1. CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

2. OVERVIEW

What are graft and corruption?

How are graft and corruption manifested in the Philippines?

What are the causes of graft and corruption?

What are their costs?

How can we fight it?

3. DEFINITIONS

Corruption

• Pertains to the use of public office for private gain

Graft

• Refers to the questionable acquisition of wealth by a person in office

4. CHARACTERISTICS

Corruption always involves more than one person.

On the whole, it involves secrecy.

Entails mutual obligation and benefit.

Corrupt practices are usually given some legal justification

5. CHARACTERISTICS

It involves deception.

In any form, it is a betrayal of the public trust.

It rests on a contradictory dual function.

It violates the duty and responsibility within the civic order.

6.

Transparency Internationals Corruption 2002 Perception Index (CPI):

• Scale: 1 = Most Corrupt; 10 = Least

• Philippines:

• Best:

• Worst:

CONTEXT

Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index (CPI):

• Scale: 1 = Most Corrupt; 10 = Least

• Philippines: 78out of 102 (2.6)

• Best:Finland

• Worst:Bangladesh

7. THE PHIL .SETTING

Corruption in the Philippines is endemic and metastatic

Income side: Use of government power to extort money

Expenditure side: malversation of public funds

8. SOME DYNAMICS

It encourages corrupt high ranking officials to remain corrupt

At the lower level, it frustrates younger officials

The problem is so entrenched that it creates a vicious cycle with various nuances

9. GENERAL CAUSES

Absence/weakness of leadership

Weakness of religious influence

Colonialism

Lack of education

Poverty

Absence of punitive measures

Structure of government

10. CAUSES IN THE PHILS .

Historical Philippine political development

Patron-client political culture

• Personalistic character of our politics

• Political relationships as systems of exchange

11.

Corruptions costs are not limited to the direct costs involved in the corrupt transaction

More often than not, the costs are intangible and indirect, but no less destructive

COSTS TO THE PUBLIC 12.

Rent-seeking behavior

Wasted resources

Weakness in government

Diminished government revenue

Legal ambiguity

Encouragement of criminality

Etc.

COSTS TO THE PUBLIC 13. FIGHTING CORRUPTION

Political Culture / Discourse

• It is imperative to clearly define what corruption consists of

Economic Reform

• A much more level economic playing field should reduce corruption

Anti-Corruption Campaigns

14. -end-