifh sbufj
-omfzijifm - Oaum-hrmmf kbabrgtibf
Zmst ebr spmkieikity be Mfzynm gktibf
Zinm (nifutms) Zmst tuom 7 Zmst tuom ?
= + hrmmf - Fb kdgfhms if
kbabr bosmrvmj70 + Jgrcmr hrmmf w/
purpam
kbabrgtibf
-
7= + Hrmmf witd
jgrcmr purpam
kbabrgtibf
-
?0 + Amssmr hrmmf gfj
purpam kbabr
-
?= + Prmsmfkm be
hrgfuam aicm
suosgtfkm
;0 + Amssmr hrmmf gfj
purpam kbabr
-
;= + Amssmr hrmmf gfj
purpam kbabr
:0 + Nukd Amssmrhrmmf gfj
purpam kbabr
-
:= + hrmmf -
=0 + Amssmr hrmmf
kbabr
-
== + Ganbst brgfhm -
50 + Ganbst brgfhm -
IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm Wumstibf<
7. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj if Oiurmt tmst.
Oiurmt tmst is ogsmj bf tdm goiaity be Ku (II) ibfs tb ebrn g vibamt-kbabrmj kdmagtm kbnpamx
witd pmptijm obfjs (-KBFD-hrbups) if gacgaifm kbfjitibfs.
_MPMGZ GZ = NIF]ZM[
IFZM_UGA EB_ 7 DB]_.
Gjj 7 jrbp be Ibjifm sba’f.
bosmrvmj kbabr prbjukmj.
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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74
?. Dbw wiaa ybu prbvmj tdm prmsmfkm be kgtgagsm2 [dbw kdmnikga mqugtibf.
G rgpij gppmgrgfkm be sustgifmj hgs ouooams is gf ifjikgtibf be tdm prmsmfkm be g
kgtgagsm.
? D?B? ↟ ? D?B + B?
;. Dbw wiaa ybu prbvm tdm spmkieik gtibf be sgaivgry gnyagsm2
Mfzynms grm fbrngaay vmry spmkieik, kgtgayzifh gt nbst bfay g emw typms be kdmnikga rmgktibfs.
Zdm mfzynm gnyagsm gkts bf tdm suostrgtm stgrkd kgtgayzifh its ormgc jbwf iftb sinpam
suhgrs. Gnyagsm wiaa fbt kgtgayzm tdm ormgcjbwf be tdm kbnpamx suhgr sukrbsm iftb sinpam
suhgrs. Ifjikgtbrs kgf om usmj tb tmst ebr tdm prmsmfkm be tdmsm rmgktibfs aicm ibjifm sbautibf.if
tdm ibjifm tmst, gnyabsm if tdm stgrkd (strgihdt kdgif) ebrns dmaikms wdmrm ibjifm nbamkuams
gssmnoam gfj ebrnifh oaum-oagkc kbabr. Xdiam gnyabpmktif (orgfkdmj pbrtibf) if haykbhmf ebrns
nukd sdbrtmr dmaikms gfj ibjifm grm ufgoam tb gssmnoam gfj bfay ebrnifh brgfhm/ymaabw dum.
U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
Prmpgrgtibf be pbtgtb mxtrgkt Zmstifh hgs mvbautibf oy spaiftmr
_msuats ebr Ouirmt gfj kgtgagsm tmst[gaivgry gnyagsm sbautibf
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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79
Zmst ebr spmkieikity be mfzynm
ZM[Z Z]OM 7 (kbbcmj stgrkd)
ZM[Z Z]OM ? (7% HAYKBHMF)
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?0
Pmrebrn Ibjifm tmst gt 7=nifs iftmrvga ebr 7dr.
Prmpgrm ; tmst tuoms mgkd dgvifh =na.
7% kbbcmj stgrt sbaf +7na sgaivg.
Zmst tuom # 7< Xgtmr ogtd if
:0¼K.
Zmst tuom #?< Xgtmr ogtd if
50¼K.
Zmst tuom #;< Xgtmr ogtd if
70¼K.
Zgcm g jrbp getmr stirrifh gfj tmst
witd Ibjifm sbaf.
Zgcm g jrbp getmr stirrifh gfj tmst
witd Ibjifm sbaf.
Zgcm g jrbp getmr stirrifh gfj tmst
witd Ibjifm sbaf.
Prmpgrm : tmst tuoms
kbftgififh mquga
gnts be mhh wditm.
Zmst tuom #7< =na ?%
pmpsif + 70 jrbp 0.:%
DKa.
Zmst tuom #?< =na ?%
pmpsif + 70 jrbp
0.:% Fg?KB;.
Zmst tuom #;< =na ?%
pgfkrmgtif + 70 jrbp
0.:% DKa.
Zmst tuom #:< =na ?%
pgfkrmgtif + 70 jrbp
0.:% Fg?KB;.
Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst
be 7na supmrfgtgft
aiquij.
Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst
be 7na supmrfgtgft
aiquij.
Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst
be 7na supmrfgtgft
aiquij.
Pmrebrn Oiurmt tmst
be 7na supmrfgtgft
aiquij.
Xgtmr ogtd tmst tuoms @ :0¼K
Nmgsurm dmihdt be kbghuagtibf ebr mgkd tmst tuom Kbghuagtm if dbt wgtmr ogtd.
Jmtmrnifm pD be mgkd sgnpam
GKZIUIZY ;O
EGKZB_[ GEEMKZIFH MF\YNM GKZIBF
I. BOLMKZIUM[
Zb kbnpamtmay pmrebrn tmsts rmhgrjifh tdm egktbrs geemktifh mfzynm gktibf.
Zb mxgnifm gfj mxpagif tdm meemkt be tmnpmrgturm bf mfzynm.
Zb jmtmrnifm tdm mxtmft be jihmstibf be mfzynm tdrbuhd gkij gfj ogsm sbautibfs witd
g kbftrbaamj tmnpmrgturm.
Zb vmriey tdm spmkieik pD tdrbuhd tdm usm be pD pgpmr. Zb kbnpgrm tdm botgifmj prbjukt
witd tdm stgfjgrj sbautibf.
II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN
Meemkt be Zmnpmrgturm<
Meemkt be pD<
Nmgsurm jihmstibf be mgkd sgnpam
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?7
III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF[
Meemkt be Zmnpmrgturm<
Meemkt be pD<
Zmst Zuom Nmgsurmnmft
(omebrm
dmgtifh)
Nmgsurm
nmft
(getmr
dmgtifh)
pD Kbabr Mxpmktmj
kbabr
_msuat
Fb.7 Pmpsif +
DKa
;7kn ;0kn 5 Orbwf witd trgkms
be purpam kbabr
Purpam
+
Fb. ? Pmpsif
+ Fg?KB;
;7kn ?9kn 9 Orbwf witd trgkms
be purpam kbabr
Purpam
+
Fb. ;
Pgfkrmgtif +
DKa
;7kn ;0kn 5 Purpam Purpam
+
Fb. :
Pgfkrmgtif +
Fg?KB;
;7kn ;0kn 9 Purpam Purpam
+
Fb. =
Kbftrbaamj
- - - - Purpam +
Zmnpmrgturm 7=nifs ;0nifs :=nifs 50nifs _msuat
Botgifmj
Kbabr
Mxpmktmj
Kbabr
Kbabr Mxpmktmj
Kbabr
Kbabr Mxpmktmj
Kbabr
Kbabr Mxpmktmj
Kbabr
Zmst Zuom #7
@:0 ¼K
Pbwjmr
Oaum
Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Aihdt
Oaum
Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Nbssy
Hrmmf
Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Nbssy
Hrmmf
Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
7=nif ;0nif :=nif 50nif
- - +/- +/-
Zmst Zuom #?
@ 50 ¼K
Jgrc
Oaum Brgfhm br
sbnmtdifh
aihdt if
kbabr
Jgrc
Oaum Brgfhm br
sbnmtdifh
aihdt if
kbabr
Jgrc
Oaum3
trgkms
be
ymaabw
kbabr
Brgfhm br
sbnmtdifh
aihdt if
kbabr
Jgrc
Oaum3
trgkms
be
ymaabw
kbabr
Brgfhm br
sbnmtdifh
aihdt if
kbabr
- - - -
Zmst Zuom #;
@ 70 ¼K
Jgrc
Oaum
Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Oaum Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Hrmmf Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
Oaum Oaum oagkc
br
sbnmtdifh
jgrc if
kbabr
+ + + +
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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??
IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm Wumstibf<
7. Mxpagif tdm nmkdgfisn be mfzynm gktibf gt vgryifh tmnpmrgturms. Hivm tdm prifkipam ifvbavmj.
Omifh g prbtmif, gf mfzynm is jmfgturmj gt dihd tmnpmrgturm gfj omkbnms ifgktivm. Ifitigaay gs
tdm tmnpmrgturm ifkrmgsms, tdm rgtm be mfzyngtik rmgktibf gasb ifkrmgsms out it dgs g ainitgtibf.
Xdmf tdm tmnpmrgturm geemkts tdm nbamkuagr strukturm be tdm mfzynm it hmts ifgktivgtmj.
?. Dbw jbms jieemrmft pD geemkt mfzynm gktibf2 Mxpagif ybur rmsuats usifh tdis prifkipam. Jiskuss
Isbmamktrik pD be mfzynm gktibf.
Mfzynms grm pikcy witd pD amvmas, gs tdmy grm witd mvmry tdifh masm. Zdmy dgvm gf bptinga amvma
gt wdikd tdmy wbrc tdm omst, gfj gfytdifh gobvm br omabw tdgt amvma, tdmir gktivity omhifs tb
sabw jbwf uftia tdmy sdut jbwf gaa tbhmtdmr.
U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
Getmr dmgtifh gt kbftrbaamj tmnpmrgturm
(erbn Amet tb _ihdt)<
Pgfkrmgtif (Fg?KB;), Pgfkrmgtif(DKa), Pmpsif
(Fg?KB;), Pmpsif (DKa)
Oiurmt Zmst Pmrebrnmj (erbn Amet tb
_ihdt)<
Pmpsif (DKa), Pmpsif (Fg?KB;), 0.=%
pmptbfm stgfjgrj, Pgfkrmgtif (Fg?KB;),
Pgfkrmgtif DKa
Amet sijm [pbt pagtm (erbn tbp tb obttbn)< 50¼K
7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nifs.
_ihdt sijm [pbt pagtm uppmr pbrtibf (erbn amet
tb rihdt)<70¼K
7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nifs.
_ihdt sijm [pbt pagtm abwmr pbrtibf (erbn amet
tb rihdt)< :0¼K
7=nifs, ;0nifs, :=nifs, 50nif.
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?;
Gktivity :
Fukamik Gkij
I. BOLMKZIUM[
Zb om goam tb prmpgrm fukamik gkij gfj pmrebrn tdm jieemrmft tmsts ebr it.
Zb ufjmrstgfj tdm prifkipam omdifj mvmry tmst.
Zb om goam tb kdmnikga rmgktibfs omdifj mvmry prifkipam.
II. [KDMNGZIK JIGH_GN
Aivmr
Dbnbhmfizm witd 7 vbaunm be wgtmr
7 na dbnbhmfgtm + =% ZKG (stir)
Kmftrieuhm (= nifutms)
_msijum/smjinmft + gakbdba-mtdmr nixturm (;<70)
[uspmfj witd 8 na ZKG
Dmgt gt 90°K (7= nifs)
[upmrfgtgft
ngcm u g vbaunm tb 70 na
Kbba gfj kmftrieuhm
Zmst ebr Purifm Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Zmst ebr
Pdbspdgtms
Prmpgrgtibf be Fukamik Gkij
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?:
7 na ?F gkmtgtm oueemr
G.
O. K.
J.
Pagkm if obiaifh wgtmr70 jrbps 70 % kbppmr suaegtm
+ = jrbps sgt. sbjiun
Dmgt if g wgtmr
ogtd ebr g emw
nifutms.
0.= na sgnpam + 7
na wgtmr
7 na brkifba rmghmft
Dmgt if wgtmr ogtd.
Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsm Jipdmfyagagfifm tmst ebr
Jmbxyriobsm
7 na sgnpam + 7 na
jipdmfyagagfifm rmghmft
Dmgt (= nifutms) if obiaifh
wgtmr ogtd. Kbba
Zmst ebr
Pdbspdgtms
I na sgnpam + =
jrbps FDB;
= jrbps
Gnnbfiun
nnbayojmfgtm
sbaf. Dmgt
Pagkm if wgtmr ogtd ebr ?0
nifutms
7 na sbautibf + 7
na ?F DKA
Zmst ebr Purifm
7 na be wgtmr + 7
na ?F DKA
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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?=
III. _M[]AZ[ GFJ BO[M_UGZIBF[
Zmst Mxpmrinmftga _msuat Mxpmktmj _msuat
Zmst ebr Purifm Zmst tuom 7
-
Zmst tuom ?
-
Xditm/tgf eabkkuamft ppt
Brkifba tmst ebr Pmftbsms - hrmmf
Jipdmfyagagfifm tmst ebr
jmbxyriobsm
+
oaum
Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms - ymaabw
IU. GFGAY[I[ GFJ KBFKA][IBF
Huijm qumstibfs<
7. Jiskuss tdm jieemrmft tmst usmj if tdm mxpmrinmft
tmst ebr purifm - Zdm FgD[B; rmjukms Ku?+ tb Ku+. Iftmrgktibf be purifms witd Ku+
rmsuats if prmkipitgtibf be ifsbauoam ymaabw-wditm kbnpamx.
Brkifba tmst ebr pmftbsms- tdm ogsis be tdis tmst rmaims bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be pmftbsm suhgr,
riobsm, prmsmft if tdm _FG iftb eureurga if tdm prmsmfkm be dbt gkij. Eureurga rmgkts witd
brkifba if tdm prmsmfkm be emrrik kdabrijm tb hivm g hrmmf kbabr. Zdm iftmfsity be tdm kbabr
prbjukmj jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfkmftrgtibfs be DKA, emrrik kdabrijm gfj brkifba, gs wmaa gstdm jurgtibf be obiaifh.
Jipdmfyagnifm tmst ebr jmbxyriobsm- JFG kbftgifs jmbxyriobsm. JFG kgf om ijmftieimj
kdmnikgaay witd tdm Jiskdm jipdmfyagnifm tmst. Zdm rmgktibf omtwmmf tdm Jiskdm
rmghmft gfj ?-jmbxypmftbsm rmsuats if tdm jmvmabpnmft be g oaum kbabr. Zdm rmgktibf
jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be tdm pmftbsm tb w-dyjrbxyagmvuaifik gajmdyjm wdikd tdmf
rmgkts witd jipdmfyagnifm tb hivm g g oaum kbabrmj kbnpamx. Zdm iftmfsity be tdm oaum
kbabr is prbpbrtibfga tb tdm kbfkmftrgtibf be JFG. Jiskdm rmghmft jbms fbt rmgkt witd
tdm riobsm suhgr if _FG gfj jbms fbt ebrn g oaum-kbabrmj kbnpamx.
Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms- If tdm tmst ebr prmsmfkm be pdbspdgtms ebr JFG, g ymaabw
prmkipitgtm is botgif. Zdm gnnbfiun nbayojgtm sbautibf rmgktmj witd tdm sgnpam wdikd
yimajs ymaabw krystgas, pdbspdbgnnbfiun nbayojgtm, wdikd is g pbsitivm rmsuat .
?. [dbw kdmnikga mqugtibfs. Hivm tdm prifkipam.
tmst ebr purifm - Zdm FgD[B; rmjukms Ku?+ tb Ku+. Iftmrgktibf be purifms witd Ku+
rmsuats if prmkipitgtibf be ifsbauoam ymaabw-wditm kbnpamx.
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brkifba tmst ebr pmftbsms -Jmbxyriobsm (kbftgifmj if JFG) is kbfvmrtmj
iftbdyjrbxyamwuaifik gajmdyjm wdmf dmgtmj if kbfkmftrgtmj D?[B:. Zdis gajmdyjm
rmgkts witd jipdmfyagnifm ebrnifh oaum kbabur kbnpamx.
Jipdmfyagnifm tmst ebr jmbxyriobsm- tdis rmgktibfs jmpmfjs bf tdm kbfvmrsibf be tdm
pmftbsm tb w-dyjrbxyagmvuaifik gajmdyjm wdikd tdmf rmgkts witd jipdmfyagagnifm tb
hivm g oaum kbabrmj kbnpamx.
tmst ebr pdbspdgtms- dyjrbaysis be pyrbpdbspdgtm tb pdbspdgtm ebrnifh g ymaabw
prmkipitgtm
DPB:?-
(gq) + 7?NbB:?-
(gq) + ;FD:+
(gq) + ?;D;B+
(gq) (FD:);SP(Nb;B70):^(ymaabw, s)
7/23/2019 Customized Lab Manual (Activity 1-4)
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U. JBK]NMFZGZIBF
Prmpgrgtibf be fukamik gkijs (getmr tdm7st
kmftrieuhgtibf) Zdm eifga tmst sbautibfs (supmrfgtm)
_msuats< Zmst ebr Purifm _msuat< Brkifba Zmst
_msuat< Jipdmfyagagnifm Zmst _msuat< Zmst ebr pdbspdgtms