THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA
POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND
TECHNOLOGY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan
Student Number: 134214083
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA
POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND
TECHNOLOGY
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degee of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan
Student Number: 134214083
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my gratefulness to God, for His blessing
along my life. I am so thankful for Him that He always accompanies and stands
beside me so I can finish my thesis.
I address my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents and my family for
the support when I write this thesis. I also thank my little brother who patiently
accompanies me to do consultations.
I am highly indebted to my advisor, Arina Isti‘anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., who
always gives her time, patience, understanding, guidence, and support along the
process of finishing my thesis. I would not forget all of her advice and guidence.
Additionally, I deliver my gratitude to my co-advisor, Fransisca Kristanti S.Pd.,
M.Hum., who gave me the detailed correction to improve my thesis before the
examination.
Finally, I will take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitute to all
my dearest friends for their support and care given to me. I love everything that
we have shared together in our journey in collage life.
Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE............................................................................................. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE....................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY...................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH. . vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION............................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study............................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation................................................................................... 3
C. Objective of the Study................................................................................. 3
D. Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................. 6
A. Review of Related Studies........................................................................... 6
B. Review of Related Theories......................................................................... 10
1. Stylistics.................................................................................................. 10
2. Syntax...................................................................................................... 11
a. Prepositions...................................................................................... 12
b. Infinitive........................................................................................... 15
c. Noun Phrase..................................................................................... 16
d. Phrasal Verb..................................................................................... 17
e. Phrasal Prepositions......................................................................... 18
f. Gerund.............................................................................................. 19
g. Modals.............................................................................................. 19
h. Collocation....................................................................................... 20
3. Language of Newspaper.......................................................................... 20
C. Theoretical Framework................................................................................ 22
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY................................................................... 24
A. Object of the Study....................................................................................... 24
B. Approach of the Study.................................................................................. 24
C. Method of the Study..................................................................................... 25
1. Data Collection...................................................................................... 25
2. Data Analysis........................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS....................... 30
A. The Distribution of to in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post................ 30
1. The Forms of to used in News Articles in The Jakarta Post................. 30
a. Politics Articles................................................................................ 31
b. Technology Articles......................................................................... 40
2. The Functions of to used in News Articles in The Jakarta Post............ 48
a. Politics Articles................................................................................. 49
b. Technology Articles.......................................................................... 64
B. The Style of Politics and Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post............. 79
1. Comparing the Distribution of to in Politics and Technology Articles. 79
a. Comparing of the Forms of to.......................................................... 79
b. Comparing the Functions of the Form of to..................................... 82
2. The Meaning of the Word to in the Sentence........................................ 88
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION........................................................................... 92
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 97
APPENDICES...................................................................................................... 101
A. Appendix 1: The Distribution of to in Politics Articles............................... 101
B. Appendix 2: The Distribution of to in Technology Articles........................ 111
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Functions of Prepositional Phrase............................................. 14
Table 2.2 The Functions of Infinitive Phrase.................................................... 16
Table 2.3 The Types of Collocation.................................................................... 20
Table 3.1 The Title of Politics and Technology Articles................................... 26
Table 3.2 Example of Table Percentage of Forms to........................................ . 27
Table 3.3 Example of Table Percentage of Functions to................................... 28`
Table 4.1 The Forms of to in Politics Articles.................................................... 31
Table 4.2 The Forms of to in Technology Articles............................................. 41
Table 4.3 The Functions of to in Politics Articles.............................................. 49
Table 4.4 The Functions of to in Technology Articles....................................... 64
Table 4.5 The Comparison of the Form to in Both Articles............................. 80
Table 4.6 The Comparison of the Function to in Both Articles........................ 83
Table 4.7 The Meaning of to in Politics and Technology Articles.................... 89
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
P.1, P.2, P.3, etc Politics articles title 1, etc
T.1, T.2, T,3, etc Technology articles title 1, etc
V Verb
V-ing Gerund
NP Noun phrase
PP Phrasal preposition
PV Phrasal verb
OP Object of preposition
OC Object complement
CI Complementary infinitive
Ind Inf Independent infinitive
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ABSTRACT
IRENEUS ARYA WIDIYARNA KRISNAWAN (2018). The Use of Phrases
Containing To in The Jakarta Post's Selected Articles about Politics and
Technology. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University.
To can create many phrases. To can stands as a preposition or a particle
in every phrase composed by to. A preposition is a word showing relationship
between the complement of the preposition and some other words in the sentence,
while particle is a word used with other words as a single syntactic unit. To is also
well known as a word that commonly used in English sentences. Therefore, the
writer has been interested in discussing how to is used in the sentences.
To identify the use of to, there are two formulated problems which are
discussed throughout this research. The first is the distribution of to in politics and
technology articles found in The Jakarta Post. The second is the style of politics
and technology articles based on the use of to.
Stylistic approach is applied in this study to know that the use of to can
constitute the style of news article. The underlying theory used in this study is
syntactic theory focusing on grammar. The data of the research are sentences
contain of to in politics and technology articles on March-April 2016 taken from
The Jakarta Post. The data collection method is purposive sampling. The data
collection and data analysis took place simultaneously; first, the data were
collected by sorting sentences contain of to. Second, the samples were categorized
into their forms, infinitive, prepositional phrase, and so on. Third is identifying the
functions of each forms it can be object, verb or other. Fourth is identifying the
style of news article by finding the meaning of to, comparing the forms of to and
the functions of the forms of to to see the most frequent data to observe the
characteristics of both articles.
From the analysis, it can be concluded that politics articles have eight
forms: to + V, to + NP, to + V –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal
preposition, collocation, and modals, while technology articles only have seven
forms except the phrasal verb. The form of to + V and to + NP are dominant in
both articles. Based on the forms of to found in politics and technology articles,
politics and technology articles have ten function of to. The difference is politics
articles have to as the subject complement and object complement, while
technology articles have to as direct object and complementary infinitive. The
style of both articles is distinguished by the existence of the forms of to as phrasal
verb that show politics articles are more various in using verb, the use of to as
direct object and complementary infinitive in technology articles that shows that
technology articles have more variety in using future tense, and the use of to as
subjective complement and objective complement in politics articles shows that
politics articles are more focused on describing the noun used in the sentence.
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ABSTRAK
IRENEUS ARYA WIDIYARNA KRISNAWAN (2018). The Use of Phrases
Containing To in The Jakarta Post's Selected Articles about Politics and
Technology. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma.
To dapat membentuk banyak frasa. Dalam setiap frasa disusun dengan to,
to dapat menjadi kata depan dan partikel. Kata depan adalah kata yang
menunjukkan suatu hubungan antara objek dan kata lainnya dalam sebuah
kalimat, sedangkan partikel adalah kata yang digunakan dengan kata lain sebagai
satu unit sintaksis. To merupakan kata yang biasa digunakan dalam kalimat
berbahasa Inggris. Sehingga, penulis tertarik untuk membahas mengenai
bagaimana kata depan to dalam Bahasa Inggris digunakan dalam kalimat.
Untuk mengidentifikasi penggunaan to, ada dua rumusan masalah yang
akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah penggunaan kata depan to
di dalam artikel politik dan artikel teknologi di koran The Jakarta Post. Yang
kedua adalah bagaimana penggunaan kata depan to tersebut memdapati gaya
bahasa dalam setiap artikel.
Pendekatan stylistics digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui
bahwa to dapat menunjukan gaya bahasa di artikel berita. Dasar teori yang
digunakan adalah teori syntax berfokus pada grammar. Data penelitian ini adalah
kalimat mengandung to di artikel politik dan teknologi pada bulan Maret-April
2016 dari koran The Jakarta Post. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan
adalah purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dan analisis data dilakukan
bersamaan; pertama, data dikumpulkan dengan memilik kalimat mengandung to.
Kedua, data dikategorikan ke dalam setiap formasi, seperti infinitive,
prepositional phrase, dan sebagainya. Ketiga, mengidentifikasi fungsi setiap
bentuk. Keempat, mengidentifikasi gaya bahasa dari artikel dengan menemukan
arti kata to, membandingkan bentuk dari to dan fungsi dari to untuk melihat data
terbanyak yang akan menunjukkan karakter dari setiap artikel.
Dari analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa artikel politik membentuk
delapan formasi: to + V, to + NP, to + V –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb,
phrasal preposition, collocation, dan modals, sedangkan teknologi artikel
membentuk tujuh formasi kecuali phrasal verb. Dari bentuk disusun oleh to,
artikel politik dan teknology memiliki sepuluh fungsi dari to. Perbedaan terdapat
pada penggunaan to sebagai subject complement and object complement hanya
ada di artikel politik, sedangkan to sebagai direct object and complementary
infinitive hanya ada di artikel teknologi. Gaya bahasa dari kedua artikel dibedakan
dengan adanya formasi phrasal verb di artikel politik yang menunjukkan bahwa
artikel politik lebih bervariasi dalam menggunakan kata kerja, adanya kata depan
to sebagai objek dan infinitif komplementer di artikel teknologi menunjukkan
bahwa artikel teknologi lebih banyak menggunakan kara kerja untuk menunjuk
masa depan, dan terakhir adanya kata depan to sebagai pelengkap subjek dan
pelengkap objek di artikel politik menunjukkan bahwa artikel politik lebih fokus
dalam memberikan penjelas lebih pada kata benda.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
All languages have rules to form sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence
and to signify them in certain concepts or meanings including English. English is
well known as the language learned by many people in the world. As the world
language, English has its own rules in making correct sentence. Fromkin states
that language has rules called as grammar (2000: 10).
―The sound and sound pattern, the basic units of meaning, such as words,
and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the
grammar of a language, which the grammar here represents our linguistic
competence so the set of words or the sentence that produced is
communicative‖ (Fromkin, 2000: 10).
The quotation above infers that grammar is the rules of a language having two big
elements, which are the part of speech and the word order. There are some parts of
speech such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc which are referred to
lexical categories, while the word order refers to the rules to combine words into
phrase and phrases into sentence.
As stated above, English grammar has many lexical categories such as
noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc. Those lexical categories are
combined or arranged to create a sentence. In English sentence, every lexical
category has each own function to build a right sentence, especially preposition.
Preposition is also categorized as the functional word which means that this class
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of words do not have clear lexical meaning and do not denote objects, ideas, etc
(Radford, 1997: 151).
This undergraduate thesis will analyze the use of to. To is categorized as
a preposition but the use of to is unique. To can create some phrases in the
sentence based on the following word. To can stand as a preposition and a particle
in the phrase form. To be particular, it analyzes about how to is distributed in the
English sentences and how to shows the style of the news articles.
For the example to can appear in infinitive form as a particle such as,
(1) This is a president who was elected with a promise to get tough on
corruption. (The Jakarta Post, April 13, 2016).
To also can appear in the form of prepositional phrase as a preposition such as,
(2) With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a
headset are meant to be a helpful or assuming companion to the real
world (The Jakarta Post, March 31, 2016).
Both examples of news articles sentences show the distribution of to in news
articles is various. In (1), the word to in to get signals that the purpose of the
president‘s promise to defeat corruption if he or she won, while the word to in (2)
needs an object the real world to complete the sentence. The style of the news
articles can be seen that in (1) to indicates purpose while in (2) to indicates
direction to something. According to examples, there would be more formation of
phrase composing by to in the news articles sentences.
In order to find the use of to which appear sequentially, newspaper‘s
articles are used as source of the data. News articles, taken from The Jakarta Post,
have a lot of sentences that consist of to which will be the source of data to
collect. The articles of The Jakarta Post are chosen because the articles contain
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many kinds of issues such as politics, economics, culture, crimes, technology, and
entertainment. Therefore the analysis will focus on two issues, politics and
technology. Politics and technology are chosen because those topics have
different purpose, politics is to retell some political activities and technology is to
inform the new invention. Politics and technology articles also have updated
information and both issues also have each own column in the newspaper layout
so it is available for the researcher to find out the data.
This research focusses on the use of to in news articles. This research is
eager to identify that to can occur in many way to built phrases in the santense.
According to the source data, there are some examples of the use of to: as an
infinitive, a prepositional phrase, a phrasal verb and other forms of to in articles.
Because the use of to occurs in many phrase forms, it is also interesting to know
that the use of to in every sentence can show the style of the news articles.
B. Problem Formulation
To start the research about the use of to in The Jakarta Post‘s selected
articles, some steps can be followed by answering the research questions below.
1. How is to distributed in The Jakarta Post‘s selected articles about
politics and technology?
2. How does the distribution of to constitute the style of both articles?
C. Objective of the Study
To identify the use of to in The Jakarta Post‘s selected articles, there are
two objectives which are used to guide the analysis. The first is to find out the
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distribution of to in the articles. The distribution of to here means what phrase
forms composed by to and what the functions of the composed form by to that
appears in articles. The composed form with to can be a prepositional phrase
form, an infinitive form, modals or the others, while the function of the composed
form of to can be seen from the structure of the sentence.
The second is to identify the style of politics and technology articles
based on the distribution of to. The process to answer this question is based on the
result of the first problem formulation. The significance number of each form of
to appearing in the articles can show that the writers of the articles have certain
purposes toward their writing. The result of the comparison between politics and
technology articles will show whether the style of both articles are similar or not.
Finally, the result describes and explains how politics and technology articles
have certain style.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding in the analysis, it is important to define some
terms. There are some terms that would be defined: to, phrases, articles, and style.
To is word which can be used as preposition and particle. The use of to
as a preposition and a particle is different grammatically and semantically.
―Preposition is relationship expression of space between one thing to another, and
the relationship in time between events‖ (Close, 1962: 141). Particle is a word that
can transform the meaning of the combination word and it may to move after the
direct object (O‘Dowd, 1998: 4). Particle is a word that usually used in phrasal
verb. To as a preposition can create a prepositional phrase if it is combined with a
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noun (Quirk, 1983: 143). To also becomes infinitive if it is combined with a basic
verb (Kolln, 1990: 103). To also can be the part of modals, a phrasal verb, a
phrasal prepositions, etc.
Phrase is a syntactic constituent whose head is a lexical category such as
a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, or prepositions (Katamba, 1993: 333). In this
thesis, phrase refers to the combination of two words, the head and the modifier.
The phrases in this thesis only focuses on the phrase containing word to.
The next is an article. Article in this thesis talks about publis writing
consisting of opinion, statement, question and fact. Based on The Encyclopedia of
English Language (1995), article is one product of news media. ―The mass madia
reflects all aspect of human condition and make available to the public‖ (Crystal,
1995: 380). By using news media associated with religion, politics, science, and
literature the use of many variaties of languge are used based on the nature of the
medium which is the rules of news articles.
It is said by Verdonk, style is one which usually uses commonly in
people everyday conversation and writing that it seems unproblematic. It also
occurs so naturally and frequently that human is inclined to take it for granted
without enquiring just what we might mean by it (2002: 3). The term of style in
this thesis refers to the manner of the type of text in certain content. It tries to find
the certain pattern of text with different content. The last, its style can show that
certain pattern in writing can influence the understanding of the readers.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review to Related Studies
The first related study is the undergraduate thesis conducted by
Widyastuti (2006) entitled A Study on English Preposition In in Newsweek
headline News Issued from May 2005- October 2005. Widyastuti‘s thesis studies
about the distribution of in in the Newsweek headline. This thesis tries to answer
two questions. First, in what construction the preposition in occurs in the
Newsweek headline news. Second, the meanings are found in the preposition in in
Newsweek headline news.
In this thesis, Widyastuti (2006) concludes that prepositions are one
number of word classes giving great influence on composing a sentence in
English structure. She focuses her study on analyzing the preposition in in the
Newsweek headline. The reason why she chooses the Newsweek headline is
because it uses a Standard English and consists of current and hottest information
which presents explicit information which denotes time and place very well. The
method that Widyastuti uses in her study is a descriptive study, meaning that it
describes the construction and the meaning of the preposition in. By using
convenient sampling, there are three steps used in collecting the data. Firstly, the
writer determined the samples to be taken. Secondly, the writer collected and
identified all the data that contained the preposition in. The last, the writer
classified the preposition in into their types and counted them.
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According to the thesis, the research results some different conditions of
the distribution of the use of the preposition in in the data. Based on the result of
the study, the preposition in occurs in three contractions: in + noun phrase, in +
clauses, and in + gerund.
Based on this thesis, the similarities are the focus of the study of the use
of the preposition and the use of news as the data source. Widyastuti‘s thesis is
discussing about how in as preposition is used in the headline of the news. The
data that are used by Widyastuti is Newsweek headlines from May 2005 until
October 2005. The other similarity comes from the questions about the occurrence
and the meaning of the preposition used in the articles.
The second related study is the undergraduate thesis conducted by
Sianipar (2007) entitled The Functions, Positions and Meanings of for and to
Prepositional Phrases in Jeanette Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry. Sianipar‘s
thesis discusses the use of preposition phrases beginning with for and to by the
differences in functions, positions, and meanings. Sianipar tries to answer three
questions, which are the functions of the prepositional phrases for and to, the
positions of the prepositional phrases for and to and the meaning of the
prepositional phrases for and to.
In this thesis, Sianipar uses the theories of prepositions, phrases, and
clauses. Those theories will be used as the analysis tool to answer the problems
above. Sianipar also uses a novel, Sexing the Cherry, by Jeanette Winterson as the
data source. The data are the phrases and clauses which contain the prepositions
for and to that are taken randomly from the novel. The steps which Sianipar uses
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for collecting the data are signing the prepositional phrases with for and to, and
classifying the data by considering the circumstances around both prepositions in
order to find out the prepositional phrases which show time, place, and
movement. The last step is analyzing the data to get the functions, positions, and
meanings of the prepositions for and to.
The result of the thesis by Sianipar is the prepositional phrases with for
can function as an adjunct and a post modifier of a noun phrase, while the
prepositional phrase with to can function as an adjunct, a post modifier of a noun
phrase, a complementation of a verb, and as a complementation of an adjective.
The position of prepositions for and to can be owned in initial, medial, and final
position. The meaning of the preposition for is showing the time and place which
can be the target, position, and distance, while the meaning of preposition to is
showing the time which indicates time, continuity, and target, the place which
indicates position, target, and distance.
Based on the thesis by Sianipar, the similarities are in the term of the
focus which is the use of preposition that focuses on to. This thesis also gives
additional information to find out how to see the position of to in phrases and
clauses whether the data source of the analysis is different.
The third is an article journal conducted by Agu (2015) entitled A
Linguistic –Stylistic Analysis of Newspaper Reportage. In this article, Agu states
that journalists should consider the linguistic competences of their readers while
making their choices of words and structures in the different stories they write.
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This journal generally studies about how the journalist style decides the
understanding of the reader toward the information deliver in the articles.
According to Agu (2015), the study of style among other things involves
an examination of syntax, diction, idioms, and imagery. At the simplest level,
syntax refers to the structure of sentences, while diction is the writer‘s choice of
words and manner of deploying them to achieve maximum artistic effects. As
noted earlier, the study of style also involves an examination of the writer‘s use of
figurative language and other related devices such as idioms and imagery. These
aspects of language are used to give a written work verbal beauty, economy of
words and structure and thematic depth. What it all adds up to is that we have to
examine very briefly what constitutes the language of the media especially as it
affects the language of newspaper stories.
This article has tried to examine the linguistic and stylistic aspects of
newspaper reportage which consisted of three levels of linguistic analyses. These
are graphological (which deals with the physical outlook of the printed words),
the lexical (this deals with the choice of words and phrases) and the syntactic
(which deals with the grammatical arrangement of words, phrases and clauses in
the texts) components.
Both this study and Agu‘s analyze the style of the article‘ writers in
creating their idea through news. This study explores whether there is an
opportunity that every writer and every content of articles have such style to make
it difference, that is, it has certain characteristic which distinguishes with others.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Stylistics
Verdonk states that ―The study of style can be defined as the analysis of
distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect‖
(2002: 4). For example, Verdonk delivers the style in the news headline, Life on
Mars- war of the words, demonstrating that in order to achieve his or her purpose
and effect, the writer uses fragmentary text in preference referring the full
sentence, the life on Mars debate remains a war of words (2002: 5). From the
example above, it can be said that the use of fragmentary text is to create an
attention seeking and the fragmentary text is the result of the choice of the certain
forms and structure (2002: 6).
Verdonk states that analysis of the text does not have to focus on every
structure or form of the text, but can focus on those which stand out on it. Some
conspicuous elements can share the style and the reader‘s interest or called
foregrounding, which are a text‗s typography, sounds, word-choice, grammar, or
the sentence structure (2002: 6). Verdonk also adds that ―the repetition of some
linguistic elements, and the derivation from the rules of language in general or
from the style that expected in the particular text type or context‖ (2000: 6). In
this thesis the concern of the analysis is the pattern of the distribution of to in the
sentences.
Simpson states that in analysis using stylistic method there is something
called as level of language. The level of language is divided in the branch of
English study like phonology, graphology, morphology, syntax, lexical analysis,
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semantics and pragmatics (2004: 5). There is an example of the sentence analysis
based on syntax or grammar level.
(3) That puppy‘s knocking over those potplants! (Simpson, 2004: 5)
Simpson says that grammar is organized according to the size of the unit,
it contains two units, in which the largest unit is sentence and the smaller units are
clause, phrase, word, and morpheme (2004: 6). In example (3), it has the puppy’
as the subject, ‘s knocking over as the predicator, and the complement those pot
plants. The clause in that sentence consists of a phrase. The subject, that puppy,
called as a determiner phrase or a noun phrase. The predicator, ‘s knocking over,
has three parts structure containing a contracted auxiliary ‘s, a main verb
knocking, and a preposition over. The main verb combined with the preposition
called a phrasal verb. The complement has a noun phrase those as determiner and
pot plants as a main noun. The style in this example is that the sentence has one
single clause indicating declarative mood. The single clause is composed by
phrase in every unit.
2. Syntax
Syntax is one area of study in langauge. According to Radford, grammar
is inter-related area of study consisting morphology and syntax (1997: 1). Radford
also adds that ―Grammar is concerned not only with principles which determine
the formation of words, phrases, and sentences but also with principles which
govern their interpretation‖ (1997: 1). The formation of the words, phrases, and
sentences or the ways in which word can be combined together to form phrases
and sentences is called syntax (1997: 1). By using the theory of syntax, this thesis
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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will focus on the use of to or the ways of to combine with the other parts of
speech to form phrases and sentences. Meanwhile, the theory of syntax will be
used in this thesis to find out the use of to based on the part of English form
below.
a. Prepositions
Prepositions are the important class of the function word. Based on Yu in
Palamba (2012: 11), prepositions belong to functional parts of speech and are
rather active (2014: 1). Quirk says that preposition can be followed by a noun
phrase, a wh- clause and an –ing clause (1983: 143). Close says that prepositions
express relationships in space between one thing and another, and relationships in
time between events (1962: 141).
House and Harman add that ―A preposition is a particle (word or a word-
equivalent) used with a noun or pronoun (and usually placed before it) to form a
phrase, which phrase usually performs the function of an adjective or an adverb‖
(1950: 174). Here, the use of to as preposition can be seen in some functions like
adverb and adjective.
For example:
(4) The student goes to the library.
S V Prepositional Phrase as Adverb
(5) We enjoy the journey to your house.
S V O Prepositional Phrase as Adjective
From example (4), the prepositional phrase to the library performs a
function as an adverb because it modifies the verb goes. Example (5) shows that
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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the prepositional phrase to your house is modifying the object the journey, the
function of prepositional phrase to your house is as an adjective.
To is one of the prepositions in English. The preposition to can appear in
many forms based on the following word. The meaning and the function of the
preposition to in the sentence might be different based on the form. According to
Close, to is used to express the movement in the direction of a point. There are
some following views of to refer to movement or position in space (1962: 13).
(6) In relations to a point, or dimension unspecified
Go to X
Go from X to Y
Go back to Y
(7) Analysis of going to X
X We are coming/ getting to X
(8) In relation to a surface, two dimensions
Go on (to) the platform
(9) In relation to a space, three dimensions
Come in (to) my class
To make better understanding about the use of to, there are some
functions of a prepositional phrase as follows.
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Table 2.1 The Functions of a Prepositional Phrase Taken from Kolln
(1990: 96- 100)
No. Functions Examples
1. as modifier of an adjective I will be late after lunch.
2. as modifier of an adverb He arrived shorthly before noon.
3. as modifier of a noun They discussed their problems with the
teacher.
4. as modifier of verb I worked for the Post Office during the
Chrismas break.
5. as direct object I went to school.
Looking at the table above, some examples show that the preposition to
combines with a noun phrase can create a prepositional phrase. Prepositional
phrase is a phrase that combines preposition with a noun phrase or a wh- clause or
v –ing clause (Quirk, 1983: 143). For the example, there is a sentence, I went to
school. The preposition to is combined with noun phrase school that it has
meaning that school is the goal. The use of preposition to in the sentence above
modifies the noun to complete the meaning.
Quirk also states that prepositional phrase has six functions. First is an
adjunct, as in the people were singing on the bus. Second is a disjunct, as in to my
surprise, the doctor phoned. Third is a conjunct, as in on the other hand, he made
no attempt to help the victim or apprehend her attacker. Forth is a postmodifier in
a noun phrase,as in the people on the bus were singing. Fifth is a complementary
of a verb, as in we depend on you. Last is a complementary of an adjective, as in I
am sorry for his parent. (1983: 145- 146).
There are information that prepositional phrase presents direction, place,
specific time, duration, manner, measure, means, cause and reason. First, in we
hiked across the field, the prepositional phrase across the field tells a direction.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Second, in we fished on the bank, the prepositional pharse on the bank shows a
place. Third, in we arrived on Sunday, the prepositional phrase on Sunday tells a
specific time. Forth, in we hiked for several days, the prepositional phrase for
several days tells duration. Fifth, in I went by myself, the prepositional phrase by
myself tells a manner. Sixth, in she won by a mile, the prepositional phrase by a
mile tells measure. Seventh, in she does her best work with a palette knife, the
prepositional phrase with a palette knife tells means. Eighth, in we went out for a
pizza, the prepositional phrase for a pizza tells a cause. Last, in we were late
because of the rain, the prepositional phrase because of the rain informs a reason.
b. Infinitive
Infinitive is also a form of English verb which to becomes the part of the
form. It is a basic understanding that infinitive phrase has a form to + simplest
verb. House and Harman also states that
―The infinitive is an infinite (unlimited, boundless) verb form. It has no
inflection to indicate person or number. The simplest and the oldest form
of the infinitive is regarded as the basic verb form, the one from which all
the other verb forms, including the participle and the gerund, are derived.
The infinitive phrase in its simplest form consists of the preposition to
and the basic form of a principle verb: to go, to, talk, etc‖ (1950: 325).
House and Harman formulate the form of infinitive phrase as to + present verb.
This kind of form is called the simplest form of verb. The function of the
infinitive phrase can be seen in the table below.
Table 2.2 The Function of Infinitive Phrases taken from House and Harman
(1950: 326-337)
No. The functions Examples
1. as subject To side with truth is noble.
2. as the subjective complement They seemed to be drifting aimlessly about.
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3. as the direct object I attempt from love‘s sickness to fly.
4. as an appositive It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord
5. as objective complement I believe him to be honest.
6. as a modifier of a noun This is a trap to catch the thief.
7. as a modifier of a verb He struggles to get free.
8. as a modifier of an adjective She is difficult to please.
9. as a modifier of an adverb They arrived too late to catch the train.
10. as object of preposition He was about to close his shop.
11. the complementary infinitive The sun is going to rise.
12. infinitive used independently To tell the truth, I positively dislike him.
According to Zandvoort (1950), infinitives are divided into four types,
which are plain infinitive, infinitive with to, accusative with infinitive, and
nominative with infinitive. Plain infinitive is the infinitive which does not use
participle to. In English, the plain infinitive is only used in verbal, never in a
nominal function. Example of plain infinitive is in ―Tell him he may go home‖.
The infinitive with to can be used as complement and the adjunct in the sentence.
(10) I am aim to see him tomorrow. The infinitive to see function as
complement of the sentence.
(11) I have a lot of work to do. The infinitive to do functions as adjunct of the
noun.
Thirdly, the accusative with infinitive is applied to groups consisting of a
noun or pronoun plus an infinitive, subordinated to another part of a sentence,
usually a preceding verb, as in ―Of course, if they want to go, we cannot force
them to stay‖. The last, nominative with infinitive is standing for the stem of a
noun or of a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun. The nominative infinitive is
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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always occurring with to, for example as in ―He was made to repeat everything‖
(1950, 4- 23).
c. Noun Phrase
In order to understand the use of to in the sentence, it is important to
understand the theory of noun phrase. To create a prepositional phrase, a
preposition needs a noun phrase as the following phrase. Noun phrase is a phrase
which has a noun or a pronoun as the main word (Greenbaum, 1989: 60). Noun
phrase often functions as subject, object, complement of sentences, and as
complement in preposition phrases (Quirk, 1983: 59). Lets see examples below.
(12) The child stands in the table.
(13) He buys a red balloon.
In (12), phrases the child and the table are called as noun phrases because
the head of the phrase is a noun, child and table. In the example (12) the noun
phrase, the child, has a function as the subject of the sentence, while the noun
phrase, the table, is a complement of the preposition phrase, in the table. In (13),
the phrase a red balloon also kind of noun phrase with balloon as the head of the
phrase. In example (13) the noun phrase, a red balloon, has a function as object of
the sentence.
d. Phrasal Verb
The combination of a verb and a particle is called as phrasal verb
(McCarthy, 2004: 6). According to McCarthy, particle is a word including a
preposition and an adverb (2004: 6). Look at examples below.
(14) Rosie invited me in. (McCarthy, 2004: 10)
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(15) Paul invited Ryo over. (McCarthy, 2004: 10)
In (14), there is a phrasal verb form, invite in, combining verb invite and
preposition in as a particle. In (15), there is also a phrasal verb form, invite over,
combining verb invite and adverb over as a particle.
According to Quirk, ―Phrasal verb is a combination of verb and a
morphologycal invariabel particle which functions as a single syntactic unit‖
(1985: 1150). Quirk also adds that lexical categories which belong to particle are
preposition and adverb (1985: 1150). McCarthy says that the meaning of a phrasal
verb is a unit, it can not be separated because the meaning can be opposite from
the original meaning (2004: 6). McCarthy adds that particles in the phrasal verb
convey a number of different senses or having various meanings. The meaning of
particle in phrasal verb can be changing position or it can be an idea of
thoroughness (2004: 10). In the example (14), the meaning of the phrasal verb is
changing position because I enter Rosie‘s house, while in the example (15), the
meaning is an idea of thoroughness because Paul has purpose to invite Ryo.
According examples above, It can be said that preposition to can be part of the
phrasal verb. In some cases, the phrasal verb also can appear after the preposition.
e. Phrasal Prepositions
A phrasal preposition is two or more words functioning as a preposition.
House and Harman states that a phrasal preposition consists of two or more words
written separately but used as a single unit to show relation between a noun or a
noun- equivalent and some other sentence element (1950: 179).
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Phrasal preposition can be said as a phrase made by combining two-word
prepositions preceded with another word category, such as an adverb, adjective, or
conjunction (Kolln, 1990: 309). There are some phrasal preposition that consist
of preposition to like according to, contrary to, in addition to, etc.
f. Gerund
Azar says that gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund
is used in the same ways as a nouns, it can be a subject or as an object (1999:
297). Quirk says that a preposition can be followed by a gerund (1983: 143).
Looking again to the table 2.1, there is an example of sentence that shows how
preposition to combines with a gerund. For the example,
(16) They sell everything from matches to washing machines there.
In (16), the word washing is formed by the simples verb wash + -ing. The
form of verb wash + -ing shows how the function of verb changes to be a noun.
The verb wash means an action of cleaning something, while the word washing in
(16) is a noun that modifies the other noun machines. The word to in (16)
expresses until, sampai in Indonesian language, in the sentence. The phrase to
washing machines expresses that the subject they sells matches until washing
machines.
g. Modals
The use of to also can be found in the form of modals. Azar states that
modal expresses speakers‘ attitude. Modal can express that a speaker feels
something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable. Modal also
can convey the strength of those attitudes (1999: 151). The modal auxiliaries in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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English are can, could, will, may, must, have to, ought to, shall, would, etc. Azar
states that modals are followed by the simplest verb. In some cases, some modals
are followed by an infinitve (1999: 151). See the example below.
(17) Paul has to go to the school.
In (17), to appears as the part of English grammar that the verb have in
its meaning of ―obligation‖ must be followed by to + the simplest verb. There are
some modals auxiliaries that can appear with form containing to, which are ought
to, have to, used to, be supposed to, be going to, and be able to.
h. Collocation
In English, there is a theory called collocation. McCarthy says that a pair
or group of words that are often used together is a collocation (1995: 6). In
English, collocation can be strong and weak as examples, the adjective fast
collocates with cars, but not with a glance. So, the native speaker often use word
fast to modify cars than a glance. To modify a glance usually uses the adjective
quick. There are types of collocation which it can be seen in the table below.
Table. 2.3 The Types of Collocation (McCarthy, 1995: 12)
No. Type of Collocation Example
1. adjective + noun A brief chat
2. noun + verbs The economy boomed
3. noun + noun A surge of anger
4. verb + preposition Burst into tears
5. verb + adverb Pulled steadily
6. adverb + adjective Happily married
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3. Language of Newspaper
To have deeper understanding about news, some details relating to the
news will be provided in this part such as the news in general, information about
The Jakarta Post as the data source, and the language of newspaper.
News plays an important role as one of the communication instrument in
the communication system. News provides a lot of recent information to their
readers. Reah states that news is a late Middle English word that means tidings,
new information of recent events. The recent events mean that it is interested in
certain groups or it may affect the lives of certain groups (Reah, 2002: 4). News
cannot be separated with the recent events because the recent events are counted
24 hours to be called as updated news.
To share information of the latest news, we need media, either printed or
electronic such as newspaper, magazine, tabloid, website, etc. The Jakarta Post
newspaper contains certain information including politics, technology,
entertainment, advertisement, etc. The Jakarta Post is a daily newspaper using
English language published in Indonesia. The Jakarta Post is one of many
newspapers with English language in Indonesia having many readers. The Jakarta
Post is newspaper having two media in providing the information to their reader
which are printed newspaper and online newspaper.
Language of news reportages reflects the most difficult and constraining
situation to be found in the area of the language use. The first constraint in
language of news is a battle against the pressure bewteen time and space because
news should be written shortly and accurately. The second constraint in language
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of news is the imposed by a favoured conception of audience – an awareness of
what the readership, the listener or the viewer wants (Crystal, 1995: 380).
Reah states that ―Everything that is written in the newspaper has to be
transmitted through the medium of language‖ (2002: 55). According to Reah,
language operates at series of levels, which are a visual or graphologycal level, a
word or lexical level, and a structural and grammatical or syntactic level. The
written text also has cultural content and operates within the value system of that
culture to describe particular groups (Reah, 2002: 55).
Crystal (1995) states that there are several distinctive linguistic features
of news reporting. Most relate to the ‗who, when, where, what, how, and why‘
which journalists bear in the mind when compiling a story. The first is whether
the headline is critical, summarizing and drawing attention to the story. The
second is whether the first paragraph or the lead summarizes and begin to tell the
story, as the usual source of the headline. The third is whether the original source
is given either in by line or into the text. The forth is the participants are
categorized, their name usually being preceded by a general term is like champ,
prisoner, official, etc and adjectives is like handsome French singer Jean Bruno.
The last is other features include explicit time and space locators, fact and figures,
and direct or indirect quotations (Crystal, 1995: 382).
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer the formulated problem in chapter I, it is important to
include the related theories as the foundation for the writer to analyze the object of
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the study. There are three theories that would be applied in this thesis which are
stylistics, syntax and news language.
Firstly, this undergraduate thesis uses stylistics as the approach. Stylistics
is applied to identify the level of the language that is used for the analysis of the
use of to and to analyze the distinctive feature or the characteristic between
politics and technology articles based on the use of to. The level of language here
means the way words combine with other words to form phrases. Thus, an
analysis is conducted by analyzing the comparison between the similarity and the
difference of politics and technology articles. Stylistics is basically used to answer
the second objective of the study.
Secondly, the writer also uses the theory of syntax to answer the first
objective of the study. Syntax is applied by focussing on the English grammar
about how words form phrases and what the function of phrases is. In this
research, the theory of syntax is divided in eight theories, which are preposition
phrase, infinitive, noun phrase, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, gerund, modals,
and collocation, to identify the distribution of to in articles. Those eight theories
are applied to find that to can occur as the part of the theory or to is followed by
the theory based on the definition and function of each theory.
Finally, the theory of the news language is used to support the theory of
stylistics. It discusses that the newspaper has pattern not only in the form of the
text but also in the term of structure and grammatical level. The language of news
also talks about the effect of the newspaper to the readers and how the stucture of
the news influnce the style of the news.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The objects of this study were the articles of The Jakarta Post, which had
politics and technology issuses. The data used seven politics articles and seven
technology articles. The articles were chosen from March and April 2016 edition.
March and April 2016 editions were taken as the data sources because those two
editions were the most recent data when the writer started the analysis. The data
of the analysis used the fourteen articles and focused on the sentences that
contained to taken from the politics articles and technology articles in The Jakarta
Post newspaper. The articles used as data sources were taken from online
newspaper, The Jakarta Post. The website of The Jakarta Post newspaper is
www.thejakartapost.com.
The Jakarta Post was chosen because it is one of the biggest English
newspapers in Indonesia read by many people in Indonesia. As English
newspapers, The Jakarta Post has certain rule in the process of production from
the collecting the information, editing, printing, and publishing. The politics and
technology articles were chosen because they were the hottest news that was
always updated and they basically had different issues.
B. Approach of the Study
The approach in this study was stylistic approach. Verdonk states that
stylistics is the study of style which analyzes the distinctive expression in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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language and the description of its purpose and effect (2002: 5). Moreover,
stylistics also helps the writer to identify the level of language used in the
analysis. The stylistic approach was applied to identify the different style between
politics and technology articles based on the use of to. Furthermore, stylistic
approach was applied not only to see the style between two different articles
based on the existence of to but also the style of both articles after to was
combined with the others words.
C. Method of the Study
This part consists of the processes of collecting the data and the steps of
doing the analysis to answer the problems. The data were taken from the politics
and technology articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper.
1. Data Collection
The data for this thesis were taken from The Jakarta Post articles about
politics and technology in March and April 2016 edition. The data collection is
used purposive sampling method by taking the sentences contained to in various
forms, such as prepositional phrases, infinitive, modals, etc. Best states that ―A
small proportion of the population in observation and analysis is called as a
sample. To make certain inferences about the characteristics of the population is
important observing the characteristic of the sample‖ (Best, 2006: 13). In this
thesis, the samples had to in each sentence.
The sampling method, used in this analysis, was purposive sampling.
Leedy states that the purposive sampling is a specific type of non-probability
sampling method that relies on the researcher judgement (typical groups or thing
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
which represent diverse perspective on an issue) when choosing the samples to
participate in the study (2005: 206). Purposive sampling method was chosen
because the researcher found out that politics and technlogy articles had various
used of to. The writer decided politics and technology articles as the data source
because the writer needed the most updated news articles and both articles had
different issues that can be used from the begining this thesis was written.
The data were taken from seven politics articles and seven technology
articles. The articles were selected randomly from The Jakarta Post newspaper.
―Random selection means choosing a sample in such a way that each member of
the population has an equal chance of being selected. The reseach can assume that
the characteristics of the sample approximate the total population‖ (Leedy, 2005:
199). From those fourteen articles the data were specified to the phrases that
contain to. The titles of articles as the data source is presented in a table.
Table 3.1 The Title of Politics and The Technology Articles Used as the Data
Source
No Politics Articles Technology Articles
Title Code Title Code
1
House promises to pass tax
amnesty bill (The Jakarta
Post, March 23, 2016)
P.1
Biznet eyes Kediri for
network expansion (The
Jakarta Post, March 7,
2016)
T.1
2
Indonesia issues travel
advisory for Belgium (The
Jakarta Post, March 24,
2016)
P.2
Kiddle: Search engine for
kids, with a twist (The
Jakarta Post, March 7,
2016)
T.2
3
Indonesia urges all parties to
maintain security in South
China Sea ( The Jakarta
Post, March 24, 2016)
P.3
DNA test shows Vietnam
twins had different fathers
(The Jakarta Post, March
10, 2016)
T.3
4
Govt tells teenagers not to
rush marriage (The Jakarta
Post, April 5, 2016)
P.4
Google provides early peek
at next Android operating
system (The Jakarta Post,
T.4
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March 11, 2016)
5
Government opens new
routes to resolving rights
abuses (The Jakarta Post,
April 11, 2016)
P.5
Augmented reality mapping
out tech's next mind-
bending trip (The Jakarta
Post, March 31, 2016)
T.5
6.
Panama Papers, peril of
inequality to democracy
(The Jakarta Post, April 13,
2016)
P.6
The Sports Car Is in Serious
Trouble (The Jakarta Post,
April 6, 2016)
T.6
7.
Kalla calls for PPP
reconciliation (The Jakarta
Post, April 10, 2016)
P.7
Space station getting
inflatable room, a cosmic
1st (The Jakarta Post, April
7, 2016)
T.7
2. Data Analysis
The distribution of to was analyzed as follow. First, the writer identified
the sentence that contains to. Second, sentences having to are categorized into
their form by looking how to was combined or how to appeared in the sentence.
Hillier said a sentence can be broken down into more sets or clusters of patterned
elements (2004: 26). The forms, discussed in second step, meant phrases formed
by to, which are the prepositional phrase form, the infinitive form, phrasal verb
form, phrasal preposition form, collocation form, and modals form. Third, after
phrases that contained of to were categorized based on the form, the writer
concluded and counted the result of the form distribution used the table 3.2 below.
The data was counted to see the frequent form appeared in articles in order to see
the style of both articles. Here, the first result of the distribution of to was the
form of to in the sentence.
Table 3.2 Example of Table Percentage of the Form of to
No. The forms Amount Percentage
1. Infinitive: to + verb
2. to + V-ing
3. to + phrasal verb
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4. Prepositional phrase: to + NP
5. Phrasal verb
6. Modals
7. Phrasal preposition
8. Collocation
Total
Fourth, the analysis was continued by analyzing the function of to in the
sentence. To identify the function of each form, the writer analyzed every
sentence to see the position of the form to, whether it was a subject, predicator,
object, modifier or the others. Indicating the functions of every form helped the
writer to categorized the data. The last, after the identification of the function was
done, the writer concluded and counted the data in the table 3.3 below. The data
was counted to see the most frequent function of to in both articles. Here, the
second result of the distribution of to was the function of to in the sentence.
Table 3.3 Example of Table Percentage of the Functions of to
No. The functions Amount Percentage
1. subject of a sentence
2. the subjective complement
3. verb of the sentence
4. the direct object
5. an appositive
6. objective complement
7. a modifier of a noun
8. a modifier of a verb
9. a modifier of an adjective
10. a modifier of an adverb
11. object of preposition
12. the complementary infinitive
13. infinitive used independently
Total
The distribution of to constitute the style of the articles can be analyzed
through some steps. The first step was comparing the form of the preposition to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29
between politics and tecnology articles. The second step was comparing the
function of the form to in each article. The third step was analyzing the distinctive
features of each article more detail by comparing the similarity and the difference.
For example in ―I go to the school‖, the phrase to the school is a prepositional
phrase that forms by to + NP, which has a function as object complement or in ―I
want to dance‖, the phrase to dance is also used to that had a form of to + verb,
but it clearly had different purpose with the previous phrase. After the
classification based on the function of to is completely done. The comparison
between the percentage result of the politics articles and technology articles is
used to support the result of the style of the article. The style of each article was
concluded by comparing the amount of the percentage between the forms of to
and the function of to used in the article. The data can be compared to analyze that
to in both articles having a purpose or not based on the context of the sentence.
The last, several forms composed by to will show the result that the articles are
arranged differently.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided in two parts. The first part discusses the
distribution of to in the politics and tecnology articles. The analysis is the answer
of the first problem formulation, how many possible forms of to appear in the
articles and the functions of each form in the sentence. The second part discusses
the style of politics and technology articles based on the distribution of to. The
style of the article is determined from the existance of to and the difference of the
use of to in each article.
A. The Distribution of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post
The analysis is started by finding the distribution of to. The distribution
of to refers to how to appears in the sentence. This part discusses how many
possible phrase forms of to in the sentence and what the function of each form in
the sentence.
1. The Forms of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post
Quirk says that preposition can be followed by a noun phrase, a wh-
clause and an –ing clause (1983: 143). It means preposition can appear in many
forms. Quirk‘s idea above also can be proven after the analysis of The Jakarta
Post articles which to appears in the articles written in many forms based on the
following word.
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a. Politics Articles
The analysis of the politics articles results in eight forms of to. They are
eight forms of to, which are to + verb, to + verb –ing, to + noun phrase, to +
phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals and collocation. The table
below shows the distribution of to in politics articles of The Jakarta Post.
Table 4.1 The Forms of to in Politics Articles
No. Forms Frequency Percentage (%)
1. to + verb 65 60 %
2. to + noun phrase 26 24 %
3. to + verb –ing 4 3.7 %
4. to + phrasal verb 4 3.7 %
5. phrasal verb 1 1 %
6. phrasal preposition 2 2 %
7. Modals 1 1 %
8. Collocation 5 4.6 %
Total 108 100%
Table 4.1 displays the forms of to in politics articles. The most frequent
form is to + verb, which is 60%. The second most frequent form is to + noun
phrase, which is 24%. The third most frequent form is collocation, which is 4,6 %.
The forth most frequent forms are to + verb –ing and to + phrasal verb, which are
3,7%. The fifth most frequent form is phrasal preposition, which is 2%. The least
frequent forms are phrasal verb and modal in 1%.
To have deeper understading about the construction of to in The Jakarta
Post‘s politics articles, it will be explained briefly below.
i. The Form of to + Verb
The first construction follows the word to is to + verb. This construction
is also called as an infinitive. House and Harman formulate the form of infinitive
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phrase as to + present verb (1950: 325). According to House and Harman, the
position of to in infinitive is as a part of grammatical unit of the infinitive form.
The construction, to + verb, can be seen in sentences below.
(1) The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as
some factions said they needed more time to study the bill. [P.1]
(2) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives
of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to
their surroundings.[P.2]
(3) Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to
make a concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South
China Sea area. [P.3]
(4) Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage,
free sex and to drugs. [P.4]
(5) Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to
reveal the truth surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the
cases. [P.5]
In (1), the phrase to study is form of to + verb because the word to is
followed by the basic verb study. The word to in to study represents the meaning
of a reason. The sentence (1) tells studying the bill becomes the reason why The
House postponed the discussion. In (2), the phrase to follow is also form of to +
verb because the word to is followed by the basic verb follow. The word to in to
follow represents the meaning of a purpose. The sentence (2) tells that the word to
gives purpose about the message from the reminder which is following the
directives. In (3), phrases to make and to maintain show a form of to + verb
because to is followed by the basic verb make and maintain. To in the phrase to
make represents the meaning of a purpose, while to in the phrase to maintain
represents the meaning of reason. The sentence (3) tells that making a concerted
effort is the purpose of Jusuf Kalla invites all countries, however the concerted
effort has a reason, maintaining peace and security. To as a purpose occurs when
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the phrase of to telling a goal or something is done or created or for which
something is exists, while to as a reason occurs when the phrase of to telling a
cause or explanation for an action. In (4), phrases to encourage and to say show
the form of to + verb because the word to is followed by basic verbs encourage
and say. The word to in the phrase to encourage repesents the meaning of a
purpose, while to in phrase to say represents the meaning of a reason. The
sentence (4) tells that encouraging youth is the purpose from the agency with
reason, there is no child marriage, free sex, and drugs for youth. In (5), the phrase
to reveal is formed from to + verb because to is followed by the basic verb reveal.
The word to in to reveal represent the meaning of reason. The sentence (5) tells
that revealing the truth about human rights abuses is the reason of reiterating the
government importance.
ii. The Form of to + NP
The second construction is to + NP. This construction is also called as
prepositional phrase. Cramer says that a prepositional phrase begins with a
preposition and ends with complement (1984: 115). Cramer adds that the phrase
may contain other words that come between the preposition and the complement
(1984: 115). The word to in prepositional phrase stands as a preposition. The
analysis on The Jakarta Post articles can be seen in sentences below.
(6) Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would
submit the revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of
whether the House passed the tax amnesty bill. [P.1]
(7) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives
of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to
their surroundings. [P.2]
(8) Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage,
free sex and to drugs. [P.4]
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(9) The head of the ministry‘s law research and development center, Agus
Anwar, said that it was concentrating on the academic drafting of the bill
before conveying it to the House of the Representative for deliberation.
[P.5]
(10) We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. [P.6]
In (6), the phrase to the House shows the form of to + NP. The meaning
of preposition to in to the House shows a direction to a place, it means that the
House is the destination of the budget from Finance Minister submission. In (7),
the phrase to their surroundings shows the form of to + NP. The meaning of
preposition to in to their surroundings shows a direction to a place, it means that
the destination of the attention is surroundings. In (8), the form of to + NP can be
seen in the phrase to child marriage. The meaning of to in to child marriage
expresses a purpose. To acts as the connector that child marriage is forbidden for
youths. In (9), the phrase to the House of the Representative shows the form of to
+ NP. The meaning of to in to the House of the Representative shows a direction
to a place. The preposition to drives the object to the destination, The House of
Representative. In (10), the phrase to the old line shows the form of to + NP. The
meaning of to in to the old line shows a direction to a place. The old line becomes
the destination of the subject ‗s opinion.
iii. The Form of to + V -ing
The third construction is to + V –ing. The form of v –ing can be called as
gerund. Gerund shows that a verb changes becoming a noun (Azar, 1999: 297).
The analysis of this construction in The Jakarta Post is in sentences below.
(11) Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that
mutual respect and restraint were key to maintaining peace and security
in the South China Sea area. [P.3]
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(12) A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting
embroiled in squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally
ready to face married life. [P.4]
(13) Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria
Ulfa Anshor said that a thorough education was the primary key to
resolving the child marriage problem. [P.4]
(14) Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses. [P.5]
In (11), the phrase to maintaining shows the form of to + v -ing. The verb
maintaining has basic verb maintain with an addition –ing. The word to in to
maintaining represents the meaning of purpose. The sentence (11) tells that the
purpose of the word key is maintaining peace and security. In (12), the phrase to
getting is also form of to + v –ing. The verb getting has basic verb get with an
addition –ing. The word to in to getting represents the meaning of a purpose, it
means that getting embroiled in young age is susceptible. In (13), the phrase to
resolving shows a form of to + v –ing. The verb resolving has basic verb resolve
with an addition –ing. The word to in to resolving represents the meaning of a
purpose. It means that to gives deeper understanding about the purpose of the
noun phrase the primary key. In (14), the phrase to resolving is a form of to + v –
ing. The verb resolving has basic verb resolve with an addition –ing. The word to
in to resolving represents the meaning of a reason. The sentence (14) tells that the
reason of the government opeing new routes is to resolve rights abuses.
iv. The Form of to + Phrasal Verb
The forth construction is to + phrasal verb. McCarthy says that the
combination of a verb and a particle is called as phrasal verbs (2004: 6).
McCarthy adds that a phrasal verb is still a verb just in diffrent form (2004: 6).
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The word to here functions as the grammatical unit in the sentence. In The Jakarta
Post politics article, this form also appears in sentences below.
(15) Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with
law enforcement efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and
continental shelf areas. [P.3]
(16) In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would
raise taxes especially for the top 1 percent. [P.6]
(17) And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business
people hiding their wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to
go after the tax-avoiding super-rich.[P.6]
In (15), the phrase to interfere with shows form of to + phrasal verb. The
word to is added with the phrasal verb interfere with, interfere as a verb + with as
a particle. The word to represents the meaning of a purpose, while the meaning of
the verb phrase interfere with is to prevent something or slow down the progress
that someone or something makes (Longman Dictionary, 2011). The sentence (15)
tells that interfering with law enforcement effort is the purpose of the protest
action. In (16), the phrase to deal with shows the form of to + phrasal verb. The
word to is added the phrasal verb deal with, deal as a verb + with as a particle.
The word to in to deal with represents the meaning of a purpose, while the
meaning of the phrasal verb deal with is to act in a suitable way in order to solve a
problem, complete a task or to handle something. The sentence (16) tells that
dealing with growing inequality is the purpose of the plan. In (17), the phrase to
go after shows form of to + phrasal verb. The word to is added the phrasal verb go
after, go as a verb and after as a particle. The meaning of to in to go after
represents the meaning of purpose, while the meaning of go after is to follow or
chase someone or something because you want to catch them. The sentence (17)
tells that the purpose of Jokowi‘s efforts is going after the tax avoiding super rich.
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v. The Form of to as Phrasal Verb
The fifth construction is a phrasal verb. The previous construction
explains that to can be followed by the phrasal verb. In this construction, to
appears as a part of the phrasal verb. McCharty says that the phrasal verb is the
verb that followed by a particles. The particles here are can be a preposition or an
adverb (2004: 6). In politics articles of The Jakarta Post, this construction can
appear in the sentence below.
(18) The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was
signed in 1984 and came into the force in 1987 following ratification by
all of its first 20 state parties. [P.5]
In (18), the phrase referred to is one of the phrasal verb kinds. The verb
refer + the particle to shows the form of phrasal verb. The word to in referred to
has a function as a particle that changes the meaning of verb refer, to mention or
speak about something becoming to describe someone or something (Longman
Dictionary, 2011). The meaning of to in referred to represents the meaning of a
purpose, while the meaning of the phrasal verb referred to in the sentence
describes the convention that Agus talking about.
vi. The Form of to as Phrasal Preposition
The sixth construction is a phrasal preposition. This construction shows
to as part of the phrasal preposition. Kolln says two-word prepositions consist of a
simple preposition preceded by a word from another category such as an adverb,
adjective and conjungtion is called as a phrasal preposition (1990: 309). The
function of phrasal preposition is same as the function of a preposition in the
sentence.
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(19) A report published in November by international children‘s rights
organization Plan International revealed that Indonesia continued to have
a high rate of child marriage due to long-standing community support for
such practices. [P.4]
(20) According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women
was 18.6 years, women who married before they turned 18 generally had
partners who were six to eight years older than them. [P.4]
In (19), the phrase due to is a phrasal preposition. The phrase due to
combines the adjective due and the preposition to. The meaning of to in due to
represents the meaning of direction to something, while the meaning of the
phrasal preposition due to is caused by or because of someone or something. The
phrasal preposition due to in the sentence makes the understanding of the high
rate of child marriage is caused by the support of the long standing community. In
(20), the phrase according to is kind of phrasal preposition. The meaning of to in
according to represents the meaning of direction to something. The meaning of
according to is stated by someone or as shown by someone. The phrase according
to explains that the fact of marriage of woman is stated in the report.
vii. The Form of to as a Collocation
The seventh construction is a collocation. A collocation is a pair or group
of words that stands together (McCarthy, 1995: 6). A collocation can be called as
word partner because they usually use together as a habit of speaking. The word
of to in this form appears as the part of collocation form. Look at the sentence
below.
(21) Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to
the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for
women last. [P.4]
(22) Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil
society to come forth with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to
ensure that due judicial procedure was observed. [P.5]
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(23) Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of
individuals close to autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib
Razak and the king of Morocco. [P.6]
(24) The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as
the return on capital will always exceed economic and income growth.
[P.6]
(25) ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the
nation,‖ said Kalla as quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing
ceremony on Sunday. [P.7]
In (21), the phrase objected to is kind of collocation. The verb objected
has basic verb object that combines with to. The word to in objected to represents
the meaning of direction to something, in this case is the petition, while the
meaning of the phrase objected to is to not like or against someone or something.
The meaning of objected to in the sentence is that the petition is unaccepted by the
court. In (22), the phrase related to is a collocation. The collocation is formed by
verb related + to. For English speaker, it is common that verb relate usually
stands with to. The word to in related to represents be the part of something, in
this case is the 1965 atrocities, while the meaning of related to is a connection or
connect to something. The meaning of related to in the sentence is that the
evidence is part of the 1965 atrocities. In (23), the phrase close to is also a
collocation. The collocation is formed by the verb close + to. The word to in
close to represents the meaning of direction to someone, while the meaning of the
phrase close to is almost or have such a relation. The meaning of close to is that
Panama Paper has a relation to autocrat. In (24), the phrase left to shows a form
of a collocation. The verb left + to is form of a collocation. The word to in left to
represents the meaning of purpose, while the meaning of left to is to leave alone
and allow to do whatever they wanted. The sentence (24) tells that the market has
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autority to select the devices. In (25), the phrase talked to is a colloation. The
collocation is formed by the verb talked + to. the word to in talked to represents
the meaning of direction to someone, while the meaning of talked to is to say
things or to discuss to someone. The sentence (25) tells that Pak Djan is the
person who have talked to the subject.
viii. The Form of to as Modals
The last construction is modals. Here, to becomes part of the modal. Azar
states that modal is an auxiliaries which generaly express speaker‘s attitude (1999:
151). The construction of to as modals can be seen in the sentence below.
(26) He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt
to the era's ongoing changes. [P.7]
In (26), to in the sentence above is part of the modal had to. The word to
in had to has a function as a part of unit grammar of a modal form. The meaning
of modal had to here is saying that someone must do something or that something
must happen. It means that the PPP must adapt to the changes or be more
dynamic.
b. Technology Articles
The analysis of the technology articles results that to appears in seven
formations. They are seven formations of to, which are to + verb, to + verb –ing,
to + noun phrase, to + phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals, and collocation.
The table below shows the distribution of to in technology articles of The Jakarta
Post.
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Table 4.2 The Form of to in Technology Articles
No. Forms Frequency Percentage (%)
1. to + verb 50 52.08 %
2. to + noun phrase 33 34.38 %
3. to + V –ing 1 1.04 %
4. to + phrasal verb 4 4.17%
5. phrasal verb - -
6. phrasal preposition 6 6.25 %
7. Modals 1 1.04 %
8. Collocation 1 1.04 %
Total 96 100%
Table 4.2 explains the forms and the distribution of the preposition to in
technology articles. The most frequent form is to + verb, which is 52%. The
second most frequent form is to + noun phrase, which is 36%. The third most
frequent forms are to + phrasal verb and phrasal preposition, which are 5%. The
fourth most frequent form is to + gerund, which is 1%. The fifth most frequent
form is modals, which is 1%. The least frequent form is collocation, which is 1%
Some constructions of to in The Jakarta Post‘s technology articles
basically appear in same ways with politics article. It will be explained briefly
below.
i. The Form of to + Verb
The first construction is called as an infinitive phrase. Infinitive has to as
the basic part of the construction. Azar states that an infinitive is to + the simple
form of a verb (1999: 307). The construction of to + verb can be seen in sentences
below.
(27) "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge
potential to become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a
press release on Saturday. [T.1]
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(28) Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client.
[T.3]
(29) Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by apps
when the device's screen turns off. [T.4]
(30) People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a
drawing of the human anatomy and remove the skeleton to study. [T.5]
(31) And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. [T.6]
In (27), the construction of phrase to become is an infinitive. The word to
is followed by the basic verb become. The word to in to become represents the
meaning of a purpose. The sentence (27) tells that Kediri‘s huge potential has the
purpose why Kediri becomes most developed cities. In (28), the phrase to give
also shows an infinitive. The word to in to give represents the meaning of a
purpose. It means that giving details is the purpose of the action declined. In (29),
the phrase to reduce shows the form of to + verb. The word to in to reduce has a
meaning of a purpose. The sentence (29) tells that reducing the battery power is
the purpose of the change. In (30), phrases to reach and to study show the form of
to + verb. The word to in to reach tells a meaning of a purpose, while in to study
represents the meaning of a reason. The sentence (30) tells that reaching into
holograpich screen is something possible and studying is a reason to remove the
skeleton. In (31), the phrase to say is form of to + verb. The word to in to say
represents the meaning of a purpose. The purpose of saying nothing about
something is explained by word to.
ii. The Form of to + NP
The second construction of to that appears in tecnology articles is to +
NP or as a prepositional phrase. Kolln says that preposition is a structure word
found in pre-position to preceding a noun phrase or other nominal (1990: 308).
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Kolln‘s statement means that the preposition can form a prepositional phrase if it
appears before a noun pharse. The construction of to + NP can be seen in
sentences below.
(32) The next four to seven results are those that have content written in
simple language, also handpicked by the editors. [T.2]
(33) Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something
already available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches
running on Android Wear. [T.4]
(34) Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even
bigger buzz given its ties to Google. [T.5]
(35) It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming
to market. [T.6]
(36) NASA, meanwhile, paid Bigelow Aerospace $17.8 million for the
upcoming test flight, making the BEAM the most affordable module ever
launched to the space station. [T.7]
In (32), the phrase to seven results is form of to + NP. The meaning of to
in to seven results is used before the upper limit of a range. It means the
preposition to acts as connector that shows there is a range from four up to seven.
In (33), the phrase to notifications shows the form of to + NP. The word to in to
notifications has a meaning of direction to a place. It means that word
notifications is the place where the users can replay the message. In (34), the
phrase to Google is a foem of to + NP. The word to in to Google represents the
meaning of a direction to place. The word Google is the place of Magic Leap‘s
center. In (35), the phrase to market is the form of to + NP. The meaning of to in
the phrase to market shows a direction to a place. It means that the preposition to
makes the product become new brand compared to another after they come to
market. In (36), the phrase to the space station shows a form of to + NP. The
meaning of to in the phrase to the space station is the direction to a place. The
space station is the place which is the goal of the next lunching of the BEAM.
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iii. The Form of to as Phrasal Preposition
The third construction is a phrasal preposition. This construction shows
to as a part of the phrasal preposition. Kolln says two-word prepositions consist of
a simple preposition preceded by a word from another category such as an adverb,
adjective and conjunction is called as phrasal preposition (1990: 309). The form
of to as the phrasal preposition can be seen in sentences below.
(37) Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan
Brimob Kediri and featured a local band competition, festival booths and
games with attractive prizes, in addition to music performances. [T.1]
(38) The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device
makers earlier than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them
more time to set up the new software on their latest models. [T.4]
(39) Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still
running on versions of the software that were released in 2013 and 2014,
according to Google's tabulations. [T.4]
(40) Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished,
according to Edmunds.com [T.6]
(41) According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000
Porsche Boxster these days also consider the considerably cheaper
Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential Chevrolet Corvette customers
kick the tires on a Mustang. [T.6]
(42) The X6 was the first to kind of say ―We can be a sports car and a utility
at the same time‖. [T.6]
In (37), the phrase in addition to shows a form of to as a phrasal
preposition. The preposition in + noun addition + preposition to is kind of phrasal
preposition. The meaning of to in the phrase in addition to shows a direction to
something, while the meaning in addition to is to connect and give more
information about something. In (38), (39), (40), (41) the phrase according to is
kind of phrasal preposition. The preposition to is part of the phrasal preposition,
which the preposition to is combined with the word according. The word to in
(38), (39), (40), (41) has a similar meaning which shows the direction to
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something, while the meaning of according to is as stated by someone or as
shown by something. In (38), the phrase according to means the Android N
design is shown by Google blog post. In (39), the phrase according to means
Android version is the old version based on Google‘s tabulation. In (40) and (41),
the phrase according to means the data of the premium sport car purchases can be
seen in Edmund.com. In (42), the phrase to kind of is kind of phrasal preposition.
The preposition to + noun kind + preposition of shows a phrasal preposition‘s
form. The meaning of to in to kind of represents the meaning of part of something,
while the meaning of to kind of is to describe something in a way that is not clear.
So, the word to explains that the X6 has relation to the sentence in the quotation.
iv. The Form of to + Phrasal Verb
The forth construction is to + phrasal verb. In the technology article, to
appears only in form of to + phrasal verb, it is different from the politics article in
which to also appears as part of phrasal verb. McCarthy says that the combination
of verb and a participle called as phrasal verb (2004: 6). The construction of to +
phrasal verb can be seen in sentences below.
(43) To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that
she was the mother of both children, the report said. [T.3]
(44) The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device
makers earlier than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them
more time to set up the new software on their latest models. [T.4]
(45) The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the
smartphone industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult
to come up with new ideas nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized
mobile computing with the iPhone's debut. [T.4]
(46) Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away
Android to device makers. [T.4]
(47) Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need
to wait around for the controlled explosion of an internal combustion
engine. [T.6]
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In (43), the phrase to rule out shows a form of to + phrasal verb. The
word to in to rule out represents the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of
the phrasal verb rule out is to say that someone or something is not thought to be
possible. The sentence (43) tells that DNA testing becomes the reason of the rule
out a hospital mix up. In (44), the phrase to set up shows a form of to + phrasal
verb. The word to in to set up represents the meaning of a reason, while the
meaning of set up is to start, to establish a business. The sentence (44) tells that
setting up new software is the reason why needs more time. In (45), the phrase to
come up with is a form of to + phrasal verb. The word to in to come up represents
the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of come up with is to find an answer
or a solution to something. The phrase to come up with shows that to have new
idea is difficult because of the over improvement.
In (46), the phrase to give away shows a form of to + phrasal verb. The
word to in to give away represents the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of
give away is to give something, often something that you do not want anymore, to
someone without asking for or receiving a return. The sentence (46) tells that
giving Android to device makers is the reason why Google does not make
smartphones. In (47), the phrase to wait around shows the form of to + phrasal
verb. The word to in to with around represents the meaning of a reason, while the
meaning of wait around is to stay in a place doing nothing because someone or
someting is late. The word to in (47) tells that waiting around for something is no
needed.
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v. The Form of to + V -ing
The fifth construction is to + verb -ing. Azar says that gerund is the –ing
form of a verb used as a noun (1999: 297). In this form, the function of the verb
changes into a noun. The construction of to + v -ing has a similar function as the
construction to + NP. The construction of to + v -ing can be seen in the sentence
below.
(48) Although other improvements could be added before the software is
released to consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to
breaking any new ground. [T.4]
In (48), the phrase to breaking shows the form of to + v –ing. To is
followed by the verb break with an addition –ing. The word to in to breaking
represents the meaning of a purpose. The phrase to breaking can not be omitted
because it helps the reader to understand that to makes an opinion about the new
Android which the new Android is not to change the situation.
vi. The Form of to as Modals
The last construction is modals. Here, to becomes part of the modals.
Azar says that modal is an auxiliaries which generaly express speaker‘s attitude
(1999: 151). The construction of to as a modal can be seen in the sentence below.
(49) They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive
a lot better. [T.6]
In (49), to in the sentence above is part of the modal used to. The
existence of to in the phrase used to is one gramatical unit. The meaning of the
modal used to here shows past situation that no longer exists. It means that there is
a different between the subject in the past with the subject in the present or future.
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vii. The Form of to as Collocation
The seventh construction is a collocation. A collocation is a pair or group
of words that stands together (McCarthy, 1995: 6). A collocation can be called as
word partner because they usually use together as a habit of speaking. The word
of to in this form appears as the part of collocation form. Look at the sentence
below.
(50) Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet
is not connected to the tech giant. [T.3]
In (50), the phrase connected to shows a collocation form. The word to in
connected to has a meaning as a direction to something, which is music
performance. The sentence (50) tells that the tech giant is place where the Google
search engine must be connected.
2. The Functions of the forms of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta
Post
The word to has many kind of forms after to is combined with other
word. Referring to the analysis above, to can appear in many phrase forms such
as: a prepositional phrase, an infinitive phrase, a phrasal verb, a phrasal
preposition, modals and also in the form of collocations. Considering the variety
of phrase forms to, there must be a variety of functions based on the position in
the sentence.
Quirk states that preposition can appear as an adjunct, a disjunct, a
conjunct, a modifier of a verb, etc (1983: 145- 146). Kolln also says that a
preposition can appear as a subject complement, a modifier of a noun, a modifier
of a verb, etc (1990: 96-99). Harman and House add that to can appear as an
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49
infinitive that has each function based on the position in the sentence. It can be a
subject, an object complement, a modifier of a noun, a modifier of a verb, a
modifier of an adjective or it can stand independently (1950: 326- 337). Some
theories are shown in the analysis below.
a. Politics Articles
Referring to some theories mention in the Chapter II, the form of to that
appears in politics articles has its individual function in the sentence. There are ten
functions of forms to in politics articles. It can be seen in the table below.
Table. 4.3 The Functions of to in Politics Articles in The Jakarta Post
No. The functions Amount Percentage
1. subject of a sentence - -
2. the subjective complement 1 0.9 %
3. verb of a sentence 6 5.6 %
4. the direct object - -
5. an appositive 2 1.9 %
6. objective complement 4 3.7 %
7. a modifier of a noun 61 56.4 %
8. a modifier of a verb 21 19.4 %
9. a modifier of an adjective 3 2.8 %
10. a modifier of an adverb 3 2.8 %
11. object of preposition 6 5.6 %
12. the complementary infinitive - -
13. infinitive used independently 1 0.9 %
Total 108 100%
Table 4.3 displays the function of forms to in the politics news article of
The Jakarta Post. The most frequent function is as a modifier of a noun, which is
56,4%. The second most frequent function is as a modifier of a verb, which is
19,4%. The third most frequent function is as a verb of the sentence, which is
5,6%. The forth most frequent function is as an object of preposition, which is
5,6%. The fifth most frequent function is as an object complement, which is 3,7%.
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The sixth most frequent functions are as a modifier of an adjective and a modifier
of an adverb, which are 2,8%. The seventh most frequent function is as an
appositive, which is 1,9%. The least frequent functions are as a subject
complement and an independent infinitive, which are 0,9%.
To have deeper understanding about the function of forms to in The
Jakarta Post‘s politics articles, it will be explained briefly below.
i. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Noun
The function of the forms of to as a modifier of a noun is the most
frequent function that appears in the sentence. The form of to can be a modifier of
a noun if the purpose of the form is modifying the noun.
The first form is to + NP which shows the function as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in sentences below.
(1) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives
of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention
to their surroundings.[P.2]
(2) The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the
Chinese government to protest suspected territorial violations committed
by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese
coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands. [P.3]
(3) We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide,
in the bill, because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.
[P.5]
(4) Through a well-functioning democracy, workers and interest groups
could propose policies to ease inequality.[P.6]
(5) It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand
in the economy, distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the
rich and transfers resources to the poor through unemployment benefits
and health care. [P.6]
In (1), the phrase to their surroundings has a function as a modifier of a
noun. The phrase to their surroundings modifies the noun attention. The word to
in to their surroundings shows a direction to a place, which means the
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surroundings are the direction of the attention. In (2), the phrase to the Chinese
government has a function as a modifier of a noun. The phrase to the Chinese
government modifies the noun note. The word to in to the Chinese government
shows a direction to a place, which means the Chinese government are the
direction of the note to convey. In (3), the phrase to the practice of torture has a
function as a modifier of a noun phrase a strong connection. The word to in to the
practice of torture shows a cause. It means that the practice of torture causes
violations. In (4), the phrase to ease inequality modifies the noun phrase policies,
which means policies will reduce the inequality. The word to in to ease inequality
shows information of a purpose. In (5), the phrase to the welfare state has a
function as a modifier of a noun phrase all thanks. The word to in to the welfare
state shows information of direction to a place. It means that thanks that woul be
given delivers to the government.
The second form is to + V which shows the function as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in sentences below.
(6) The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as
some factions said they needed more time to study the bill. [P.1]
(7) The minister said the government issued the travel advice after recent
terror attacks in several locations in Brussels, followed by the Belgian
government's decision to increase the country's security alert level. [P.2]
(8) Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all parties to maintain peace
and security in the South China Sea area in a bid to prevent the ongoing
territorial disputes from expanding further into an open conflict. [P.3]
(9) While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows
sooner rather than later, the government has told them to take things
slowly. [P.4]
(10) He said he had persuaded Djan to accept the results of the eighth
muktamar, which was held at the Pondok Gede Haj Dormitory in East
Jakarta over the weekend. [P.7]
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In (6), the phrase to study is a modifier of a noun phrase more time. The
word to in to study shows a reason. It means that to functions to give information
why needs an additional time. The sentence (6) tells that studying the bill needs a
lot of time. In (7), the phrase to increase is a modifier of a noun phrase the
Belgian government’s decision. The word to in to increase represent the meaning
of a purpose. It means the decision made by the Belgian‘s government will
increase the security. In (8), the phrase to maintain has a function as a modifier of
a noun phrase all parties. The word to in to maintain here shows a reason. It
means that the reason of the Vice President calls all party is to maintain the peace
and security. In (9), the phrase to exchange has a function as a modifier of a noun
phrase teens. The word to in to exchange shows a purpose. It means that
exchanging vows is better if done sooner for teens based on parent‘s opinion. In
(10), the phrase to accept has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase Djan. The
word to in to accept represents the meaning of a reason. The phrase to accept
becomes the reason why subject persuades Djan.
The third form is to + V –ing which shows the function as a modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in sentences below.
(11) Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that
mutual respect and restraint were key to maintaining peace and security
in the South China Sea area. [P.3]
(12) Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria
Ulfa Anshor said that a thorough education was the primary key to
resolving the child marriage problem. [P.4]
(13) Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses. [P.5]
In (11), the phrase to maintaining is a modifier of a noun phrase key. The
word to in to maintaining shows a purpose. It means that the noun key has a
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purpose to maintain peace and security. In (12), the phrase to resolving is a
modifier of a noun phrase the primary key. The word to in to resolving shows a
purpose. It means that resolving the child marriage problem is the primary key. In
(13), the phrase to resolving is a modifier of a noun phrase new routes. The word
to in to resolving shows a reason. It means that the reason of opening the new
routes is to resolve the problem.
The forth form is a phrasal preposition which shows the function of a
modifier of a noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(14) A report published in November by international children‘s rights
organization Plan International revealed that Indonesia continued to have
a high rate of child marriage due to long-standing community support for
such practices. [P.4]
In (14), the phrase due to has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase a
high rate of child marriage. The word to in due to represents a reason, while the
pharse due to shows a cause. It means the phrase due to connects the problem of
child marriage happened because of the community‘s support.
The fifth form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(15) And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business
people hiding their wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to
go after the tax-avoiding super-rich. [P.6]
In (15), the phrase to go after is a modifier of a noun phrase vindication
of Jokowi’s efforts. The word to in to go after shows a purpose. It means Jokowi
has efforts to capture the rich people who avoids the tax.
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ii. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Verb
The use of the forms of to in articles also finds as a modifier of a verb.
The form of to here is modifiying the verb in the sentence. There are some forms
that modify the verb in the sentence.
The first form is to + V, which shows as the modifier of a verb. It can be
seen in sentences below.
(16) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the
directives of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close
attention to their surroundings. [P.2]
(17) I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution
through a diplomatic and political process. [P.3]
(18) The agency is also planning to counsel families, schools and universities
about the importance of avoiding early marriage, given its severe impact
on young women. [P.4]
(19) We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide,
in the bill, because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.
[P.5]
(20) Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. [P.6]
In (16), the phrase to follow is a modifier of a verb are reminded. The
word to in to follow represents the meaning of a purpose. It means there is a
reminder that all Indonesian citizens have to follow the directives. In (17), the
phrase to highlight is a modifier of a verb want. The word to in to highlight
represents the meaning of a purpose. It means the action that the subject want to
do is giving special attention to the commitment. In (18), the phrase to counsel has
a function as a modifier of a verb is planning. The word to in to counsel
represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the plan of the agency is to
counsel about avoiding early marriage. In (19), the phrase to include has a
function as a modifier of a verb plan. The word to in to include shows a purpose.
It means that there is a plan to enter the bill about human right violation. In (20),
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the phrase to corrupt has a function as a modifier of a verb tends. The word to in
to corrupt shows a purpose. It means that absolute power makes people to corrupt.
The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(21) Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government
says, should first seek comprehensive information about the security
situation in their destination. [P.2]
(22) Surya said decentralization and regional autonomy had contributed to
setbacks in family planning, resulting in a population that reached over
255 million, the fourth largest in the world. [P.4]
(23) ...(Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to
bring to court. [P.5]
(24) He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt
to the era's ongoing changes. [P.7]
In (21), the phrase to Belgium is a modifier of an infinitive phrase to
travel. The word to in to Belguim shows a direction to a place. It means Belgium
is the destination of the travel. In (22), the phrase to setbacks has a function as a
modifier of a verb had contributed. The word to in to setbacks shows a purpose. It
means that the decentralization and autonomy have a contribution in resolving
difficulty of family planning. In (23), the phrase to court is a modifier of an
infinitive phrase to bring. The word to in to court shows a direction to a place. It
means that court is place to resolve some cases. In (24), the phrase to the era's
ongoing changes has a function as a modifier of a verb have to adapt. The word to
in to the era's ongoing changes shows a time. It means that PPP have to adapt to
the changing era because the time is always walking.
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iii. The Use of to as a Verb
The form of the forms of to can function as a verb in the sentence or a
predicator. There are two forms that function as a verb. They are collocation form
and modals.
The first form is collocation of verb + preposition to, which shows as the
verb of sentence. It can be seen in sentences below.
(25) Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to
the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for
women last year. [P.4]
(26) Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil
society to come forth with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to
ensure that due judicial procedure was observed. [P.5]
(27) Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of
individuals close to autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib
Razak and the king of Morocco. [P.6]
(28) The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as
the return on capital will always exceed economic and income growth.
[P.6]
(29) ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the
nation,‖ said Kalla as quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing
ceremony on Sunday. [P.7]
In (25), the phrase objected to shows a function of a verb in the sentence.
There is a sentence, the court as a subject, objected to as the verb, and the petition
as the object. The verb objected to has a meaning against someone or something,
while the word to in objected to has a meaning direction to something. In (26), the
phrase related to is a verb in the sentence. The subject of the sentence is on civil
society to come forth with evidence and the phrase related to has a role as the
verb. The word to in related to has a meaning directive to someone. In (27), the
phrase close to is a verb in the sentence. The subject of the sentence is had the
Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of individuals and the
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phrase close to is a verb of the sentence that relates the subject with the object
autocrats. The word to in close to represents the meaning of direction to someone.
In (28), the phrase left to has a function as a verb in the sentence. The subject of
the sentence is the market and there is a wh- clause, when left to its own devices, is
an appositive. The phrase left to takes the position of verb in that wh- clause. The
word to in left to means direction to something. In (29), the phrase talked to shows
a function as a verb in the sentence. The subject is I , the verb is have talked to,
and the object is Pak Djal. The word to has a meaning direction to someone.
The second form is modals, which show as a verb in the sentence. It can
be seen in the sentence below.
(30) He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt
to the era's ongoing changes. [P.7]
In (30), the phrase had to is a verb in the sentence. The word to in had to
has a unity meaning with the word had because to in had to is one grammatical
unit. The phrasal modal had to + basic verb adapt makes this phrase be the verb
of the sentence. It means that the subject the PPP has to do something.
iv. The Use of to as Object of Preposition
The forms of to also function as an object of a preposition in the
sentence. There are two forms that function as an object of a preposition. They are
to + V, and to + phrasal verb.
The first form is to + V, which shows as an object of a preposition can be
seen in the sentence below.
(31) The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the
Chinese government to protest suspected territorial violations committed
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58
by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese
coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands. [P.3]
(32) The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN)
launched a campaign to discourage marriage among teenagers on
Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38 percent annual population
growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019 target. [P.4]
(33) Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human
rights abuses, the government has initiated several measure to mitigate
rights violations. [P.5]
(34) The government has also been criticized for falling to resolve past human
rights abuses. [P.5]
In (31), the phrase to protest is an object of the prepositional phrase to
the Chinese government. The word to in to protes represents the meaning of a
reason, while the phrase to protes gives information that the diplomatic note from
the Indonesia government is given to the Chinese government. In (32), the phrase
to curb is an object of the preposition. The preposition phrase in a battle has an
object, to curb. The prepositional phrase in the battle is explained by the phrase to
curb. The word to in to curb represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that
curbing country 1.38% is the purpose of what the battle is. In (33), the phrase to
take is an object of the prepositional phrase despite an unwillingness. The word to
in to take represents the meaning of a reason, while the phrase to take explains the
prepositinal phrase despite an unwillingness with certain action, which is take
judicial action. In (34), the phrase to resolve is an object of the prepositional
phrase for falling. The phrase to resolve becomes the object of the pepositional
phrase for falling because it explains that the falling means the failure in solving
right abuses, while the word to in to resolve shows a purpose of the word falling.
The last form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as an object of the
preposition can be seen in the sentence below.
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(35) Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with
law enforcement efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and
continental shelf areas. [P.3]
In (35), the phrase to interfere with is an object preposition in the
sentence. The prepositional phrase in the attempt is modified by the form of to +
phrasal verb, to interfere with. It means that there is an act to protest the way to
interfare law by the violation. The word to in to interfere with shows a meaning of
a purpose to the verb phrase protested violations in the attempt.
v. The Use of to as Object Complement
The forms of to also can function as the object complement in the
sentence. There are some forms that show a function as an object complement.
The first form is to + V, which shows as an object complement. It can be
seen in sentences below.
(36) In the travel advisory, the government calls on all Indonesian citizens
currently in Belgium, especially Brussels, to remain vigilant and avoid
places with high risk of becoming a terror target. [P.2]
(37) While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows
sooner rather than later, the government has told them to take things
slowly. [P.4]
In (36), the phrase to remain is an object complement in the sentence. the
word to in to remain represents the meaning of a reason. It gives information that
the reason why all Indonesian citizen in Belguim are called on is to stay and to
avoid trouble. In (37), the phrase to take has a function as an object complement.
The pharse to take becomes the objective complement of the object them that refer
to parents. The word to in to take represents the meaning of a purpose. It means
that the government asks parent to postpone the teens marriage.
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The second form is to + NP, which shows a function as the object
complement. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(38) We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. [P.6]
(39) Our politics certainly has not experienced a shift to the left, but the
election of President Joko ―Jokowi‖ Widodo, an outsider of Indonesia‘s
oligarchy, could be seen as voters‘ repudiation of the domination of the
moneyed class, as represented by soldier-turned-businessman Prabowo
Subianto. [P.6]
In (38), the phrase to the old line is an object complement in the
sentence. It becomes the object complement because modifies the object pronoun
ourselves and it can not be ommited. The word to in to the old line shows the
meaning of direction to something. In (39), the phrase to the left is an object
complement in the sentence. The word to in to the left represents the meaning of
directive to something. It describes the object a shift as part of politic tools.
vi. The Use of to as Modifier of an Adjective
The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adjective. There are
some forms that function as modifiers of an adjective. The forms of to here is
modifying the adjective.
The first form is to + V, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It can
be seen in the sentence below.
(40) A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting
embroiled in squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally
ready to face married life. [P.4]
(41) A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting
embroiled in squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally
ready to face married life. [P.4]
In (40), the phrase to face shows a function as a modifier of an adjective.
The adjective phrase mentally ready is modified by the phrase to face. The word
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61
to in to face represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the young girl who
is mentally not ready to have married life. In (41), the phrase to give modifies the
adjective phrase biologically ready. The word to in to give represents the meaning
of a purpose. It means that the girl is not ready to have a baby physically.
The second form is to + V –ing, which shows as a modifier of an
adjective. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(42) A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting
embroiled in squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally
ready to face married life. [P.4]
In (42), the phrase to getting shows a function of a modifier of an
adjective. The adjective susceptible is modified by the phrase to getting. The word
to in to getting represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the young girl‘s
mental is not ready to face married life.
vii. The Use of to as a Modifier of an Adverb
The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adverb. There are
two forms that show a function as a modifier of an adverb. The forms here is
modifiying the adverb in the sentence.
The first form is to + NP, it functions as a modifier of an adverb. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(43) Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage. [P.4]
(44) Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage,
free sex and to drugs. [P.4]
In (43), the phrase to rush is a modifier of an adverb not. The adverb not
modifies the verb tells. The word to in to rush represents the meaning of a
purpose. The phrase to rush modifies the adverb not, which the meaning of not is
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do not rush marriage. In (44), phrases to child marriage and to drugs show a
function as a modifier of an adverb no. Phrases to child marriage and to drugs
modify the adverb no in the sentence. The word to in to child marriage and to
drugs shows a purpose. It means that the actions should not be encouraged,
whether it is a child marriage or consuming drugs.
viii. The Use of to as an Appositive
The forms of to can be an appositive. Quirk states that an appositive links
units having grammatical affinity, they must normally be identical in reference
(1983: 276). There are some forms that function as an appositive.
The first form is Phrasal Preposition, which shows as an appositive. It
can be seen in the sentence below.
(45) According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women
was 18.6 years, women who married before they turned 18 generally had
partners who were six to eight years older than them. [P.4]
In (45), the phrase according to function as an appositive. The phrase
according to the report is called as non- restrictive apposition. The existance of
the phrase according to the report is as an addition information for the sentense,
while the word to in according to shows direction to something. It has a meaning
that the fect about age of marriage can be seen in the report.
The last form is phrasal verb, which shows as an appositive. It can be
seen in the sentence below.
(46) The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was
signed in 1984 and came into the force in 1987 following ratification by
all of its first 20 state parties. [P.5]
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In (46), the phrase referred to is an appositive. The phrase referred to is
called as a restrictive apposition. The word to in referred to shows a direction to
something, while, the meaning of referred to is to describe about the convention
in the sentence, or the convention that against Torture is the convention that Agus
talk about. The phrase referred to as an appositive here means that the phrase
helps to explain the convention‘s meaning.
ix. The Use of to as Subject Complement
The forms of to also can function as a subject complement. There is a
form of to that shows the function as a subject complement. It is to + NP.
The first form is to + NP, which shows a function as subject complement.
It can be seen in the sentence below.
(47) Filling a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected
to the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for
women last year. [P.4]
In (47), the phrase to be pointless is as a subject complement. The phrase
to be pointless modifies the subject filling a petition to the MK. The word to in to
be pointless represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information that the
petition is something pointless.
x. The Use of to as Independent Infinitive
The forms of to also can stand as an independent infinitive. The form of
to + phrasal verb here shows a function as an independent infinitive. It can be seen
in the sentence below.
(48) In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would
raise taxes especially for the top 1 percent. [P.6]
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In (48), the phrase to deal with is an independent infinitive. It is because
the phrase in his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US has a complete
meaning. The word to in to deal with represents the meaning of purpose, it
explains the purpose of the word plan.
b. Technology Articles
In technology articles, the forms of to has each own function in the
sentence. There are ten functions of the forms of to. It can be seen in the table
below.
Table. 4.4 The Functions of to in Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post
No. The functions Amount Percentage
1. subject of a sentence - -
2. the subjective complement - -
3. verb of a sentence 1 1.1 %
4. the direct object 7 7.3 %
5. an appositive 8 8.3 %
6. objective complement - -
7. a modifier of a noun 35 36.4 %
8. a modifier of a verb 31 32.2 %
9. a modifier of an adjective 5 5.2 %
10. a modifier of an adverb 2 2.1 %
11. object of preposition 1 1.1 %
12. the complementary infinitive 5 5.2%
13. infinitive used independently 1 1.1 %
Total 96 100%
Table 4.3 displays the functions of the forms of to in the technology
articles of The Jakarta Post. The most frequent function is as a modifier of a
noun, which is 36,4%. The second most frequent function is as a modifier of a
verb, which is 32,2%. The third most frequent function is as an appositive, which
is 8,3%. The fourth most frequent function is as a direct object, which is 7,3%.
The fifth most frequent functions are as a modifier of an adjective and a
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complementary infinitive, which are 5,2%. The sixth most frequent function is a
modifier of an adverb, which is 2,1%. The least frequent functions are as a verb,
an object of the preposition, and an independent infinitive, which are 1,1%.
To have deeper understanding about the functions of the forms of to in
The Jakarta Post‘s technology articles, it will be explained briefly below.
i. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Noun
The functions of the forms of to as a modifier of a noun is the most
frequent function that appears in the sentence. The forms of to can be a modifier
of a noun if the purpose of the form is modifying the noun.
The first form is to + NP which shows the function as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in sentences below.
(49) Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away
Android to device makers. [T.4]
(50) With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a
headset are meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real
world. [T.5]
(51) Virtual reality is cool, but it's just a stepping stone to augmented reality.
[T.5]
(52) Bigelow Aerospace is behind the experiment, which will get a ride to the
International Space Station with another private space company. [T.7]
(53) It's an important piece to the human space exploration puzzle. [T.7]
In (49), the phrase to device makers has a function as a modifier of a
noun phrase Android. The word to in to device makers shows a direction to
someone. It means that Google lets the Android in the hand of device makers. In
(50), the phrase to the real world modifies the noun phrase amusing companion.
The word to in to the real world shows a direction to a place, which tells that the
three dimentional holograms can be realized in the real world. It means that the
augmented reality can feel like the real world. In (51), the phrase to augmented
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reality modifies the noun phrase a stepping stone. The word to in to augmented
reality shows a purpose. It means that the augmented reality can happen because
of the virtual reality. In (52), the phrase to the International Space Station has a
function as a modifier of a noun phrase a ride. The word to in to the International
Space Station shows a direction to a place. It means that the experiment is done to
make the Bigelow Aerospace go to space station. In (53), the phrase to the human
space has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase important piece. The word to
in to the human space shows a direction to a place, while to the human space
means that the subject is something important for human life.
The second form is to + V which shows the function as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in sentences below.
(54) "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge
potential to become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a
press release on Saturday. [T.1]
(55) Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something
already available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches
running on Android Wear. [T.4]
(56) People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a
drawing of the human anatomy and remove the skeleton to study. [T.5]
(57) Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911
experience in the SUV. [T.6]
(58) Regardless of where you go, you need a place to live and work. [T.7]
In (54), the phrase to become has a function as a modifier of a noun
phrase huge potential. The word to in to become represents the meaning of
purpose. The phrase to become in the sentence means that Kediri has huge
potential to be most developed city. In (55), the phrase to reply is a modifier of a
noun phrase users. The word to in to reply represents the meaning of purpose,
while to reply in the sentence means that the users will have the ability to reply
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the notification directly. In (56), the phrase to study is a modifier of a noun phrase
the skeleton. The word to in to study represents the meaning of reason. It means
that studying is reason to remove the skeleton or the skeleton is used as media of
the study. In (57), the phrase to create is a modifier of noun phrase a way. The
word to in to create represents the meaning of purpose. It means the way that is
made by Porshe creates someting to 911. In (58), the phrase to live has a function
as a modifier of a noun phrase a place. The word to in to live shows a purpose. It
means that the subject needs a place to come back.
The third form is phrasal preposition which shows the function of a
modifier of a noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(59) The X6 was the first to kind of say ―We can be a sports car and a utility
at the same time‖. [T.6]
In (59), the phrase to kind of is a modifier of a noun phrase the first. It
means that the X6 will be the first sport car and a utility. The word to in to kind of
means a direction to something. The phrasal preposition here connects between
the phrases the first and the quotation.
The fifth form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as the modifier of a
noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(60) The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device
makers earlier than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them
more time to set up the new software on their latest models. [T.4]
In (60), the phrase to set up is a modifier of a noun phrase more time. The
word to in to set up shows a reason, while the phrase to set up shows a reason why
the subject needs more time. It means that there is needed an aditional time to start
someting.
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ii. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Verb
The use of to in the sentence article is found as a modifier of a verb. The
form of to here is modifiying the verb in the sentence. There are some forms that
modify the verb in the sentence.
The first form is to + V, which shows as the modifier of a verb. It can be
seen in sentences below.
(61) Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client.
[T.3]
(62) Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by
apps when the device's screen turns off. [T.4]
(63) By next March, Gribetz plans to remove all computer screens from the
company's offices in Redwood City, California. [T.5]
(64) Masahiro Moro, chief executive officer of Mazda North America,
concedes that the ranks of customers who really love to drive are
thinning.[T.6]
(65) An unmanned SpaceX Falcon rocket is set to launch late Friday
afternoon, carrying a capsule full of supplies with the pioneering pod in
its trunk. [T.7]
In (61), the phrase to give has a function as a modifier of a verb declined.
The word to in to give represents the meaning of purpose. It means that Luong
refuses to give detail. In (62), the phrase to reduce is a modifier of a verb is being
made. The word to in to reduce represents the meaning of reason. It means the
action is being made because of the change reduces something. In (63), the phrase
to remove has a function as a modifier of a verb plans. The word to in to remove
shows purpose. It means that Gribetz‘s plan is to remove computers. In (64), the
phrase to drive is a modifier of the verb love. The word to in to drive represents
the meaning of purpose. It means that the people who love driving are reduced. In
(65), the phrase to launch is a modifier of a verb is set. The word to in to launch
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represents the meaning of purpose. It means that the rocket is planned to launch
late Friday afterrnoon.
The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(66) Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet
is not connected to the tech giant. [T.3]
(67) Although other improvements could be added before the software is
released to consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to
breaking any new ground. [T.4]
(68) Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even
bigger buzz given its ties to Google. [T.5]
(69) It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming
to market. [71]
(70) It never flew to space, despite elaborate blueprints and ground mock-ups.
[T.7]
In (66), the phrase to the tech giant is a modifier of a verb is not
connected. The word to in to the tech giant shows a direction to something. It
means the website does not connect to the giant tech yet. In (67), the phrase to
consumers is a modifier of a verb is released. The word to in to consumers shows
a direction to someone. It means that the action of realizing the software to
customers will be held later. In (68), the phrase to Google has a function as a
modifier of a verb ties. The word to in to Google shows a direction to place. It
means that Google has a relation with Magic Leap. In (69), the phrase to market is
a modifier of a verb coming. The word to in to market shows a direction to a
place. It means that this is the first time for the product launches in the market. In
(70), the phrase to space is a modifier of a verb flew. The word to in to space
shows a direction to a place. It means that the subject is never arrives in space.
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The third form is to + V –ing, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can
be seen in the sentence below.
(71) Although other improvements could be added before the software is
released to consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to
breaking any new ground. [T.4]
In (71), the phrase to breaking is a modifier of a verb does not appear.
The word to in to breaking represents the meaning of purpose. It means Android
N does not change anything.
The last form is to + phasal verb, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It
cab be seen in the sentence below.
(72) Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need
to wait around for the controlled explosion of an internal combustion
engine. [T.6]
In (72), the phrase to wait around is a modifier of a verb need. The word
to in to wait around represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the subject
can do the acceleration does not need to wait.
iii. The Use of to as an Appositive
The forms of to also can be an appositive. Quirk states that an appositive
links units having grammatical affinity, they must normally be identical in
reference (1983: 276). There are some forms that function as an appositive.
The first form is phrasal preposition, which shows as an appositive. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(73) Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan
Brimob Kediri and featured a local band competition, festival booths and
games with attractive prizes, in addition to music performances. [T.1]
(74) The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device
makers earlier than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them
more time to set up the new software on their latest models. [T.4]
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(75) Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still
running on versions of the software that were released in 2013 and 2014,
according to Google's tabulations. [T.4]
(76) Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished,
according to Edmunds.com [T.6]
(77) According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000
Porsche Boxster these days also consider the considerably cheaper
Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential Chevrolet Corvette customers
kick the tires on a Mustang. [T.6]
In (73), the phrase in addition to is an appositive in the sentence. The
phrase in addition to is called as a non-restrictive apposition. The word to in in
addition to represents the meaning of direction to something. The sentence (73)
tells that music performance is one event in the Kediri Festival. In (74), the phrase
according to is as an appositive in the sentence. The phrase according to a Google
blog spot is a non- restrictive apposition. The word to in according to represents
the meaning of direction to something. The phrase according to gives additional
information in the sentence, that Android N can be looked in the Google‘s blog. In
(75) and (76), the phrase according to is an appositive. The phrases according to
Google’s tabulations and according to Edmund.com are a non-restrictive
apposition. The word to in according to Google’s tabulations and according to
Edmund.com represents the meaning of direction to something. In (77), the phrase
according to is an appositive. The phrase according to Edmunds.com is a non-
restrictive apposition in the sentence. The word to in according to represents the
meaning of direction to something, while the phrase according to Edmunds.com
gives addition information in the sentence.
The second form is to + V, which functions as an appositive. It can be
seen in the sentence below.
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(78) Carmakers have gotten so good at their craft that performance is
becoming a commodity (to say nothing of fetching design and
reliability). [T.6]
In (78), the phrase to say is an appositive in the sentence. It is because the
phrase to say nothing of fetching design and reliability is presented in the
blancket. The phrase to say nothing of fetching design and reliability also
functions as additional information in the sentence. The word to in to say
represents the meaning of a purpose about the originality of Carmakers‘s craft.
The third is to + NP, which shows as an appositive. It can be seen in
sentences below.
(79) When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to
three results that appear are safe websites written specifically for
children, which were handpicked and checked by Kiddle editors. [T.2]
(80) As a precursor to larger systems, Bigelow said BEAM could "change the
entire dynamic for human habitation" in space. [T.7]
In (79), the phrase the first to three result is part of the non-restrictive
apposition. To is used as the connector in the phrase that shows as expressing
quantity. The clause, the first to three results that appear are safe websites written
specifically for children, gives important information in the text about the used of
the kiddle.co. In (80), the phrase to large systems is an appositive in the sentence.
The phrase to large systems is part of the appositive as a precursor to larger
systems that describes the subject Bigelow. The word to in to large systems
repesents the meaning of direction to something. It means that a precutsor is
connected to larger systems.
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iv. The Use of to as Direct Object
The forms of to also can function as a direct object. There are two forms
that show as a direct object in the sentence.
The form of to + V here shows a function of a direct object. It can be
seen in sentences below.
(81) The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and
other features, giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital
ads that generate most of its revenue. [T.4]
(82) Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized
disruption in the heart of the market for luxurious speed machines. [T.6]
(83) Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these
speed pods just to burnish their brands. [T.6]
(84) He hopes to have a pair of private space stations ready for launch by
2020. [T.7]
(85) BEAM has proven to be equal or better against space debris than metal,
said NASA project manager Rajib Dasgupta. [T.7]
(86) The company hopes to launch two of the B330s around 2020, providing
opportunities for companies, schools, countries outside the space
mainstream, and NASA, too, if it likes. [T.7]
In (81), the phrase to highlight is a direct object of the sentence. The
word to in to highlight represents the meaning of a reason. It is becuase the action
of highlighting become the reason of the new design of the softwere. In (82), the
phrase to deliver shows a function of a direct object. The word to in to deliver
represents the meaning of a purpose because the subject Tesla does an action to
plan to do something. The action that the subject have to do is delivering vehicles.
In (82), the phrase to swoon is a direct objcet in the sentence. The phrase to swoon
gets the action from the verb continue. The word to in to swoon represents the
meaning of a purpose. It means that the action of swooning makes the sale
continued. In (84), the phrase to have is a direct object in the sentence. It means
that the phrase to have gets the action of the verb hopes. The word to in to have
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represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information that subject needs a pair
of private space. In (85), the phrase to be equal is a direct object in the sentence.
The word to in to be equal represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information
that the proof by BEAM should be equal or better. In (86), the phrase to launch is
a direct object. The phrase to launch gets the action of the verb hopes. The word
to in to launch represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the launching of
the B330s is the hope of the company.
The second form is to + NP, which shows a function as the direct object.
It can be seen in the sentence below.
(87) It doesn‘t lend itself to Uber, it‘s crap on a Costco run and in today‘s
truck-crazy culture, it's so low that the driver can't see anything but the
bumpers of the SUVs around them. [T.6]
In (87), the phrase to Uber is a direct object in the sentence. It means the
Uber does not pay itself. The word to in to Uber shows a direction to a place
which share information that the destination of the subject is Uber.
v. The Use of to as Modifier of an Adjective
The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adjective. There are
some forms that function as a modifier of an adjective. The forms of to here is
modifying the adjective.
The first form is to + V, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(88) But parents are supposedly able to request blocking of any keywords and
sites they deem inappropriate. [T.2]
(89) People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a
drawing of the human anatomy and remove the skeleton to study. [T.5]
(90) We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the
Macintosh and 100 times more powerful. [T.5]
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In (88), the phrase to request shows a function as a modifier of an
adjective. The adjective phrase supposedly able is modified by the phrase to
request. The word to in to request represents the meaning of purpose. It means
that the parents has the authorities to block the illegal content by blocking
keywords and sites. In (89), the phrase to reach has a function as a modifier of an
adjective in the sentence. The phrase to reach modifies the adjective able. The
word to in to reach represents the meaning of purpose. It means that people can
reach something by new inovation. In (90), the phrase to use shows a function as a
modifier of an adjective. The adjective phrase 100 times easier is modified by the
phrase to use. The word to in to use represents the meaning of purpose. It means
that the new tech is more helpful and easy to use that the old one.
The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It
can be seen in the sentence below.
(91) Porsche‘s baby SUV, the Macan, puts up specs similar to those of the
brand's famous 911 from 10 years or 15 years ago. [T.6]
In (91), the phrase to those of the brand's famous is a modifier of an
adjective similar. The word to in to those of the brand's famous represents the
meaning of relating to or ―with‖. It means that the specs discussed in the sentence
is similar to the famous brand.
The last form is to + Phrasal verb,which shows as a modifier of an
adjective. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(92) The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the
smartphone industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult
to come up with new ideas nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized
mobile computing with the iPhone's debut. [T.4]
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In (92), the phrase to come up modifies the adjective phrase more
difficult. The word to in to come up represents the meaning of purpose. It means
that condition of the market makes a dificulty to start new idea.
vi. The Use of to as a Complementary Infinitive
The forms of to also can function as a complementary infinitive. The
forms of to here is in the form of infinitive and it can not be omitted. The word to
in this form is one gramamtical unit because some modal auxiliaries such as be
going to, have to, etc usually followed by an infinitive. There is the form of to +
V, that functions as complementary infinitive.
(93) Augmented reality is going to have a lot more practical applications
simply because there are a lot more people out there who interact with
things in the real world. [T.5]
(94) We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the
Macintosh and 100 times more powerful. [T.5]
(95) And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. [T.6]
(96) Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart
pedigree isn‘t going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang. [T.6]
(97) It's not going to go bang. [T.7]
In (93), the phrase to have is a complementary infinitive. The phrase is
going to have indicates futurity that has same meaning with will have. The word
to in to have represents the meaning of a purpose. In (94), the phrase to build is a
complementary infinitive. The phrase is going to build has similar meaning with
will build. It is because the phrase is going to is similar to will. The word to in to
build represents the meaning of a purpose. In (95), the phrase to say comes as the
complementary infinitive. It is because the phrase to say can not be seperated with
the main verb is. The word to in to say represents the meaning of a purpose. It
means that the action of the verb is is to say something. In (96) and (97), phrases
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to consider and to go are a complementary infinitive. The phrase to consider has
same meaning with will not consider and the phrase is not going to go has same
meaning to will not go. The word to in to consider and to go represents the
meaning of a purpose. For (93), (94), (96), and (97), all pharses show a futurity.
vii. The Use of to as a Modifier of an Adverb
The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adverb. There are
two forms that show a function as a modifier of an adverb. The forms here is
modifiying the adverb in the sentence.
The first form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of an adverb. It can
be seen in sentences below.
(98) Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something
already available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches
running on Android Wear. [T.4]
In (98), the phrase to notifications modifies the adverb directly. The word
to in to notifications represents the meaning of direction to something. It means
that Android N helps the user to answer the message by the notification directly.
The second form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as a modifier of an
adverb. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(99) Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away
Android to device makers. [T.4]
In (99), the phrase to give away shows a function as a modifier of an
adverb. There is the verb choose that has a modifier instead, which is an adverb
that has a meaning in place of something or someone. The phrase to give away is
modifying the adverb instead that refers to the device makers, while the word to
in to give away refers to a purpose.
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viii. The Use of the forms of to as a Verb
The forms of to can function as a verb in the sentence. There is a form
that function as verb. The form is modals, which show as a verb in the sentence. It
can be seen in the sentence below.
(100) They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive
a lot better. [T.6]
In (100), the phrase used to is role as verb of the sentence. The subject
they has to do in an action to avoid repeating the same activities. The word to in
used to is one grammatical unit so it can not be omitted.
ix. The Use of to as Object of Preposition
The forms of to also function as an object of the preposition in the
sentence. There is a form that function as an object of the preposition. The form is
to + NP, which shows as an object of the preposition can be seen in the sentence
below.
(101) Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized
disruption in the heart of the market for luxurious speed machines. [T.6]
In (101), the phrase to 90,000 vehicles is an object of the prepositional
phrase up. The word to in to 90,000 vehicles represents the meaning of measure.
The phrase to 90,000 vehicles explains the preposition up by giving more detail
information about the amount of vehicles that wants to deliver.
x. The Use of to as Independent Infinitive
The forms of to also can stand as an idependent infinitive. The form of to
+ phrasal verb here shows a function as an independent infinitive. It can be seen in
the sentence below.
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(102) To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that
she was the mother of both children, the report said. [T.3]
In (102), the phrase to rule out stands as an independent infinitive. The
clause to rule out a hospital mix- up can stand alone and has complete meaning.
The word to in to rule out represents the meaning of reason. The sentence (110)
tells that ruling out is the reason of hospital mix-up.
B. The Style of Politics and Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post
The style of politics and technology articles will be observed in two
parts. First is comparing the distribution of to in the article. Second is identifying
the meaning of to in every sentence.
1. Comparing the Distribution of to in Politics and Technology Articles
The analysis of the distribution of to is divided in two parts, which are
indentifying the forms of to and identifiying the function of the form of to. To
identify the style of politics and technology articles, the writer divides the analysis
into two parts, which are comparing the form of to and comparing the functions of
the form of to.
a. Comparing the Form of to
The result of the analysis about the forms of to in politics and technology
articles shows that there are eight forms of to, which are to + verb, to + noun
phrase, to + verb –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition,
modals, and collocation. Based on those eight forms, the style of news articles
will be observed by identifying the similarity and difference of the forms of to
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between politics and technology articles. Table 4.5 shows the comparison of the
form of to that appears in politics and technology articles.
Table 4.5 The Comparison of the Form of to in Politics and Technology
Articles
No. Forms of to Politics Tecnology
Amount % Amount %
1. to + verb 65 60 % 50 52.08 %
2. to + noun phrase 26 24 % 33 34.38 %
3. to + verb –ing 4 3.7 % 1 1.04 %
4. to + phrasal verb 4 3.7 % 4 4.17%
5. phrasal verb 1 1 % - -
6. phrasal preposition 2 2 % 6 6.25 %
7. modals 1 1 % 1 1.04 %
8. collocation 5 4.6 % 1 1.04 %
Total 108 100% 96 100%
Table 4.5 shows the forms of to in each articles, which is politics articles
have eight forms of to and technology articles have seven forms of to. Between
politics and technology articles shows similar forms of to. Based on table 4.5, the
writer finds some similarities and some differences style between politics and
technology articles.
There are three similarities of the form of to found in politics and
technology articles. The first similarity of the forms of to is the form of to + verb
becoming the most frequent form. Politics articles have 60%, while technology
articles have 52,08%. The domination of the form to + verb shows that both
articles have a lot of nonfinite verb, which has no inflection to indicate person or
number, such as visit, study, remain, infuse, reach, build, etc.
The second similarity of the forms of to is the form of to + NP which
appears in second place. The form of to + NP is also dominant in both articles.
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Politics articles have 24%, while technology articles have 34,38%. The
domination of the form to + NP in both articles also brings a reason. Crystal says
that news reportage must be accurate and the linguistic feature of the news must
relate to WH-questions (1995: 382). The existence of the form to + NP answers
readers‘ question in WH-questions espesially when, where and how. The third
similarity of the forms of to is the form of to as modals and to + phrasal verb.
Politics articles and technology articles have one modal form and four to + phrasal
verb forms.
The comparison of the forms of to between politics and technology
articles also shows the difference. There are four differences in politics and
technology articles. The first difference of the forms of to is the existance of the
form to + V –ing in each article. Politics articles have 3,7%, while technology
articles have 1,04%. The second difference of the forms of to is the existance of
the prepositon to as phrasal preposition in each article. Politics articles have 2%,
while technology articles have 6,25%. The third difference of the forms of to is
the existance of to as collocation each article. Politics articles have 4,6%, while
technology articles have 1,04%.
The last difference of the forms of to between politics and technology
articles is the existence of to as part of phrasal verb. Politics articles have forms of
phrasal verb, while technology articles do not. There is review about the
distribution of to as the phrasal verb in politics articles.
(103) The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was
signed in 1984 and came into the force in 1987 following ratification by
all of its first 20 state parties. [P.5]
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In (103), the phrase referred to here shows the form of to as a phrasal
verb. Quirk says that the meaning of a phrasal verb can not be predicted from the
meaning of the verb and particle in isolation (1973: 348). In (103), the phrase
referred to is a phrasal verb because the meaning of the phrase is changed from
the individual word. If the writer separates the phrase referred to becoming refer,
which has meaning connected to someone or something, and to, which shows a
direction, so each word has each meaning. In (103), the phrase referred to is a
phrasal verb because the meaning in the sentence is different pragmatically with
the individual meaning.
Based on the forms composed by to, politics articles is more creative in
applying the variation of verb by using to as a part of phrasal verb rather than
technology articles. Phrasal verb is a combination of words, verb and particle,
showing the variation in applying verb in English sentence (McCharty, 2004: 6).
b. Comparing the Functions of the Form of to
To find the style of politics and technology articles, the writer also
compares the function of the forms of to between politics and technology articles.
The forms of to that is already observed has its function based on its position in
the sentence. There are some functions of the form to that could appear in politics
and technology articles, which are a subject, a subject complement, a verb, a
direct object, an appositive, an objective complement, a modifier of a noun, a
modifier of a verb, a modifier of an adjective, a modifier of an adverb, an object
of preposition, the complementary infinitive, and an infinitive used independently.
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After doing an analysis about the function of the form of to in politics
and technology articles, the result can be seen in the table below.
Table 4.6 The Comparison of the Functions of Form to in Politics and
Technology Articles
No. Forms of to Politics Tecnology
Amount % Amount %
1. the subject of a sentence - - - -
2. the subjective complement 1 0.9 % - -
3. the verb of a sentence 6 5.6 % 1 1.1 %
4. the direct object - - 7 7.3 %
5. an appositive 2 1.9 % 8 8.3 %
6. the objective complement 4 3.7 % - -
7. a modifier of a noun 61 56.4 % 35 36.4 %
8. a modifier of a verb 21 19.4 % 31 32.2 %
9. a modifier of an adjective 3 2.8 % 5 5.2 %
10. a modifier of an adverb 3 2.8 % 2 2.1 %
11. the object of preposition 6 5.6 % 1 1.1 %
12. the complementary infinitive - - 5 5.2%
13. infinitive used independently 1 0.9 % 1 1.1 %
Total 108 100% 96 100%
According to table 4.6, the function of the forms of to in politics and
technology articles is a little bit similar. Both articles have ten functions. Based on
table 4.6, there are five similarities in politics and technology articles. The first
similarity between politics and technology articles is in the use of to as a modifier
of a noun, which looks dominant. Politics articles have 56,4% while technology
articles have 36,4%. Phrases formed by to have the function as a modifier of a
noun in sentences of both articles. It can be said that there are several nouns that
need more explanation. There are some nouns as a modified that need more
explanation such as budget, decision, government, attention, plan, effort, party,
commitment, diplomatic, campaign, petition, action, bill, public, dialogue, society,
youngster, atrocities, human right, illegal, right, policies, rules, etc. All of the
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nouns mentioned above are nouns usually used in political discourse. Politics
articles also use some proper noun such as Belgium, Brussels, Agus, Minister
Luhut Pandjaitan, United Development Party (PPP), Djan, etc. In technology
articles, the writer has also found some nouns such as potential, users, software,
consumers, Android, opportunity, companion, tendency, headset, computers, etc.
Those nouns are common nouns that are usually used in the technology term to
tell about an invention. It can be said that politics and technology articles have
different terminologies that are only used in each issue which the terminology
needs more explanation to help the reader understanding.
The second similarity is the existence of the use of to as a modifier of a
verb. Politics articles have 19,4% while technology articles have 32,2%.
Functions as a modifier of a noun and a modifier of a verb are dominant in both
articles. The third similarity is the existence of the use of to as a modifier of an
adverb, which both articles have three forms showing the function as a modifier of
an adverb. The last similarity is the exixtence of the use of to as an independent
infinitive, which there is one form showing the function as an independent
infinitive.
Based on table 4.6, there are three differences between politics and
technology articles. The first difference is the existence of the use of to as a verb
of the sentence, an appositive, a modifier of an adjective, a modifier of an adverb
and an object of preposition. Those functions appear in both articles but have
difference occurence. The use of to as a verb in politics articles have six forms
while technology articles have one form. The use of to as an appositive in politics
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articles have two forms while technology articles have eight forms. The use of to
as a modifier of an adjective in politics articles have three forms while technology
articles have five forms. The use of to as a modifier of an adverb in politics
articles have three forms while technology articles have two forms. The use of to
as an object of preposition in politics articles have five forms while technology
articles have one form.
The second difference is the existence of the use of to as a direct object
and a complementary infinitive. Both functions appear in technology articles, but
they do not appear in politics articles. There is a review about the use of to as a
direct object and a complementary infinitive in technology articles.
(104) The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and
other features, giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital
ads that generate most of its revenue. [T.4]
In (105), the phrase to highlight is a direct object of the sentence. The
phrase to highlight get the action of the verb is designed. The verb design is a
transitive verb meaning that the verb design needs an object. It can be said that
the action of highlighting the apps become the reason of the new design of the
softwere.
(105) It's not going to go bang. [T.7]
In (106), the phrase to go is a complementary infinitive. The phrase to
consider has same meaning with will not consider and the phrase is not going to
go has the same meaning to will not go. The phrase is not going to go show a
futurity. The phrase to go also can not be ommited in the sentence because it will
reduce the information.
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According to the review above, sentences which are formed in
technology articles contain more transitive verb. Quirk says that direct object is a
noun phrase or clauses with nominal functions and normally follows the subject
and the verb phrase (1983: 170). Quirk also adds that the most typical function of
the direct object is the affected participant, a participant which does not cause the
happening denoted by the verb but is directly involved (1983: 171). From Quirk‘s
statement above, it can be said that transitive verb is a verb that requires a receiver
for the action which it expresses or the direct object is the object that receives the
action of the verb. There are some transitive verb showing in technology articles
such as design, lend, continue, hope, proof, launch, etc. The existence of the use
of to as the direct object shows the variation of the verb used in sentences.
In technology articles also have found the use of auxiliary verb that
indicates the future tenses. Harman and House state that an auxiliary verb is a
verb form which assists in the formation of vioce, tence, mood, etc of other verbs
(1950: 96). Look at example (106), modal phrase is going to shows the future
tense. The infinitive verb go in the phrase is not going to go can be replaced with
will not go. It can be said that the existence of the complementary infinitive in
technology articles in order to show the future to indicate the new development
and inprovement of technology.
The third difference is the existence of the use of to as a subject
complement and an object complement. Politics articles have the form of to used
as a subject complement and an object complement while technology articles do
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not. There is the review about the use of to as a subject complement and an object
complement in politic articles.
(106) Filling a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected
to the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for
women last year. [P.4]
In (107), the phrase to be pointless is as a subject complement. The
phrase to be pointless modifies the subject filling a petition to the MK. It gives
information that the petition is something pointless.
(107) While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows
sooner rather than later, the government has told them to take things
slowly. [P.4]
In (108), the phrase to take has a function as an object complement. The
pharse to take becomes the objective complement of the object them that refer to
parents. It means that the government asks parent to have marriage earlier.
According to the review above, the existence of the subject comlement
and the object complement in politics articles can be the distinctive features
between politics and technology articles. If technology articles use a lot of
transitive verb and some auxiliaries especialy modal auxiliary to indicate future of
the technology, it is different with politics articles that use the subject complement
as the attribute of the subject and the object comlement as the attribute of the
object.
Quirk says that the role of the subject complement is that of attribute of
the subject whether a current or existing attribute or one resulting from the event
described by the verb, while the role of the object complement is that of attribute
of the object, either a current or resulting attribute (1983: 171). Quirk‘s statement
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supports the findings that politics articles prefer to give more detail information to
the subject and the object to help the reader understanding about the issues. Look
at example (107) above, the subject filling a petition to the MK is modified by the
phrase to be pointless to help the reader that in (107) the reader can get some
information, which are the government has a petition and the petition does not
give any change to society.
Looking at example (108), the phrase to take is modifier the object them.
The phrase to take indicates the action that the object them, refers to the parents,
have to do. In (107) and (108), the information can not be omitted because it will
reduce the point or the message. Crystal says that the notion of political language
is confrontation. When two people of different political persuations confront each
other, there is more at stake than grasping the immediate meaning of the words
they use (1995: 378). It can be said that it is important in politics articles to
empasize the subject or doer and the object or receiver.
2. The Meaning of to in the Sentence.
The style of politics and technology articles is identified by seeing the
meaning of to in every sentence. According to the analysis about the forms of to
and the functions of the forms of to above, the word to in politics and technology
articles shows similar meaning. The word to in politics and technology articles
represents about direction, purpose, measure, and reason. Table 4.7 shows that the
meaning of the word to in politics and technology articles is similar.
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Table 4.7 The Meaning of to in Politics and Technology Articles
No. Meaning of to Politics Articles Technology Articles
1
Direction:
a. Place 9 10
c. Someone 3 6
d. Something 7 13
e. Time 2 2
2 Purpose 68 49
3 Measure 4 4
4 Reason 15 12
Total 108 96
The word to tells about direction appearing in four different destinations
or goals. The first is direction to a place, which the destination is a place or name
of country. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(109) Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would
submit the revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of
whether the House passed the tax amnesty bill. [P.1]
(110) It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming
to market. [T.6]
In (109) and (110), the word to represents direction to a place. In (109),
the destination is the House, while in (110), the destination is market.
The second is direction to someone, which the goal is people. It can be
seen in the sentence below.
(111) ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the
nation,‖ said Kalla as quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing
ceremony on Sunday. [P.7]
In (111), the word to represents direction to someone. The goal is a
person called Pak Djan.
The third is direction to something, which the goal is a thing, web
address, or the other. It can be seen below.
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(112) Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage,
free sex and to drugs. [P.4]
(113) Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished,
according to Edmunds.com [T.6]
In (112) and (113), the word to represents direction to something. In
(112), the goal is an idea about child marriage and drugs, while in (113), the goal
is web address, Edmunds.com.
The last is direction to the certain time, which the subject or the object
refer to a specific time.
(114) Challenging the ideas from proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, who
believed that capitalism would bring wealth to all over time. [P.6]
(115) But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because
it's designed as a seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an
escape into the artificial dimensions conjured by VR, which so far
revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips. [T.5]
In (114) and (115), the word to represents the meaning of direction to
time. In (114), the phrase to all over time tells about time. In (115), the phrase to
everyday also indicates time.
The word to appears as a purpose. It means that the word to emphasizes
something. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(116) Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that
mutual respect and restraint were key to maintaining peace and security
in the South China Sea area. [P.3]
(117) Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911
experience in the SUV. [T.6]
In (116) and (117), the word to represents the meaning of purpose. The
word to connects the modified and the modifier. In (116), the word key is explined
by maintaining peace and security, while in (117), the word way is explained by
creating the authentic 911.
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The word to also shows a measure or range. It can be seen in the sentence
below.
(118) According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women
was 18.6 years, women who married before they turned 18 generally had
partners who were six to eight years older than them. [P.4]
(119) When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to
three results that appear are safe websites written specifically for
children, which were handpicked and checked by Kiddle editors. [T.2]
In (118) and (119), the word to represents the meaning of measure. The
word to connects two things. In (118), to connects the word six and eight, while in
(119), to connects first and three.
The last is to representing a reason. It can be seen in the sentence below.
(120) The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as
some factions said they needed more time to study the bill. [P.1]
(121) People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a
drawing of the human anatomy and remove the skeleton to study. [T.5]
The word to in (120) and (121) tells about a reason. In (120), studying
the bill is the reason why needs more time. In (121), studying is the reason why
removes the skeleton. After analyzing all sentences in politics and technology
articles, it can be concluded that the word to has similar meaning, which are
direction, purpose, measure, and reason. The word to does not show the difference
between politics and technology articles.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After analyzing the use of to in politics articles and technology articles of
The Jakarta Post, the writer would like to sum up the result in this chapter. There
are two questions which are answered in this study. The first is about the
distribution of to in sentences of politics and technology articles. The second is
about the style of both articles based on the distribution of to. These questions are
directly answered in this part.
Analyzing the distribution of to is divided in two parts, the forms of to
and the function of the forms of to. In the politics articles, there are eight forms of
to found in 108 sentences, which are to + verb, to + noun phrase, to + verb –ing,
to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals, and collocation. The
percentage of the forms is as follows: to + verb is 65 of the data or 60%, to + noun
phrase is 26 of the data or 24%, to + verb –ing is 4 of the data or 3,7%, to +
phrasal verb is 4 of the data or 3,7%, phrasal verb is 1 of the data or 1%, phrasal
preposition is 2 of the data or 2%, modals is 1 of the data or 1%, and collocation is
5 of the data or 4,6%.
According to the forms of to in politics articles, there are ten functions of
the forms composed by to. The first function is as a modifier of a noun about 61
of the data or 56,4%, which are to + verb is 38 of the data, to + NP is 18 of the
data, to + V –ing is 3 of the data, to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data, and phrasal
preposition is 1 of the data. The second function is as a modifier of a verb about
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21 of the data or 19,4%, which are to + verb is 19 of the data and to + NP is 3 of
the data. The third function is as a verb of the sentence or predicator about 6 of the
data or 5,6%, which are collocation is 5 of the data and modal is 1 of the data. The
fourth function is as an objective complement about 6 of the data or 5,6%, which
are to + verb is 4 of the data and to + NP is 2 of the data. The fifth function is as
the subjective complement about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which are to + NP is 2 of
the data and to + verb is 1 of the data. The sixth function is as a modifier of an
adjective about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which are to + verb is 1 of the data, to + V –
ing is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data.
The seventh function is as an object of preposition about 6 of the data or
4,6%, which are to + verb is 5 of the data and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data.
The eighth function is as an appositive about 2 of the data or 1,9%, which are
phrasal verb is 1 of the data and phrasal preposition is 1 of the data. The ninth
function is as a modifier of an adverb about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which the form
is to + NP. The tenth function is as the complementary infinitive about 1 of the
data or 0,9%, which the form is to + phrasal verb.
In the technology articles, there are seven forms of to in 96 sentences,
which are to + verb, to + noun phrase, to + verb –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal
preposition, modals, and collocation. The percentage of the form is as follows: to
+ verb is 50 of the data or 52,08%, to + noun phrase is 33 of the data or 34,38%,
to + verb –ing is 1 of the data or 1.04%, to + phrasal verb is 4 of the data or
4,17%, phrasal preposition is 6 of the data or 6,25%, modal is 1 of the data or
1,04%, and collocation is 1 of the data or 1,04%.
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According to the form of to in technology articles, there are ten functions
of to. The first function is as a modifier of noun about 35 of the data or 36,4%,
which are to + verb is 19 of the data, to + NP is 14 of the data, to + phrasal verb is
1 of the data, and phrasal preposition is 1 of the data. The second function is as a
modifier of a verb about 31 of the data or 32,2%, which are to + verb is 15 of the
data, to + NP is 14 of the data, to + V –ing is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is
1 of the data. The third function is as an appositive about 8 of the data or 8,3%,
which are phrasal preposition is 5 of the data, to + verb is 1 of the data, and to +
NP is 2 of the data. The fourth function is as the direct object about 7 of the data
or 7,3%, which are to + verb is 6 of the data and to + NP is 1 of the data. The fifth
function is as a modifier of an adjective about 5 of the data or 5,2%, which are to
+ verb is 3 of the data, to + NP is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the
data. The sixth function is as the complementary infinitive about 5 of the data or
5,2%, which the form is to + verb.
The seventh function is as a modifier of an adverb about 2 of the data or
2,1%, which are to + NP is 1 of the data and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data. The
eighth function is as the predicator or verb in the sentence about 1 of the data or
1,05%, which the form is modal. The ninth function is as the object of preposition
about 1 of the data or 1,05%, which the form is to + phrasal verb. The tenth
function is as the independent infinitive about 1 of the data or 1,05%, which the
form is to + phrasal verb.
The second problem formulation is answered in three points. The first
points is that the meaning of the word to in politics and technology articles is
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similar. Both articles show that the word to in the sentence tells or represents the
meaning of direction, purpose, measure, and reason based on the context of the
sentence.
The second point, there are two similarities between politics and
technology articles. The first similatiry is the domination of the form to + V and to
+ NP. The domination between the form to + V shows that both articles used
various nonfinite verb and the form to + NP shows that both articles used a lot of
prepositional phrases to describe the information. Basically news articles should
provide what, when, where, why, who, and how about information of the story.
The use of to as to + V and to + NP share information about WH –questions for
each issue.
The second similarity is the domination of the forms of to as the modifier
of a noun. The functions of the forms of to as a modifier of the noun shares
information that politics and technology articles have the different pattern in the
use of the noun. Politics articles uses a lot of proper noun in every aericle showing
politics has nouns that need a of explanation rather than technology articles that
only use common noun.
The third point is that there are three differences between politics and
technology articles. The first difference is that politics articles have eight forms of
to, while technology articles have seven forms of to. The existence of the phrasal
verb in politics articles make both articles distinctive. The existence of the phrasal
veb form make the conclusion that politics articles have more various forms rather
than technology articles.
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The second difference is the functions of the forms of to as a direct object
and a complementary infinitive that only appear in technology articles. The
existence of the form to as a direct object shares that technology articles have a lot
variation of the use of transitive verb in every sentence. The existence of the form
to as a complementary infinitive shows that the technology articles emphasize the
future tense to tell the new invantion.
The third difference is the functions of the forms of to as a subject
complement and object complement in politics articles. In politics articles, the
writer found that politics articles more emphasize in the detail of the subject and
object to give more information about the issue. Technology articles focus on the
verb phrase, while politics articles more focus on the noun phrase.
Based on the similarity and difference of both articles above, it can be
conclude that the use of to in politics and technology articles shows that the style
of both articles is to discribe the idea in each issues. It can be seen from every
form composed by to, the function of to and also the meaning of to.
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Leedy, Paul D. and Jeanne Ellis Ormrod. Practical Research: Planning and
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Liedtke, Michael. ―Augmented reality mapping out tech's next mind-bending
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reality-mapping-out-techs-next-mind-bending-trip). October 10, 2017
Liedtke, Michael. ―Google provides early peek at next Android operating
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
99
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Sianipar, Maya Elfrida. The Functions, Positions and Meanings of For and To
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Verdonk, Peter. Stylistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Widyastuty, Elisa. A Study on English Preposition In in Newsweek headline News
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―Autodesk expands market niche in Indonesia.‖ The Jakarta Post. April 11, 2016.
(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/12/autodesk-expands-
market-niche-indonesia.html). October 10, 2017
―Biznet eyes Kediri for network expansion.‖ The Jakarta Post. March 7, 2016.
(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/12/autodesk-expands-
market-niche-indonesia.html). October 10, 2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
100
―DNA test shows Vietnam twins had different fathers.‖ The Jakarta Post. March
10, 2016. (http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/03/10/dna-test-shows-
vietnam-twins-had-different-fathers-.html). October 10, 2017
―Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage.‖ The Jakarta Post. April 5, 2016. ( http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/05/govt-tells-teenagers-not-
rush-marriage.html). October 10, 2017
―Indonesia issues travel advisory for Belgium.‖ The Jakarta Post. March 24,
2016.(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/24/indonesia-issues-
travel-advisory-belgium.html). October 10, 2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
101
Appendix 1: The Distribution and the Meaning of the word to in Politic Articles
No Sentence Form Function Meaning
House promises to pass tax amnesty bill [P.1]
1
Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would submit the
revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of whether the House passed
the tax amnesty bill.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
2 The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as some factions said
they needed more time to study the bill.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
Indonesia issues travel advisory for Belgium [P.2]
3
The government has issued a travel warning for Indonesian citizens planning to visit
Belgium amid the tense security situation in Brussels following bomb attacks in the
country's capital.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
4
The minister said the government issued the travel advice after recent terror attacks in
several locations in Brussels, followed by the Belgian government's decision to increase
the country's security alert level.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
5
In the travel advisory, the government calls on all Indonesian citizens currently in
Belgium, especially Brussels, to remain vigilant and avoid places with high risk of
becoming a terror target.
To +
V OC Reason
6 Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives of local
authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to their surroundings.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
7 Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives of local
authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to their surroundings.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
8 The government has also urged all Indonesian citizens who plan to visit Brussels to
consider the importance of their travel and, if possible, postpone their departure.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
9 The government has also urged all Indonesian citizens who plan to visit Brussels to
consider the importance of their travel and, if possible, postpone their departure.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
102
10 Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government says, should first
seek comprehensive information about the security situation in their destination.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
11 Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government says, should first
seek comprehensive information about the security situation in their destination.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
Indonesia urges all parties to maintain security in South China Sea [P.3]
12 Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to make a
concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South China Sea area.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
13 Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to make a
concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South China Sea area.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
14
Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all parties to maintain peace and security in the
South China Sea area in a bid to prevent the ongoing territorial disputes from expanding
further into an open conflict.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
15
The Vice President further said that if the South China Sea territorial disputes were
allowed to continue, the possible resulting open conflict would have negative economic
impacts, which would in turn inflict losses on all parties in the region.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
16 Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that mutual respect and
restraint were key to maintaining peace and security in the South China Sea area.
To +
V –
ing
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
17 I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution through a diplomatic
and political process.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
18 I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution through a diplomatic
and political process.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
19
―I also call on all countries to respect international law principles as stipulated in the
UNCLOS [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 1982,‖ he said as quoted by
Antara news agency.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
20
The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the Chinese government
to protest suspected territorial violations committed by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV
Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
21 The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the Chinese government To + OP Reason
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
103
to protest suspected territorial violations committed by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV
Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands.
V
22 Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with law enforcement
efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and continental shelf areas.
To +
PV OP Purpose
Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage [P.4]
23 Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage. To +
V
A modifier
of an
adverb
Purpose
24 While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows sooner rather than
later, the government has told them to take things slowly.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
25 While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows sooner rather than
later, the government has told them to take things slowly.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
26 While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows sooner rather than
later, the government has told them to take things slowly.
To +
V OC Purpose
27
The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) launched a campaign to
discourage marriage among teenagers on Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38
percent annual population growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019
target.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
28
The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) launched a campaign to
discourage marriage among teenagers on Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38
percent annual population growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019
target.
To +
V OP Purpose
29
In an improvement to the previous program that encouraged youngsters to avoid
premarital sex and narcotics, the new program, titled Generasi Berencana (GenRe) or A
Generation with Plans, will also disseminate information on the risks of child marriage for
youths aged from 10 to 24 years old.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
30
In an improvement to the previous program that encouraged youngsters to avoid
premarital sex and narcotics, the new program, titled Generasi Berencana (GenRe) or A
Generation with Plans, will also disseminate information on the risks of child marriage for
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
104
youths aged from 10 to 24 years old.
31
In an improvement to the previous program that encouraged youngsters to avoid
premarital sex and narcotics, the new program, titled Generasi Berencana (GenRe) or A
Generation with Plans, will also disseminate information on the risks of child marriage for
youths aged from 10 to 24 years old.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Range
32 The agency is also planning to counsel families, schools and universities about the
importance of avoiding early marriage, given its severe impact on young women.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
33 The previous program in 2012, proved to be fruitless in decreasing child marriage rates. To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
34 Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage, free sex and to
drugs.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
35 Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage, free sex and to
drugs.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
36 Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage, free sex and to
drugs.
To +
NP
A modifier
of adverb Purpose
37 Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage, free sex and to
drugs.
To +
NP
A modifier
of adverb Purpose
38
A report published in November by international children‘s rights organization Plan
International revealed that Indonesia continued to have a high rate of child marriage due
to long-standing community support for such practices.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
39
A report published in November by international children‘s rights organization Plan
International revealed that Indonesia continued to have a high rate of child marriage due
to long-standing community support for such practices.
PP A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
40
According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women was 18.6 years,
women who married before they turned 18 generally had partners who were six to eight
years older than them.
PP An
appositive
Direction
to
something
41
According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women was 18.6 years,
women who married before they turned 18 generally had partners who were six to eight
years older than them.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb Range
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
105
42 Up to 76 percent of Indonesian respondents said that those who married prior to 18
married for love, not economic dependence.
To +
NP OP Range
43 Up to 76 percent of Indonesian respondents said that those who married prior to 18
married for love, not economic dependence.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Range
44 The report also claims that survey participants with a relatively high income had been
more inclined to report a higher age for first marriages than those with a low income.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
45 A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting embroiled in
squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally ready to face married life.
To +
V
A modifier
of an
adjective
Purpose
46 A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting embroiled in
squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally ready to face married life.
To +
V –
ing
A modifier
of an
adjective
Purpose
47 A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting embroiled in
squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally ready to face married life.
To +
V
A modifier
of an
adjective
Purpose
48
Surya said decentralization and regional autonomy had contributed to setbacks in family
planning, resulting in a population that reached over 255 million, the fourth largest in the
world.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
49
Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria Ulfa Anshor
said that a thorough education was the primary key to resolving the child marriage
problem.
To +
V –
ing
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
50 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to
increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Diection
to place
51 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to
increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year.
To +
V SC Purpose
52 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to
increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year.
Collo
cation Verb
Direction
to
something
53 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to To + A modifier Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
106
increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year. V of a noun
Government opens new routes to resolving rights abuses [P.5]
54 Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses.
To +
V –
ing
A modifier
of a noun Reason
55 Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human rights abuses, the
government has initiated several measure to mitigate rights violations.
To +
V OP Reason
56 Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human rights abuses, the
government has initiated several measure to mitigate rights violations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
57 Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human rights abuses, the
government has initiated several measure to mitigate rights violations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
58
The head of the ministry‘s law research and development center, Agus Anwar, said that it
was concentrating on the academic drafting of the bill before conveying it to the House of
the Representative for deliberation.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
59 We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide, in the bill,
because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
60 We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide, in the bill,
because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Reason
61
The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was signed in 1984 and came into
the force in 1987 following ratification by all of its first 20 state parties.
PV An
appositive Purpose
62 The government has also been criticized for falling to resolve past human rights abuses. To +
V OP Purpose
63
Rights activists have expressed skepticism about a recent plan by Coordinating Political,
Legal and Security affairs Minister Luhut Pandjaitan to hold a public dialogue to reveal
the truth about the past abuses.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
64
Rights activists have expressed skepticism about a recent plan by Coordinating Political,
Legal and Security affairs Minister Luhut Pandjaitan to hold a public dialogue to reveal
the truth about the past abuses.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
107
65
Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) research director
Puri Kencana Putri said a recent plegdge by the government to expedite he resolution of
16 severe past rights abuse cases showe how it had failed to address the enormity of
human rifgts issues by choosing methods that risked oversimplifying documented
violations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
66
Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) research director
Puri Kencana Putri said a recent plegdge by the government to expedite he resolution of
16 severe past rights abuse cases showe how it had failed to address the enormity of
human rifgts issues by choosing methods that risked oversimplifying documented
violations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
67 A shortcut for the government to say that all relevant stakeholers had been duly consulted. To +
V
A modifier
of noun Purpose
68
Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil society to come forth
with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to ensure that due judicial procedure was
observed.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
69
Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil society to come forth
with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to ensure that due judicial procedure was
observed.
Collo
cation Verb
Direction
to
something
70
Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil society to come forth
with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to ensure that due judicial procedure was
observed.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
71 ..... (Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to bring to court. To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
72 ..... (Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to bring to court. To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
73 Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to reveal the truth
surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the cases.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
74 Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to reveal the truth
surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the cases.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
108
75 Komnas HAM has declared to be gross violations of human rights. To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
76 We are still discussing the best way to resolve such cases, whether we solve them via a
judicial mechanism or a non- judicial one.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
Panama Papers, peril of inequality to democracy [P.6]
77 Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of individuals close to
autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib Razak and the king of Morocco.
Collo
cation Verb
Direction
to
someone
78 We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. To +
NP OC
Direction
to place
79 Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
80
But the most outrageous thing about the papers was that leaders in democratic societies
behave the same way autocrats do in deploying dubious and illegal means to amass
wealth.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
81
These political elites cynically champion democracy because it allows them the
opportunity to control government, but in private they pursue predatory means to get rich,
avoid taxation and financial regulations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
82
These political elites cynically champion democracy because it allows them the
opportunity to control government, but in private they pursue predatory means to get rich,
avoid taxation and financial regulations.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
83
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko was too busy looking for a utility bill to allow him
to create a holding company at the same time as hundreds of soldiers died in a fight
between government forces and pro-Moscow rebels in 2014.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
84
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko was too busy looking for a utility bill to allow him
to create a holding company at the same time as hundreds of soldiers died in a fight
between government forces and pro-Moscow rebels in 2014.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
85 This is a president who was elected with a promise to get tough on corruption. To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
109
86 In Iceland, former prime minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson was elected with a platform
to get tough on foreign creditors fo1llowing a `financial crisis in 2013.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
87 Brits have the right to be angry over Cameron senior‘s tax-avoiding actions because the
poor have suffered from his son‘s austerity measures.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
88
In Argentina, newly elected pro-business President Mauricio Macri, who vowed to fight
corruption during his campaign, took heat for running two offshore companies, none of
which he declared when he ran for president.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
89
In more ways than one, the Panama Papers‘ findings validate what French economist
Thomas Piketty said in his magisterial work Capital in the Twenty First Century, that
capitalism, if left unfettered, could give rise to powerful forces that could threaten
democracy.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
90 Challenging the ideas from proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, who believed that
capitalism would bring wealth to all over time.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to time
91 The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as the return on
capital will always exceed economic and income growth.
Collo
cation Verb Purpose
92
It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand in the economy,
distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the rich and transfers resources to the
poor through unemployment benefits and health care.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
93
It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand in the economy,
distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the rich and transfers resources to the
poor through unemployment benefits and health care.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
someone
94 Through a well-functioning democracy, workers and interest groups could propose
policies to ease inequality.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
95 But since the early 1980s, the rise of neoliberalism paved the way for the tearing down of
boundaries and barriers to the flow of goods and capital.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
96 The global financial markets have become too powerful for a single government to resist,
and soon political authorities and financiers joined forces to dismantle the welfare state.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
97 The global financial markets have become too powerful for a single government to resist, To + A modifier Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
110
and soon political authorities and financiers joined forces to dismantle the welfare state. V of a noun
98 The Panama Papers shows us that in most cases, it was officials themselves who
sabotaged rules to enrich themselves.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
99 The rise of Bernie Sanders, a self-avowed socialist in the US presidential primary, also
indicates a further shift to the left.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
100 In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would raise taxes especially
for the top 1 percent.
To +
PV Ind Inf Purpose
101
Our politics certainly has not experienced a shift to the left, but the election of President
Joko ―Jokowi‖ Widodo, an outsider of Indonesia‘s oligarchy, could be seen as voters‘
repudiation of the domination of the moneyed class, as represented by soldier-turned-
businessman Prabowo Subianto.
To +
NP OC
Direction
to
something
102 And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business people hiding their
wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to go after the tax-avoiding super-rich.
To +
PV
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
Kalla calls for PPP reconciliation [P.7]
103 Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all conflicting parties in the United Development
Party (PPP) to reconcile for the sake of the nation.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
104
Speaking on Sunday, the Vice President claimed to have met with Djan Faridz, chairman
of the PPP central executive board elected at a muktamar (national congress) in Jakarta in
November 2014.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
105 He said he had persuaded Djan to accept the results of the eighth muktamar, which was
held at the Pondok Gede Haj Dormitory in East Jakarta over the weekend.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
106 ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the nation,‖ said Kalla as
quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing ceremony on Sunday.
Collo
cation Verb
Direction
to
someone
107 He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt to the era's
ongoing changes. Modal Verb Purpose
108 He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt to the era's
ongoing changes.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to time
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
111
Appendix 2: The Distribution and the Meaning of the word to in Technology Articles
No Sentence Form Function Meaning
Biznet eyes Kediri for network expansion [T.1]
109
Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan Brimob Kediri and
featured a local band competition, festival booths and games with attractive prizes, in
addition to music performances.
PP An
appositive
Direction
to
something
110 "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge potential to
become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a press release on Saturday.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
Kiddle: Search engine for kids, with a twist [T.2]
111
When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to three results that
appear are safe websites written specifically for children, which were handpicked and
checked by Kiddle editors.
To +
NP
An
appositive Range
112 The next four to seven results are those that have content written in simple language, also
handpicked by the editors.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun Range
113 But parents are supposedly able to request blocking of any keywords and sites they deem
inappropriate.
To +
V
A modifier
of an
adjective
Purpose
DNA test shows Vietnam twins had different fathers [T.3]
114 Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client. To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
115 To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that she was the mother
of both children, the report said.
To +
PV Ind Inf Reason
116 Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet is not connected
to the tech giant.
Collo
cation
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
Google provides early peek at next Android operating system [T.4]
117 Google is previewing the next version of its Android operating system two months ahead
of schedule in an effort to get the upgraded software on more mobile devices.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
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112
118 Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something already
available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches running on Android Wear.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
119 Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something already
available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches running on Android Wear.
To +
NP
A modifier
of adverb
Direction
to place
120 Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by apps when the
device's screen turns off.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
121
The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device makers earlier
than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them more time to set up the new
software on their latest models.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
122
The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device makers earlier
than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them more time to set up the new
software on their latest models.
PP An
appositive
Direction
to
something
123
The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device makers earlier
than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them more time to set up the new
software on their latest models.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
124
The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device makers earlier
than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them more time to set up the new
software on their latest models.
To +
PV
A modifier
of a noun Reason
125
By the time phones running on the software hit the market this fall, Android N is expected
to eventually be named after a sweet food beginning with "n'' in the tradition of all the
previous versions that Google has made.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
126 Although other improvements could be added before the software is released to
consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to breaking any new ground.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to
something
127 Although other improvements could be added before the software is released to
consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to breaking any new ground.
To +
V –
ing
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
128 Both the split-screen and reply-to-notifications features, for instance, are already offered
in the operating system running Apple Inc.'s iPhone.
To +
NP
Modifier
of verb
Direction
to
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113
something
129
The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the smartphone
industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult to come up with new ideas
nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized mobile computing with the iPhone's debut.
To +
PV
A modifier
of an
adjective
Reason
130 The decline in innovation extends beyond the mobile software to the devices themselves,
reducing the incentive for consumers to buy new smartphones.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
131 The decline in innovation extends beyond the mobile software to the devices themselves,
reducing the incentive for consumers to buy new smartphones.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
132 Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away Android to device
makers.
To +
PV
A modifier
of adverb Reason
133 Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away Android to device
makers.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
someone
134
The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and other features,
giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital ads that generate most of its
revenue.
To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
135
The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and other features,
giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital ads that generate most of its
revenue.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
136 Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still running on versions of
the software that were released in 2013 and 2014, according to Google's tabulations. PP
An
appositive
Direction
to
something
Augmented reality mapping out tech's next mind-bending trip [T.5]
137
Virtual reality is a trip, but an even wilder ride could be around the corner as mind-
bending startups and technology trendsetters try to emblazon the world with interactive
holograms that enlighten, entertain and empower us.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
138 But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because it's designed as a
seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an escape into the artificial dimensions
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
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114
conjured by VR, which so far revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips.
139
But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because it's designed as a
seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an escape into the artificial dimensions
conjured by VR, which so far revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to time
140 Augmented reality is going to have a lot more practical applications simply because there
are a lot more people out there who interact with things in the real world.
To +
V CI Purpose
141 With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a headset are
meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real world.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
142 With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a headset are
meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real world.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
143 It has a lot in common with an amusement park ride, including the tendency to cause
nausea or dizziness if you wear a VR headset too long.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
144
Microsoft has just started shipping a $3,000 version of its augmented reality headset,
HoloLens, to a limited audience of computer programmers, while Alphabet Inc.'s Google
has been a key investor in the $1.3 billion that Magic Leap has raised during the past two
years.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
someone
145
Apple Inc. signaled its interest last year when it bought a startup called Metaio, spurring
speculation that the iPhone maker is exploring ways to infuse the project in its future
products.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
146
If Meta CEO Meron Gribetz realizes his vision, his company will spawn a new form of
computing that will be just as revolutionary as the graphical interface that enabled
personal computers to be controlled with a mouse and the touch-screen technology that
helped turn smartphones into indispensable utilities.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
147 People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a drawing of the human
anatomy and remove the skeleton to study.
To +
V
A modifier
of an
adjective
Reason
148 People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a drawing of the human
anatomy and remove the skeleton to study.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
149 Virtual reality is cool, but it's just a stepping stone to augmented reality. To + A modifier Purpose
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115
NP of a noun
150 We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the Macintosh and
100 times more powerful.
To +
V CI Purpose
151 We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the Macintosh and
100 times more powerful.
To +
V
A modifier
of an
adjective
Purpose
152 By next March, Gribetz plans to remove all computer screens from the company's offices
in Redwood City, California.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
153 Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even bigger buzz
given its ties to Google.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
154 In another scene, a pair of hands open to show a miniature elephant leaping into the air. To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
155 We are giving people a paintbrush to paint all the world. To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
156 He predicts a major breakthrough is still five to 10 years away. To +
NP
A modifier
of adverb Range
The Sports Car Is in Serious Trouble [T.6]
157 It doesn‘t lend itself to Uber, it‘s crap on a Costco run and in today‘s truck-crazy culture,
it's so low that the driver can't see anything but the bumpers of the SUVs around them.
To +
NP
Direct
object
Direction
to
something
158 And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. To +
V CI Purpose
159 There's the astronomical expense of purchasing one (plus keeping it running) and their
tendency to make a driver look a bit cheesy unless handled carefully.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
160 Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished, according to
Edmunds.com. PP
An
appositive
Direction
to
something
161 That's pretty impressive for a vehicle that requires backseat passengers to possess the
flexibility of a yogi.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
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116
162 Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart pedigree isn‘t
going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Reason
163 Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart pedigree isn‘t
going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang.
To +
V CI Purpose
164 Carmakers have gotten so good at their craft that performance is becoming a commodity
(to say nothing of fetching design and reliability).
To +
V
An
appositive Purpose
165 It gallops to 60 miles per hour in less than 5 seconds, faster than many Ferraris from the
1990s and just a hair slower than a contemporary Porsche Cayman.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb Range
166
According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000 Porsche Boxster
these days also consider the considerably cheaper Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential
Chevrolet Corvette customers kick the tires on a Mustang.
PP An
appositive
Direction
to
something
167 Masahiro Moro, chief executive officer of Mazda North America, concedes that the ranks
of customers who really love to drive are thinning.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
168 The X6 was the first to kind of say ‗We can be a sports car and a utility at the same time‘. PP A modifier
of a noun Purpose
169 It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming to market. To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
170 Now virtually every blue chip brand has something similar to the X6, including Jaguar
and Maserati.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
something
171 Porsche‘s baby SUV, the Macan, puts up specs similar to those of the brand's famous 911
from 10 years or 15 years ago.
To +
NP
A modifier
of an
adjective
Direction
to
something
172 Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911 experience in the SUV To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
173 Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need to wait around for
the controlled explosion of an internal combustion engine.
To +
PV
A modifier
of a verb Reason
174 Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized disruption in the
heart of the market for luxurious speed machines.
To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
117
175 Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized disruption in the
heart of the market for luxurious speed machines.
To +
NP OP Range
176 Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these speed pods just to
burnish their brands.
To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
177 Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these speed pods just to
burnish their brands.
To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
178 Lyman at TrueCar believes the real utility of these vehicles is to convey credibility in the
overall product line.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
179 I talk to a lot of people, and no one ever asks me what's the SUV with the most cargo
capacity; they ask about speed.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to
someone
180 In a way, the future of the sports car, like most things in the auto industry, comes down to
semantics.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to
something
181 They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive a lot better. Modal Verb Purpose
Space station getting inflatable room, a cosmic 1st [T.7]
182 It's a technology demo meant to pave the way for moon bases and Mars expeditions, as
well as orbiting outposts catering to scientists and tourists in just a few more years.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
183 It's a technology demo meant to pave the way for moon bases and Mars expeditions, as
well as orbiting outposts catering to scientists and tourists in just a few more years.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to
someone
184 Bigelow Aerospace is behind the experiment, which will get a ride to the International
Space Station with another private space company.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
185 An unmanned SpaceX Falcon rocket is set to launch late Friday afternoon, carrying a
capsule full of supplies with the pioneering pod in its trunk.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
186 Once attached to the station, the soft-sided Bigelow compartment will be inflated to the
size of a small bedroom.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
187 Once attached to the station, the soft-sided Bigelow compartment will be inflated to the
size of a small bedroom.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
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118
188 As a precursor to larger systems, Bigelow said BEAM could "change the entire dynamic
for human habitation" in space.
To +
NP
An
appositive
Direction
to
something
189 He hopes to have a pair of private space stations ready for launch by 2020. To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
190
In the meantime, companies— even countries — are clamoring to put their own
experiments inside the empty BEAM, Bigelow said in an interview with The Associated
Press on Thursday.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
191
The North Las Vegas-based company won't divulge the material used for BEAM's outer
layers — or even how many layers — just that the layers are spread out to absorb and
break up any penetrating bits of space junk.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
192 It never flew to space, despite elaborate blueprints and ground mock-ups. To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
193 NASA, meanwhile, paid Bigelow Aerospace $17.8 million for the upcoming test flight,
making the BEAM the most affordable module ever launched to the space station.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a verb
Direction
to place
194 Expandable habitats like BEAM, officials noted, need to be just as strong — or stronger
— than the standard metal cylinders that make up the current space station.
To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
195 BEAM has proven to be equal or better against space debris than metal, said NASA
project manager Rajib Dasgupta.
To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
196 Bigelow goes as far as to say: "The aluminum cans are antiquated." To +
V
A modifier
of a verb Purpose
197 Beyond low-Earth orbit, radiation poses increased health risks to crews living inside
aluminum walls.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to
someone
198 It's not going to go bang. To +
V CI Purpose
199 The space station's big robot arm will grab the structure and attach it to a berthing port. To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
200 Astronauts will venture inside four or so times a year to inspect surfaces, collect air and To + A modifier Purpose
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119
microbial samples, and change out sensors. V of a noun
201 The company hopes to launch two of the B330s around 2020, providing opportunities for
companies, schools, countries outside the space mainstream, and NASA, too, if it likes.
To +
V
Direct
object Purpose
202
NASA, meanwhile, imagines inflatable modules at Mars awaiting astronauts traveling in
the traditional Orion spacecraft that is hooked up with inflatable compartments to ease the
eight-month, one-way journey.
To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to time
203 It's an important piece to the human space exploration puzzle. To +
NP
A modifier
of a noun
Direction
to place
204 Regardless of where you go, you need a place to live and work. To +
V
A modifier
of a noun Purpose
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