core.ac.uk · 2018-03-24 · THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND TECHNOLOGY AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment

THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA

POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND

TECHNOLOGY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan

Student Number: 134214083

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA

POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND

TECHNOLOGY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degee of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan

Student Number: 134214083

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2018


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my gratefulness to God, for His blessing

along my life. I am so thankful for Him that He always accompanies and stands

beside me so I can finish my thesis.

I address my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents and my family for

the support when I write this thesis. I also thank my little brother who patiently

accompanies me to do consultations.

I am highly indebted to my advisor, Arina Isti‘anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., who

always gives her time, patience, understanding, guidence, and support along the

process of finishing my thesis. I would not forget all of her advice and guidence.

Additionally, I deliver my gratitude to my co-advisor, Fransisca Kristanti S.Pd.,

M.Hum., who gave me the detailed correction to improve my thesis before the

examination.

Finally, I will take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitute to all

my dearest friends for their support and care given to me. I love everything that

we have shared together in our journey in collage life.

Ireneus Arya Widiyarna Krisnawan.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE....................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE............................................................................................. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE....................................................................................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY...................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH. . vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATION............................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... xii

ABSTRAK............................................................................................................. xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study............................................................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation................................................................................... 3

C. Objective of the Study................................................................................. 3

D. Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................. 6

A. Review of Related Studies........................................................................... 6

B. Review of Related Theories......................................................................... 10

1. Stylistics.................................................................................................. 10

2. Syntax...................................................................................................... 11

a. Prepositions...................................................................................... 12

b. Infinitive........................................................................................... 15

c. Noun Phrase..................................................................................... 16

d. Phrasal Verb..................................................................................... 17

e. Phrasal Prepositions......................................................................... 18

f. Gerund.............................................................................................. 19

g. Modals.............................................................................................. 19

h. Collocation....................................................................................... 20

3. Language of Newspaper.......................................................................... 20

C. Theoretical Framework................................................................................ 22


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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY................................................................... 24

A. Object of the Study....................................................................................... 24

B. Approach of the Study.................................................................................. 24

C. Method of the Study..................................................................................... 25

1. Data Collection...................................................................................... 25

2. Data Analysis........................................................................................ 27

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS....................... 30

A. The Distribution of to in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post................ 30

1. The Forms of to used in News Articles in The Jakarta Post................. 30

a. Politics Articles................................................................................ 31

b. Technology Articles......................................................................... 40

2. The Functions of to used in News Articles in The Jakarta Post............ 48

a. Politics Articles................................................................................. 49

b. Technology Articles.......................................................................... 64

B. The Style of Politics and Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post............. 79

1. Comparing the Distribution of to in Politics and Technology Articles. 79

a. Comparing of the Forms of to.......................................................... 79

b. Comparing the Functions of the Form of to..................................... 82

2. The Meaning of the Word to in the Sentence........................................ 88

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION........................................................................... 92

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 97

APPENDICES...................................................................................................... 101

A. Appendix 1: The Distribution of to in Politics Articles............................... 101

B. Appendix 2: The Distribution of to in Technology Articles........................ 111


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 The Functions of Prepositional Phrase............................................. 14

Table 2.2 The Functions of Infinitive Phrase.................................................... 16

Table 2.3 The Types of Collocation.................................................................... 20

Table 3.1 The Title of Politics and Technology Articles................................... 26

Table 3.2 Example of Table Percentage of Forms to........................................ . 27

Table 3.3 Example of Table Percentage of Functions to................................... 28`

Table 4.1 The Forms of to in Politics Articles.................................................... 31

Table 4.2 The Forms of to in Technology Articles............................................. 41

Table 4.3 The Functions of to in Politics Articles.............................................. 49

Table 4.4 The Functions of to in Technology Articles....................................... 64

Table 4.5 The Comparison of the Form to in Both Articles............................. 80

Table 4.6 The Comparison of the Function to in Both Articles........................ 83

Table 4.7 The Meaning of to in Politics and Technology Articles.................... 89


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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

P.1, P.2, P.3, etc Politics articles title 1, etc

T.1, T.2, T,3, etc Technology articles title 1, etc

V Verb

V-ing Gerund

NP Noun phrase

PP Phrasal preposition

PV Phrasal verb

OP Object of preposition

OC Object complement

CI Complementary infinitive

Ind Inf Independent infinitive


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ABSTRACT

IRENEUS ARYA WIDIYARNA KRISNAWAN (2018). The Use of Phrases

Containing To in The Jakarta Post's Selected Articles about Politics and

Technology. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University.

To can create many phrases. To can stands as a preposition or a particle

in every phrase composed by to. A preposition is a word showing relationship

between the complement of the preposition and some other words in the sentence,

while particle is a word used with other words as a single syntactic unit. To is also

well known as a word that commonly used in English sentences. Therefore, the

writer has been interested in discussing how to is used in the sentences.

To identify the use of to, there are two formulated problems which are

discussed throughout this research. The first is the distribution of to in politics and

technology articles found in The Jakarta Post. The second is the style of politics

and technology articles based on the use of to.

Stylistic approach is applied in this study to know that the use of to can

constitute the style of news article. The underlying theory used in this study is

syntactic theory focusing on grammar. The data of the research are sentences

contain of to in politics and technology articles on March-April 2016 taken from

The Jakarta Post. The data collection method is purposive sampling. The data

collection and data analysis took place simultaneously; first, the data were

collected by sorting sentences contain of to. Second, the samples were categorized

into their forms, infinitive, prepositional phrase, and so on. Third is identifying the

functions of each forms it can be object, verb or other. Fourth is identifying the

style of news article by finding the meaning of to, comparing the forms of to and

the functions of the forms of to to see the most frequent data to observe the

characteristics of both articles.

From the analysis, it can be concluded that politics articles have eight

forms: to + V, to + NP, to + V –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal

preposition, collocation, and modals, while technology articles only have seven

forms except the phrasal verb. The form of to + V and to + NP are dominant in

both articles. Based on the forms of to found in politics and technology articles,

politics and technology articles have ten function of to. The difference is politics

articles have to as the subject complement and object complement, while

technology articles have to as direct object and complementary infinitive. The

style of both articles is distinguished by the existence of the forms of to as phrasal

verb that show politics articles are more various in using verb, the use of to as

direct object and complementary infinitive in technology articles that shows that

technology articles have more variety in using future tense, and the use of to as

subjective complement and objective complement in politics articles shows that

politics articles are more focused on describing the noun used in the sentence.


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ABSTRAK

IRENEUS ARYA WIDIYARNA KRISNAWAN (2018). The Use of Phrases

Containing To in The Jakarta Post's Selected Articles about Politics and

Technology. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

Sanata Dharma.

To dapat membentuk banyak frasa. Dalam setiap frasa disusun dengan to,

to dapat menjadi kata depan dan partikel. Kata depan adalah kata yang

menunjukkan suatu hubungan antara objek dan kata lainnya dalam sebuah

kalimat, sedangkan partikel adalah kata yang digunakan dengan kata lain sebagai

satu unit sintaksis. To merupakan kata yang biasa digunakan dalam kalimat

berbahasa Inggris. Sehingga, penulis tertarik untuk membahas mengenai

bagaimana kata depan to dalam Bahasa Inggris digunakan dalam kalimat.

Untuk mengidentifikasi penggunaan to, ada dua rumusan masalah yang

akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah penggunaan kata depan to

di dalam artikel politik dan artikel teknologi di koran The Jakarta Post. Yang

kedua adalah bagaimana penggunaan kata depan to tersebut memdapati gaya

bahasa dalam setiap artikel.

Pendekatan stylistics digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui

bahwa to dapat menunjukan gaya bahasa di artikel berita. Dasar teori yang

digunakan adalah teori syntax berfokus pada grammar. Data penelitian ini adalah

kalimat mengandung to di artikel politik dan teknologi pada bulan Maret-April

2016 dari koran The Jakarta Post. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan

adalah purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dan analisis data dilakukan

bersamaan; pertama, data dikumpulkan dengan memilik kalimat mengandung to.

Kedua, data dikategorikan ke dalam setiap formasi, seperti infinitive,

prepositional phrase, dan sebagainya. Ketiga, mengidentifikasi fungsi setiap

bentuk. Keempat, mengidentifikasi gaya bahasa dari artikel dengan menemukan

arti kata to, membandingkan bentuk dari to dan fungsi dari to untuk melihat data

terbanyak yang akan menunjukkan karakter dari setiap artikel.

Dari analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa artikel politik membentuk

delapan formasi: to + V, to + NP, to + V –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb,

phrasal preposition, collocation, dan modals, sedangkan teknologi artikel

membentuk tujuh formasi kecuali phrasal verb. Dari bentuk disusun oleh to,

artikel politik dan teknology memiliki sepuluh fungsi dari to. Perbedaan terdapat

pada penggunaan to sebagai subject complement and object complement hanya

ada di artikel politik, sedangkan to sebagai direct object and complementary

infinitive hanya ada di artikel teknologi. Gaya bahasa dari kedua artikel dibedakan

dengan adanya formasi phrasal verb di artikel politik yang menunjukkan bahwa

artikel politik lebih bervariasi dalam menggunakan kata kerja, adanya kata depan

to sebagai objek dan infinitif komplementer di artikel teknologi menunjukkan

bahwa artikel teknologi lebih banyak menggunakan kara kerja untuk menunjuk

masa depan, dan terakhir adanya kata depan to sebagai pelengkap subjek dan

pelengkap objek di artikel politik menunjukkan bahwa artikel politik lebih fokus

dalam memberikan penjelas lebih pada kata benda.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

All languages have rules to form sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence

and to signify them in certain concepts or meanings including English. English is

well known as the language learned by many people in the world. As the world

language, English has its own rules in making correct sentence. Fromkin states

that language has rules called as grammar (2000: 10).

―The sound and sound pattern, the basic units of meaning, such as words,

and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the

grammar of a language, which the grammar here represents our linguistic

competence so the set of words or the sentence that produced is

communicative‖ (Fromkin, 2000: 10).

The quotation above infers that grammar is the rules of a language having two big

elements, which are the part of speech and the word order. There are some parts of

speech such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc which are referred to

lexical categories, while the word order refers to the rules to combine words into

phrase and phrases into sentence.

As stated above, English grammar has many lexical categories such as

noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc. Those lexical categories are

combined or arranged to create a sentence. In English sentence, every lexical

category has each own function to build a right sentence, especially preposition.

Preposition is also categorized as the functional word which means that this class


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of words do not have clear lexical meaning and do not denote objects, ideas, etc

(Radford, 1997: 151).

This undergraduate thesis will analyze the use of to. To is categorized as

a preposition but the use of to is unique. To can create some phrases in the

sentence based on the following word. To can stand as a preposition and a particle

in the phrase form. To be particular, it analyzes about how to is distributed in the

English sentences and how to shows the style of the news articles.

For the example to can appear in infinitive form as a particle such as,

(1) This is a president who was elected with a promise to get tough on

corruption. (The Jakarta Post, April 13, 2016).

To also can appear in the form of prepositional phrase as a preposition such as,

(2) With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a

headset are meant to be a helpful or assuming companion to the real

world (The Jakarta Post, March 31, 2016).

Both examples of news articles sentences show the distribution of to in news

articles is various. In (1), the word to in to get signals that the purpose of the

president‘s promise to defeat corruption if he or she won, while the word to in (2)

needs an object the real world to complete the sentence. The style of the news

articles can be seen that in (1) to indicates purpose while in (2) to indicates

direction to something. According to examples, there would be more formation of

phrase composing by to in the news articles sentences.

In order to find the use of to which appear sequentially, newspaper‘s

articles are used as source of the data. News articles, taken from The Jakarta Post,

have a lot of sentences that consist of to which will be the source of data to

collect. The articles of The Jakarta Post are chosen because the articles contain


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many kinds of issues such as politics, economics, culture, crimes, technology, and

entertainment. Therefore the analysis will focus on two issues, politics and

technology. Politics and technology are chosen because those topics have

different purpose, politics is to retell some political activities and technology is to

inform the new invention. Politics and technology articles also have updated

information and both issues also have each own column in the newspaper layout

so it is available for the researcher to find out the data.

This research focusses on the use of to in news articles. This research is

eager to identify that to can occur in many way to built phrases in the santense.

According to the source data, there are some examples of the use of to: as an

infinitive, a prepositional phrase, a phrasal verb and other forms of to in articles.

Because the use of to occurs in many phrase forms, it is also interesting to know

that the use of to in every sentence can show the style of the news articles.

B. Problem Formulation

To start the research about the use of to in The Jakarta Post‘s selected

articles, some steps can be followed by answering the research questions below.

1. How is to distributed in The Jakarta Post‘s selected articles about

politics and technology?

2. How does the distribution of to constitute the style of both articles?

C. Objective of the Study

To identify the use of to in The Jakarta Post‘s selected articles, there are

two objectives which are used to guide the analysis. The first is to find out the


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distribution of to in the articles. The distribution of to here means what phrase

forms composed by to and what the functions of the composed form by to that

appears in articles. The composed form with to can be a prepositional phrase

form, an infinitive form, modals or the others, while the function of the composed

form of to can be seen from the structure of the sentence.

The second is to identify the style of politics and technology articles

based on the distribution of to. The process to answer this question is based on the

result of the first problem formulation. The significance number of each form of

to appearing in the articles can show that the writers of the articles have certain

purposes toward their writing. The result of the comparison between politics and

technology articles will show whether the style of both articles are similar or not.

Finally, the result describes and explains how politics and technology articles

have certain style.

D. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding in the analysis, it is important to define some

terms. There are some terms that would be defined: to, phrases, articles, and style.

To is word which can be used as preposition and particle. The use of to

as a preposition and a particle is different grammatically and semantically.

―Preposition is relationship expression of space between one thing to another, and

the relationship in time between events‖ (Close, 1962: 141). Particle is a word that

can transform the meaning of the combination word and it may to move after the

direct object (O‘Dowd, 1998: 4). Particle is a word that usually used in phrasal

verb. To as a preposition can create a prepositional phrase if it is combined with a


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noun (Quirk, 1983: 143). To also becomes infinitive if it is combined with a basic

verb (Kolln, 1990: 103). To also can be the part of modals, a phrasal verb, a

phrasal prepositions, etc.

Phrase is a syntactic constituent whose head is a lexical category such as

a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, or prepositions (Katamba, 1993: 333). In this

thesis, phrase refers to the combination of two words, the head and the modifier.

The phrases in this thesis only focuses on the phrase containing word to.

The next is an article. Article in this thesis talks about publis writing

consisting of opinion, statement, question and fact. Based on The Encyclopedia of

English Language (1995), article is one product of news media. ―The mass madia

reflects all aspect of human condition and make available to the public‖ (Crystal,

1995: 380). By using news media associated with religion, politics, science, and

literature the use of many variaties of languge are used based on the nature of the

medium which is the rules of news articles.

It is said by Verdonk, style is one which usually uses commonly in

people everyday conversation and writing that it seems unproblematic. It also

occurs so naturally and frequently that human is inclined to take it for granted

without enquiring just what we might mean by it (2002: 3). The term of style in

this thesis refers to the manner of the type of text in certain content. It tries to find

the certain pattern of text with different content. The last, its style can show that

certain pattern in writing can influence the understanding of the readers.


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review to Related Studies

The first related study is the undergraduate thesis conducted by

Widyastuti (2006) entitled A Study on English Preposition In in Newsweek

headline News Issued from May 2005- October 2005. Widyastuti‘s thesis studies

about the distribution of in in the Newsweek headline. This thesis tries to answer

two questions. First, in what construction the preposition in occurs in the

Newsweek headline news. Second, the meanings are found in the preposition in in

Newsweek headline news.

In this thesis, Widyastuti (2006) concludes that prepositions are one

number of word classes giving great influence on composing a sentence in

English structure. She focuses her study on analyzing the preposition in in the

Newsweek headline. The reason why she chooses the Newsweek headline is

because it uses a Standard English and consists of current and hottest information

which presents explicit information which denotes time and place very well. The

method that Widyastuti uses in her study is a descriptive study, meaning that it

describes the construction and the meaning of the preposition in. By using

convenient sampling, there are three steps used in collecting the data. Firstly, the

writer determined the samples to be taken. Secondly, the writer collected and

identified all the data that contained the preposition in. The last, the writer

classified the preposition in into their types and counted them.


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According to the thesis, the research results some different conditions of

the distribution of the use of the preposition in in the data. Based on the result of

the study, the preposition in occurs in three contractions: in + noun phrase, in +

clauses, and in + gerund.

Based on this thesis, the similarities are the focus of the study of the use

of the preposition and the use of news as the data source. Widyastuti‘s thesis is

discussing about how in as preposition is used in the headline of the news. The

data that are used by Widyastuti is Newsweek headlines from May 2005 until

October 2005. The other similarity comes from the questions about the occurrence

and the meaning of the preposition used in the articles.

The second related study is the undergraduate thesis conducted by

Sianipar (2007) entitled The Functions, Positions and Meanings of for and to

Prepositional Phrases in Jeanette Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry. Sianipar‘s

thesis discusses the use of preposition phrases beginning with for and to by the

differences in functions, positions, and meanings. Sianipar tries to answer three

questions, which are the functions of the prepositional phrases for and to, the

positions of the prepositional phrases for and to and the meaning of the

prepositional phrases for and to.

In this thesis, Sianipar uses the theories of prepositions, phrases, and

clauses. Those theories will be used as the analysis tool to answer the problems

above. Sianipar also uses a novel, Sexing the Cherry, by Jeanette Winterson as the

data source. The data are the phrases and clauses which contain the prepositions

for and to that are taken randomly from the novel. The steps which Sianipar uses


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for collecting the data are signing the prepositional phrases with for and to, and

classifying the data by considering the circumstances around both prepositions in

order to find out the prepositional phrases which show time, place, and

movement. The last step is analyzing the data to get the functions, positions, and

meanings of the prepositions for and to.

The result of the thesis by Sianipar is the prepositional phrases with for

can function as an adjunct and a post modifier of a noun phrase, while the

prepositional phrase with to can function as an adjunct, a post modifier of a noun

phrase, a complementation of a verb, and as a complementation of an adjective.

The position of prepositions for and to can be owned in initial, medial, and final

position. The meaning of the preposition for is showing the time and place which

can be the target, position, and distance, while the meaning of preposition to is

showing the time which indicates time, continuity, and target, the place which

indicates position, target, and distance.

Based on the thesis by Sianipar, the similarities are in the term of the

focus which is the use of preposition that focuses on to. This thesis also gives

additional information to find out how to see the position of to in phrases and

clauses whether the data source of the analysis is different.

The third is an article journal conducted by Agu (2015) entitled A

Linguistic –Stylistic Analysis of Newspaper Reportage. In this article, Agu states

that journalists should consider the linguistic competences of their readers while

making their choices of words and structures in the different stories they write.


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This journal generally studies about how the journalist style decides the

understanding of the reader toward the information deliver in the articles.

According to Agu (2015), the study of style among other things involves

an examination of syntax, diction, idioms, and imagery. At the simplest level,

syntax refers to the structure of sentences, while diction is the writer‘s choice of

words and manner of deploying them to achieve maximum artistic effects. As

noted earlier, the study of style also involves an examination of the writer‘s use of

figurative language and other related devices such as idioms and imagery. These

aspects of language are used to give a written work verbal beauty, economy of

words and structure and thematic depth. What it all adds up to is that we have to

examine very briefly what constitutes the language of the media especially as it

affects the language of newspaper stories.

This article has tried to examine the linguistic and stylistic aspects of

newspaper reportage which consisted of three levels of linguistic analyses. These

are graphological (which deals with the physical outlook of the printed words),

the lexical (this deals with the choice of words and phrases) and the syntactic

(which deals with the grammatical arrangement of words, phrases and clauses in

the texts) components.

Both this study and Agu‘s analyze the style of the article‘ writers in

creating their idea through news. This study explores whether there is an

opportunity that every writer and every content of articles have such style to make

it difference, that is, it has certain characteristic which distinguishes with others.


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B. Review of Related Theories

1. Stylistics

Verdonk states that ―The study of style can be defined as the analysis of

distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect‖

(2002: 4). For example, Verdonk delivers the style in the news headline, Life on

Mars- war of the words, demonstrating that in order to achieve his or her purpose

and effect, the writer uses fragmentary text in preference referring the full

sentence, the life on Mars debate remains a war of words (2002: 5). From the

example above, it can be said that the use of fragmentary text is to create an

attention seeking and the fragmentary text is the result of the choice of the certain

forms and structure (2002: 6).

Verdonk states that analysis of the text does not have to focus on every

structure or form of the text, but can focus on those which stand out on it. Some

conspicuous elements can share the style and the reader‘s interest or called

foregrounding, which are a text‗s typography, sounds, word-choice, grammar, or

the sentence structure (2002: 6). Verdonk also adds that ―the repetition of some

linguistic elements, and the derivation from the rules of language in general or

from the style that expected in the particular text type or context‖ (2000: 6). In

this thesis the concern of the analysis is the pattern of the distribution of to in the

sentences.

Simpson states that in analysis using stylistic method there is something

called as level of language. The level of language is divided in the branch of

English study like phonology, graphology, morphology, syntax, lexical analysis,


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semantics and pragmatics (2004: 5). There is an example of the sentence analysis

based on syntax or grammar level.

(3) That puppy‘s knocking over those potplants! (Simpson, 2004: 5)

Simpson says that grammar is organized according to the size of the unit,

it contains two units, in which the largest unit is sentence and the smaller units are

clause, phrase, word, and morpheme (2004: 6). In example (3), it has the puppy’

as the subject, ‘s knocking over as the predicator, and the complement those pot

plants. The clause in that sentence consists of a phrase. The subject, that puppy,

called as a determiner phrase or a noun phrase. The predicator, ‘s knocking over,

has three parts structure containing a contracted auxiliary ‘s, a main verb

knocking, and a preposition over. The main verb combined with the preposition

called a phrasal verb. The complement has a noun phrase those as determiner and

pot plants as a main noun. The style in this example is that the sentence has one

single clause indicating declarative mood. The single clause is composed by

phrase in every unit.

2. Syntax

Syntax is one area of study in langauge. According to Radford, grammar

is inter-related area of study consisting morphology and syntax (1997: 1). Radford

also adds that ―Grammar is concerned not only with principles which determine

the formation of words, phrases, and sentences but also with principles which

govern their interpretation‖ (1997: 1). The formation of the words, phrases, and

sentences or the ways in which word can be combined together to form phrases

and sentences is called syntax (1997: 1). By using the theory of syntax, this thesis


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will focus on the use of to or the ways of to combine with the other parts of

speech to form phrases and sentences. Meanwhile, the theory of syntax will be

used in this thesis to find out the use of to based on the part of English form

below.

a. Prepositions

Prepositions are the important class of the function word. Based on Yu in

Palamba (2012: 11), prepositions belong to functional parts of speech and are

rather active (2014: 1). Quirk says that preposition can be followed by a noun

phrase, a wh- clause and an –ing clause (1983: 143). Close says that prepositions

express relationships in space between one thing and another, and relationships in

time between events (1962: 141).

House and Harman add that ―A preposition is a particle (word or a word-

equivalent) used with a noun or pronoun (and usually placed before it) to form a

phrase, which phrase usually performs the function of an adjective or an adverb‖

(1950: 174). Here, the use of to as preposition can be seen in some functions like

adverb and adjective.

For example:

(4) The student goes to the library.

S V Prepositional Phrase as Adverb

(5) We enjoy the journey to your house.

S V O Prepositional Phrase as Adjective

From example (4), the prepositional phrase to the library performs a

function as an adverb because it modifies the verb goes. Example (5) shows that


13

the prepositional phrase to your house is modifying the object the journey, the

function of prepositional phrase to your house is as an adjective.

To is one of the prepositions in English. The preposition to can appear in

many forms based on the following word. The meaning and the function of the

preposition to in the sentence might be different based on the form. According to

Close, to is used to express the movement in the direction of a point. There are

some following views of to refer to movement or position in space (1962: 13).

(6) In relations to a point, or dimension unspecified

Go to X

Go from X to Y

Go back to Y

(7) Analysis of going to X

X We are coming/ getting to X

(8) In relation to a surface, two dimensions

Go on (to) the platform

(9) In relation to a space, three dimensions

Come in (to) my class

To make better understanding about the use of to, there are some

functions of a prepositional phrase as follows.


14

Table 2.1 The Functions of a Prepositional Phrase Taken from Kolln

(1990: 96- 100)

No. Functions Examples

1. as modifier of an adjective I will be late after lunch.

2. as modifier of an adverb He arrived shorthly before noon.

3. as modifier of a noun They discussed their problems with the

teacher.

4. as modifier of verb I worked for the Post Office during the

Chrismas break.

5. as direct object I went to school.

Looking at the table above, some examples show that the preposition to

combines with a noun phrase can create a prepositional phrase. Prepositional

phrase is a phrase that combines preposition with a noun phrase or a wh- clause or

v –ing clause (Quirk, 1983: 143). For the example, there is a sentence, I went to

school. The preposition to is combined with noun phrase school that it has

meaning that school is the goal. The use of preposition to in the sentence above

modifies the noun to complete the meaning.

Quirk also states that prepositional phrase has six functions. First is an

adjunct, as in the people were singing on the bus. Second is a disjunct, as in to my

surprise, the doctor phoned. Third is a conjunct, as in on the other hand, he made

no attempt to help the victim or apprehend her attacker. Forth is a postmodifier in

a noun phrase,as in the people on the bus were singing. Fifth is a complementary

of a verb, as in we depend on you. Last is a complementary of an adjective, as in I

am sorry for his parent. (1983: 145- 146).

There are information that prepositional phrase presents direction, place,

specific time, duration, manner, measure, means, cause and reason. First, in we

hiked across the field, the prepositional phrase across the field tells a direction.


15

Second, in we fished on the bank, the prepositional pharse on the bank shows a

place. Third, in we arrived on Sunday, the prepositional phrase on Sunday tells a

specific time. Forth, in we hiked for several days, the prepositional phrase for

several days tells duration. Fifth, in I went by myself, the prepositional phrase by

myself tells a manner. Sixth, in she won by a mile, the prepositional phrase by a

mile tells measure. Seventh, in she does her best work with a palette knife, the

prepositional phrase with a palette knife tells means. Eighth, in we went out for a

pizza, the prepositional phrase for a pizza tells a cause. Last, in we were late

because of the rain, the prepositional phrase because of the rain informs a reason.

b. Infinitive

Infinitive is also a form of English verb which to becomes the part of the

form. It is a basic understanding that infinitive phrase has a form to + simplest

verb. House and Harman also states that

―The infinitive is an infinite (unlimited, boundless) verb form. It has no

inflection to indicate person or number. The simplest and the oldest form

of the infinitive is regarded as the basic verb form, the one from which all

the other verb forms, including the participle and the gerund, are derived.

The infinitive phrase in its simplest form consists of the preposition to

and the basic form of a principle verb: to go, to, talk, etc‖ (1950: 325).

House and Harman formulate the form of infinitive phrase as to + present verb.

This kind of form is called the simplest form of verb. The function of the

infinitive phrase can be seen in the table below.

Table 2.2 The Function of Infinitive Phrases taken from House and Harman

(1950: 326-337)

No. The functions Examples

1. as subject To side with truth is noble.

2. as the subjective complement They seemed to be drifting aimlessly about.


16

3. as the direct object I attempt from love‘s sickness to fly.

4. as an appositive It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord

5. as objective complement I believe him to be honest.

6. as a modifier of a noun This is a trap to catch the thief.

7. as a modifier of a verb He struggles to get free.

8. as a modifier of an adjective She is difficult to please.

9. as a modifier of an adverb They arrived too late to catch the train.

10. as object of preposition He was about to close his shop.

11. the complementary infinitive The sun is going to rise.

12. infinitive used independently To tell the truth, I positively dislike him.

According to Zandvoort (1950), infinitives are divided into four types,

which are plain infinitive, infinitive with to, accusative with infinitive, and

nominative with infinitive. Plain infinitive is the infinitive which does not use

participle to. In English, the plain infinitive is only used in verbal, never in a

nominal function. Example of plain infinitive is in ―Tell him he may go home‖.

The infinitive with to can be used as complement and the adjunct in the sentence.

(10) I am aim to see him tomorrow. The infinitive to see function as

complement of the sentence.

(11) I have a lot of work to do. The infinitive to do functions as adjunct of the

noun.

Thirdly, the accusative with infinitive is applied to groups consisting of a

noun or pronoun plus an infinitive, subordinated to another part of a sentence,

usually a preceding verb, as in ―Of course, if they want to go, we cannot force

them to stay‖. The last, nominative with infinitive is standing for the stem of a

noun or of a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun. The nominative infinitive is


17

always occurring with to, for example as in ―He was made to repeat everything‖

(1950, 4- 23).

c. Noun Phrase

In order to understand the use of to in the sentence, it is important to

understand the theory of noun phrase. To create a prepositional phrase, a

preposition needs a noun phrase as the following phrase. Noun phrase is a phrase

which has a noun or a pronoun as the main word (Greenbaum, 1989: 60). Noun

phrase often functions as subject, object, complement of sentences, and as

complement in preposition phrases (Quirk, 1983: 59). Lets see examples below.

(12) The child stands in the table.

(13) He buys a red balloon.

In (12), phrases the child and the table are called as noun phrases because

the head of the phrase is a noun, child and table. In the example (12) the noun

phrase, the child, has a function as the subject of the sentence, while the noun

phrase, the table, is a complement of the preposition phrase, in the table. In (13),

the phrase a red balloon also kind of noun phrase with balloon as the head of the

phrase. In example (13) the noun phrase, a red balloon, has a function as object of

the sentence.

d. Phrasal Verb

The combination of a verb and a particle is called as phrasal verb

(McCarthy, 2004: 6). According to McCarthy, particle is a word including a

preposition and an adverb (2004: 6). Look at examples below.

(14) Rosie invited me in. (McCarthy, 2004: 10)


18

(15) Paul invited Ryo over. (McCarthy, 2004: 10)

In (14), there is a phrasal verb form, invite in, combining verb invite and

preposition in as a particle. In (15), there is also a phrasal verb form, invite over,

combining verb invite and adverb over as a particle.

According to Quirk, ―Phrasal verb is a combination of verb and a

morphologycal invariabel particle which functions as a single syntactic unit‖

(1985: 1150). Quirk also adds that lexical categories which belong to particle are

preposition and adverb (1985: 1150). McCarthy says that the meaning of a phrasal

verb is a unit, it can not be separated because the meaning can be opposite from

the original meaning (2004: 6). McCarthy adds that particles in the phrasal verb

convey a number of different senses or having various meanings. The meaning of

particle in phrasal verb can be changing position or it can be an idea of

thoroughness (2004: 10). In the example (14), the meaning of the phrasal verb is

changing position because I enter Rosie‘s house, while in the example (15), the

meaning is an idea of thoroughness because Paul has purpose to invite Ryo.

According examples above, It can be said that preposition to can be part of the

phrasal verb. In some cases, the phrasal verb also can appear after the preposition.

e. Phrasal Prepositions

A phrasal preposition is two or more words functioning as a preposition.

House and Harman states that a phrasal preposition consists of two or more words

written separately but used as a single unit to show relation between a noun or a

noun- equivalent and some other sentence element (1950: 179).


19

Phrasal preposition can be said as a phrase made by combining two-word

prepositions preceded with another word category, such as an adverb, adjective, or

conjunction (Kolln, 1990: 309). There are some phrasal preposition that consist

of preposition to like according to, contrary to, in addition to, etc.

f. Gerund

Azar says that gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund

is used in the same ways as a nouns, it can be a subject or as an object (1999:

297). Quirk says that a preposition can be followed by a gerund (1983: 143).

Looking again to the table 2.1, there is an example of sentence that shows how

preposition to combines with a gerund. For the example,

(16) They sell everything from matches to washing machines there.

In (16), the word washing is formed by the simples verb wash + -ing. The

form of verb wash + -ing shows how the function of verb changes to be a noun.

The verb wash means an action of cleaning something, while the word washing in

(16) is a noun that modifies the other noun machines. The word to in (16)

expresses until, sampai in Indonesian language, in the sentence. The phrase to

washing machines expresses that the subject they sells matches until washing

machines.

g. Modals

The use of to also can be found in the form of modals. Azar states that

modal expresses speakers‘ attitude. Modal can express that a speaker feels

something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable. Modal also

can convey the strength of those attitudes (1999: 151). The modal auxiliaries in


20

English are can, could, will, may, must, have to, ought to, shall, would, etc. Azar

states that modals are followed by the simplest verb. In some cases, some modals

are followed by an infinitve (1999: 151). See the example below.

(17) Paul has to go to the school.

In (17), to appears as the part of English grammar that the verb have in

its meaning of ―obligation‖ must be followed by to + the simplest verb. There are

some modals auxiliaries that can appear with form containing to, which are ought

to, have to, used to, be supposed to, be going to, and be able to.

h. Collocation

In English, there is a theory called collocation. McCarthy says that a pair

or group of words that are often used together is a collocation (1995: 6). In

English, collocation can be strong and weak as examples, the adjective fast

collocates with cars, but not with a glance. So, the native speaker often use word

fast to modify cars than a glance. To modify a glance usually uses the adjective

quick. There are types of collocation which it can be seen in the table below.

Table. 2.3 The Types of Collocation (McCarthy, 1995: 12)

No. Type of Collocation Example

1. adjective + noun A brief chat

2. noun + verbs The economy boomed

3. noun + noun A surge of anger

4. verb + preposition Burst into tears

5. verb + adverb Pulled steadily

6. adverb + adjective Happily married


21

3. Language of Newspaper

To have deeper understanding about news, some details relating to the

news will be provided in this part such as the news in general, information about

The Jakarta Post as the data source, and the language of newspaper.

News plays an important role as one of the communication instrument in

the communication system. News provides a lot of recent information to their

readers. Reah states that news is a late Middle English word that means tidings,

new information of recent events. The recent events mean that it is interested in

certain groups or it may affect the lives of certain groups (Reah, 2002: 4). News

cannot be separated with the recent events because the recent events are counted

24 hours to be called as updated news.

To share information of the latest news, we need media, either printed or

electronic such as newspaper, magazine, tabloid, website, etc. The Jakarta Post

newspaper contains certain information including politics, technology,

entertainment, advertisement, etc. The Jakarta Post is a daily newspaper using

English language published in Indonesia. The Jakarta Post is one of many

newspapers with English language in Indonesia having many readers. The Jakarta

Post is newspaper having two media in providing the information to their reader

which are printed newspaper and online newspaper.

Language of news reportages reflects the most difficult and constraining

situation to be found in the area of the language use. The first constraint in

language of news is a battle against the pressure bewteen time and space because

news should be written shortly and accurately. The second constraint in language


22

of news is the imposed by a favoured conception of audience – an awareness of

what the readership, the listener or the viewer wants (Crystal, 1995: 380).

Reah states that ―Everything that is written in the newspaper has to be

transmitted through the medium of language‖ (2002: 55). According to Reah,

language operates at series of levels, which are a visual or graphologycal level, a

word or lexical level, and a structural and grammatical or syntactic level. The

written text also has cultural content and operates within the value system of that

culture to describe particular groups (Reah, 2002: 55).

Crystal (1995) states that there are several distinctive linguistic features

of news reporting. Most relate to the ‗who, when, where, what, how, and why‘

which journalists bear in the mind when compiling a story. The first is whether

the headline is critical, summarizing and drawing attention to the story. The

second is whether the first paragraph or the lead summarizes and begin to tell the

story, as the usual source of the headline. The third is whether the original source

is given either in by line or into the text. The forth is the participants are

categorized, their name usually being preceded by a general term is like champ,

prisoner, official, etc and adjectives is like handsome French singer Jean Bruno.

The last is other features include explicit time and space locators, fact and figures,

and direct or indirect quotations (Crystal, 1995: 382).

C. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the formulated problem in chapter I, it is important to

include the related theories as the foundation for the writer to analyze the object of


23

the study. There are three theories that would be applied in this thesis which are

stylistics, syntax and news language.

Firstly, this undergraduate thesis uses stylistics as the approach. Stylistics

is applied to identify the level of the language that is used for the analysis of the

use of to and to analyze the distinctive feature or the characteristic between

politics and technology articles based on the use of to. The level of language here

means the way words combine with other words to form phrases. Thus, an

analysis is conducted by analyzing the comparison between the similarity and the

difference of politics and technology articles. Stylistics is basically used to answer

the second objective of the study.

Secondly, the writer also uses the theory of syntax to answer the first

objective of the study. Syntax is applied by focussing on the English grammar

about how words form phrases and what the function of phrases is. In this

research, the theory of syntax is divided in eight theories, which are preposition

phrase, infinitive, noun phrase, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, gerund, modals,

and collocation, to identify the distribution of to in articles. Those eight theories

are applied to find that to can occur as the part of the theory or to is followed by

the theory based on the definition and function of each theory.

Finally, the theory of the news language is used to support the theory of

stylistics. It discusses that the newspaper has pattern not only in the form of the

text but also in the term of structure and grammatical level. The language of news

also talks about the effect of the newspaper to the readers and how the stucture of

the news influnce the style of the news.


24

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The objects of this study were the articles of The Jakarta Post, which had

politics and technology issuses. The data used seven politics articles and seven

technology articles. The articles were chosen from March and April 2016 edition.

March and April 2016 editions were taken as the data sources because those two

editions were the most recent data when the writer started the analysis. The data

of the analysis used the fourteen articles and focused on the sentences that

contained to taken from the politics articles and technology articles in The Jakarta

Post newspaper. The articles used as data sources were taken from online

newspaper, The Jakarta Post. The website of The Jakarta Post newspaper is

www.thejakartapost.com.

The Jakarta Post was chosen because it is one of the biggest English

newspapers in Indonesia read by many people in Indonesia. As English

newspapers, The Jakarta Post has certain rule in the process of production from

the collecting the information, editing, printing, and publishing. The politics and

technology articles were chosen because they were the hottest news that was

always updated and they basically had different issues.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach in this study was stylistic approach. Verdonk states that

stylistics is the study of style which analyzes the distinctive expression in


25

language and the description of its purpose and effect (2002: 5). Moreover,

stylistics also helps the writer to identify the level of language used in the

analysis. The stylistic approach was applied to identify the different style between

politics and technology articles based on the use of to. Furthermore, stylistic

approach was applied not only to see the style between two different articles

based on the existence of to but also the style of both articles after to was

combined with the others words.

C. Method of the Study

This part consists of the processes of collecting the data and the steps of

doing the analysis to answer the problems. The data were taken from the politics

and technology articles in The Jakarta Post newspaper.

1. Data Collection

The data for this thesis were taken from The Jakarta Post articles about

politics and technology in March and April 2016 edition. The data collection is

used purposive sampling method by taking the sentences contained to in various

forms, such as prepositional phrases, infinitive, modals, etc. Best states that ―A

small proportion of the population in observation and analysis is called as a

sample. To make certain inferences about the characteristics of the population is

important observing the characteristic of the sample‖ (Best, 2006: 13). In this

thesis, the samples had to in each sentence.

The sampling method, used in this analysis, was purposive sampling.

Leedy states that the purposive sampling is a specific type of non-probability

sampling method that relies on the researcher judgement (typical groups or thing


26

which represent diverse perspective on an issue) when choosing the samples to

participate in the study (2005: 206). Purposive sampling method was chosen

because the researcher found out that politics and technlogy articles had various

used of to. The writer decided politics and technology articles as the data source

because the writer needed the most updated news articles and both articles had

different issues that can be used from the begining this thesis was written.

The data were taken from seven politics articles and seven technology

articles. The articles were selected randomly from The Jakarta Post newspaper.

―Random selection means choosing a sample in such a way that each member of

the population has an equal chance of being selected. The reseach can assume that

the characteristics of the sample approximate the total population‖ (Leedy, 2005:

199). From those fourteen articles the data were specified to the phrases that

contain to. The titles of articles as the data source is presented in a table.

Table 3.1 The Title of Politics and The Technology Articles Used as the Data

Source

No Politics Articles Technology Articles

Title Code Title Code

1

House promises to pass tax

amnesty bill (The Jakarta

Post, March 23, 2016)

P.1

Biznet eyes Kediri for

network expansion (The

Jakarta Post, March 7,

2016)

T.1

2

Indonesia issues travel

advisory for Belgium (The


2016)

P.2

Kiddle: Search engine for

kids, with a twist (The


2016)

T.2

3

Indonesia urges all parties to

maintain security in South

China Sea ( The Jakarta


P.3

DNA test shows Vietnam

twins had different fathers

(The Jakarta Post, March

10, 2016)

T.3

4

Govt tells teenagers not to

rush marriage (The Jakarta

Post, April 5, 2016)

P.4

Google provides early peek

at next Android operating

system (The Jakarta Post,

T.4


27

March 11, 2016)

5

Government opens new

routes to resolving rights

abuses (The Jakarta Post,

April 11, 2016)

P.5

Augmented reality mapping

out tech's next mind-

bending trip (The Jakarta


T.5

6.

Panama Papers, peril of

inequality to democracy

(The Jakarta Post, April 13,

2016)

P.6

The Sports Car Is in Serious

Trouble (The Jakarta Post,

April 6, 2016)

T.6

7.

Kalla calls for PPP

reconciliation (The Jakarta

Post, April 10, 2016)

P.7

Space station getting

inflatable room, a cosmic

1st (The Jakarta Post, April

7, 2016)

T.7

2. Data Analysis

The distribution of to was analyzed as follow. First, the writer identified

the sentence that contains to. Second, sentences having to are categorized into

their form by looking how to was combined or how to appeared in the sentence.

Hillier said a sentence can be broken down into more sets or clusters of patterned

elements (2004: 26). The forms, discussed in second step, meant phrases formed

by to, which are the prepositional phrase form, the infinitive form, phrasal verb

form, phrasal preposition form, collocation form, and modals form. Third, after

phrases that contained of to were categorized based on the form, the writer

concluded and counted the result of the form distribution used the table 3.2 below.

The data was counted to see the frequent form appeared in articles in order to see

the style of both articles. Here, the first result of the distribution of to was the

form of to in the sentence.

Table 3.2 Example of Table Percentage of the Form of to

No. The forms Amount Percentage

1. Infinitive: to + verb

2. to + V-ing

3. to + phrasal verb


28

4. Prepositional phrase: to + NP

5. Phrasal verb

6. Modals

7. Phrasal preposition

8. Collocation

Total

Fourth, the analysis was continued by analyzing the function of to in the

sentence. To identify the function of each form, the writer analyzed every

sentence to see the position of the form to, whether it was a subject, predicator,

object, modifier or the others. Indicating the functions of every form helped the

writer to categorized the data. The last, after the identification of the function was

done, the writer concluded and counted the data in the table 3.3 below. The data

was counted to see the most frequent function of to in both articles. Here, the

second result of the distribution of to was the function of to in the sentence.

Table 3.3 Example of Table Percentage of the Functions of to

No. The functions Amount Percentage

1. subject of a sentence

2. the subjective complement

3. verb of the sentence

4. the direct object

5. an appositive

6. objective complement

7. a modifier of a noun

8. a modifier of a verb

9. a modifier of an adjective

10. a modifier of an adverb

11. object of preposition

12. the complementary infinitive

13. infinitive used independently

Total

The distribution of to constitute the style of the articles can be analyzed

through some steps. The first step was comparing the form of the preposition to


29

between politics and tecnology articles. The second step was comparing the

function of the form to in each article. The third step was analyzing the distinctive

features of each article more detail by comparing the similarity and the difference.

For example in ―I go to the school‖, the phrase to the school is a prepositional

phrase that forms by to + NP, which has a function as object complement or in ―I

want to dance‖, the phrase to dance is also used to that had a form of to + verb,

but it clearly had different purpose with the previous phrase. After the

classification based on the function of to is completely done. The comparison

between the percentage result of the politics articles and technology articles is

used to support the result of the style of the article. The style of each article was

concluded by comparing the amount of the percentage between the forms of to

and the function of to used in the article. The data can be compared to analyze that

to in both articles having a purpose or not based on the context of the sentence.

The last, several forms composed by to will show the result that the articles are

arranged differently.


30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided in two parts. The first part discusses the

distribution of to in the politics and tecnology articles. The analysis is the answer

of the first problem formulation, how many possible forms of to appear in the

articles and the functions of each form in the sentence. The second part discusses

the style of politics and technology articles based on the distribution of to. The

style of the article is determined from the existance of to and the difference of the

use of to in each article.

A. The Distribution of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post

The analysis is started by finding the distribution of to. The distribution

of to refers to how to appears in the sentence. This part discusses how many

possible phrase forms of to in the sentence and what the function of each form in

the sentence.

1. The Forms of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta Post

Quirk says that preposition can be followed by a noun phrase, a wh-

clause and an –ing clause (1983: 143). It means preposition can appear in many

forms. Quirk‘s idea above also can be proven after the analysis of The Jakarta

Post articles which to appears in the articles written in many forms based on the

following word.


31

a. Politics Articles

The analysis of the politics articles results in eight forms of to. They are

eight forms of to, which are to + verb, to + verb –ing, to + noun phrase, to +

phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals and collocation. The table

below shows the distribution of to in politics articles of The Jakarta Post.

Table 4.1 The Forms of to in Politics Articles

No. Forms Frequency Percentage (%)

1. to + verb 65 60 %

2. to + noun phrase 26 24 %

3. to + verb –ing 4 3.7 %

4. to + phrasal verb 4 3.7 %

5. phrasal verb 1 1 %

6. phrasal preposition 2 2 %

7. Modals 1 1 %

8. Collocation 5 4.6 %

Total 108 100%

Table 4.1 displays the forms of to in politics articles. The most frequent

form is to + verb, which is 60%. The second most frequent form is to + noun

phrase, which is 24%. The third most frequent form is collocation, which is 4,6 %.

The forth most frequent forms are to + verb –ing and to + phrasal verb, which are

3,7%. The fifth most frequent form is phrasal preposition, which is 2%. The least

frequent forms are phrasal verb and modal in 1%.

To have deeper understading about the construction of to in The Jakarta

Post‘s politics articles, it will be explained briefly below.

i. The Form of to + Verb

The first construction follows the word to is to + verb. This construction

is also called as an infinitive. House and Harman formulate the form of infinitive


32

phrase as to + present verb (1950: 325). According to House and Harman, the

position of to in infinitive is as a part of grammatical unit of the infinitive form.

The construction, to + verb, can be seen in sentences below.

(1) The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as

some factions said they needed more time to study the bill. [P.1]

(2) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives

of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to

their surroundings.[P.2]

(3) Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to

make a concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South

China Sea area. [P.3]

(4) Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage,

free sex and to drugs. [P.4]

(5) Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to

reveal the truth surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the

cases. [P.5]

In (1), the phrase to study is form of to + verb because the word to is

followed by the basic verb study. The word to in to study represents the meaning

of a reason. The sentence (1) tells studying the bill becomes the reason why The

House postponed the discussion. In (2), the phrase to follow is also form of to +

verb because the word to is followed by the basic verb follow. The word to in to

follow represents the meaning of a purpose. The sentence (2) tells that the word to

gives purpose about the message from the reminder which is following the

directives. In (3), phrases to make and to maintain show a form of to + verb

because to is followed by the basic verb make and maintain. To in the phrase to

make represents the meaning of a purpose, while to in the phrase to maintain

represents the meaning of reason. The sentence (3) tells that making a concerted

effort is the purpose of Jusuf Kalla invites all countries, however the concerted

effort has a reason, maintaining peace and security. To as a purpose occurs when


33

the phrase of to telling a goal or something is done or created or for which

something is exists, while to as a reason occurs when the phrase of to telling a

cause or explanation for an action. In (4), phrases to encourage and to say show

the form of to + verb because the word to is followed by basic verbs encourage

and say. The word to in the phrase to encourage repesents the meaning of a

purpose, while to in phrase to say represents the meaning of a reason. The

sentence (4) tells that encouraging youth is the purpose from the agency with

reason, there is no child marriage, free sex, and drugs for youth. In (5), the phrase

to reveal is formed from to + verb because to is followed by the basic verb reveal.

The word to in to reveal represent the meaning of reason. The sentence (5) tells

that revealing the truth about human rights abuses is the reason of reiterating the

government importance.

ii. The Form of to + NP

The second construction is to + NP. This construction is also called as

prepositional phrase. Cramer says that a prepositional phrase begins with a

preposition and ends with complement (1984: 115). Cramer adds that the phrase

may contain other words that come between the preposition and the complement

(1984: 115). The word to in prepositional phrase stands as a preposition. The

analysis on The Jakarta Post articles can be seen in sentences below.

(6) Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would

submit the revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of

whether the House passed the tax amnesty bill. [P.1]


of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to

their surroundings. [P.2]




34

(9) The head of the ministry‘s law research and development center, Agus

Anwar, said that it was concentrating on the academic drafting of the bill

before conveying it to the House of the Representative for deliberation.

[P.5]

(10) We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. [P.6]

In (6), the phrase to the House shows the form of to + NP. The meaning

of preposition to in to the House shows a direction to a place, it means that the

House is the destination of the budget from Finance Minister submission. In (7),

the phrase to their surroundings shows the form of to + NP. The meaning of

preposition to in to their surroundings shows a direction to a place, it means that

the destination of the attention is surroundings. In (8), the form of to + NP can be

seen in the phrase to child marriage. The meaning of to in to child marriage

expresses a purpose. To acts as the connector that child marriage is forbidden for

youths. In (9), the phrase to the House of the Representative shows the form of to

+ NP. The meaning of to in to the House of the Representative shows a direction

to a place. The preposition to drives the object to the destination, The House of

Representative. In (10), the phrase to the old line shows the form of to + NP. The

meaning of to in to the old line shows a direction to a place. The old line becomes

the destination of the subject ‗s opinion.

iii. The Form of to + V -ing

The third construction is to + V –ing. The form of v –ing can be called as

gerund. Gerund shows that a verb changes becoming a noun (Azar, 1999: 297).

The analysis of this construction in The Jakarta Post is in sentences below.

(11) Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that

mutual respect and restraint were key to maintaining peace and security

in the South China Sea area. [P.3]


35

(12) A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting

embroiled in squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally

ready to face married life. [P.4]

(13) Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria

Ulfa Anshor said that a thorough education was the primary key to

resolving the child marriage problem. [P.4]

(14) Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses. [P.5]

In (11), the phrase to maintaining shows the form of to + v -ing. The verb

maintaining has basic verb maintain with an addition –ing. The word to in to

maintaining represents the meaning of purpose. The sentence (11) tells that the

purpose of the word key is maintaining peace and security. In (12), the phrase to

getting is also form of to + v –ing. The verb getting has basic verb get with an

addition –ing. The word to in to getting represents the meaning of a purpose, it

means that getting embroiled in young age is susceptible. In (13), the phrase to

resolving shows a form of to + v –ing. The verb resolving has basic verb resolve

with an addition –ing. The word to in to resolving represents the meaning of a

purpose. It means that to gives deeper understanding about the purpose of the

noun phrase the primary key. In (14), the phrase to resolving is a form of to + v –

ing. The verb resolving has basic verb resolve with an addition –ing. The word to

in to resolving represents the meaning of a reason. The sentence (14) tells that the

reason of the government opeing new routes is to resolve rights abuses.

iv. The Form of to + Phrasal Verb

The forth construction is to + phrasal verb. McCarthy says that the

combination of a verb and a particle is called as phrasal verbs (2004: 6).

McCarthy adds that a phrasal verb is still a verb just in diffrent form (2004: 6).


36

The word to here functions as the grammatical unit in the sentence. In The Jakarta

Post politics article, this form also appears in sentences below.

(15) Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with

law enforcement efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and

continental shelf areas. [P.3]

(16) In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would

raise taxes especially for the top 1 percent. [P.6]

(17) And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business

people hiding their wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to

go after the tax-avoiding super-rich.[P.6]

In (15), the phrase to interfere with shows form of to + phrasal verb. The

word to is added with the phrasal verb interfere with, interfere as a verb + with as

a particle. The word to represents the meaning of a purpose, while the meaning of

the verb phrase interfere with is to prevent something or slow down the progress

that someone or something makes (Longman Dictionary, 2011). The sentence (15)

tells that interfering with law enforcement effort is the purpose of the protest

action. In (16), the phrase to deal with shows the form of to + phrasal verb. The

word to is added the phrasal verb deal with, deal as a verb + with as a particle.

The word to in to deal with represents the meaning of a purpose, while the

meaning of the phrasal verb deal with is to act in a suitable way in order to solve a

problem, complete a task or to handle something. The sentence (16) tells that

dealing with growing inequality is the purpose of the plan. In (17), the phrase to

go after shows form of to + phrasal verb. The word to is added the phrasal verb go

after, go as a verb and after as a particle. The meaning of to in to go after

represents the meaning of purpose, while the meaning of go after is to follow or

chase someone or something because you want to catch them. The sentence (17)

tells that the purpose of Jokowi‘s efforts is going after the tax avoiding super rich.


37

v. The Form of to as Phrasal Verb

The fifth construction is a phrasal verb. The previous construction

explains that to can be followed by the phrasal verb. In this construction, to

appears as a part of the phrasal verb. McCharty says that the phrasal verb is the

verb that followed by a particles. The particles here are can be a preposition or an

adverb (2004: 6). In politics articles of The Jakarta Post, this construction can

appear in the sentence below.

(18) The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was

signed in 1984 and came into the force in 1987 following ratification by

all of its first 20 state parties. [P.5]

In (18), the phrase referred to is one of the phrasal verb kinds. The verb

refer + the particle to shows the form of phrasal verb. The word to in referred to

has a function as a particle that changes the meaning of verb refer, to mention or

speak about something becoming to describe someone or something (Longman

Dictionary, 2011). The meaning of to in referred to represents the meaning of a

purpose, while the meaning of the phrasal verb referred to in the sentence

describes the convention that Agus talking about.

vi. The Form of to as Phrasal Preposition

The sixth construction is a phrasal preposition. This construction shows

to as part of the phrasal preposition. Kolln says two-word prepositions consist of a

simple preposition preceded by a word from another category such as an adverb,

adjective and conjungtion is called as a phrasal preposition (1990: 309). The

function of phrasal preposition is same as the function of a preposition in the

sentence.


38

(19) A report published in November by international children‘s rights

organization Plan International revealed that Indonesia continued to have

a high rate of child marriage due to long-standing community support for

such practices. [P.4]

(20) According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women

was 18.6 years, women who married before they turned 18 generally had

partners who were six to eight years older than them. [P.4]

In (19), the phrase due to is a phrasal preposition. The phrase due to

combines the adjective due and the preposition to. The meaning of to in due to

represents the meaning of direction to something, while the meaning of the

phrasal preposition due to is caused by or because of someone or something. The

phrasal preposition due to in the sentence makes the understanding of the high

rate of child marriage is caused by the support of the long standing community. In

(20), the phrase according to is kind of phrasal preposition. The meaning of to in

according to represents the meaning of direction to something. The meaning of

according to is stated by someone or as shown by someone. The phrase according

to explains that the fact of marriage of woman is stated in the report.

vii. The Form of to as a Collocation

The seventh construction is a collocation. A collocation is a pair or group

of words that stands together (McCarthy, 1995: 6). A collocation can be called as

word partner because they usually use together as a habit of speaking. The word

of to in this form appears as the part of collocation form. Look at the sentence

below.

(21) Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to

the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for

women last. [P.4]

(22) Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil

society to come forth with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to

ensure that due judicial procedure was observed. [P.5]


39

(23) Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of

individuals close to autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib

Razak and the king of Morocco. [P.6]

(24) The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as

the return on capital will always exceed economic and income growth.

[P.6]

(25) ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the

nation,‖ said Kalla as quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing

ceremony on Sunday. [P.7]

In (21), the phrase objected to is kind of collocation. The verb objected

has basic verb object that combines with to. The word to in objected to represents

the meaning of direction to something, in this case is the petition, while the

meaning of the phrase objected to is to not like or against someone or something.

The meaning of objected to in the sentence is that the petition is unaccepted by the

court. In (22), the phrase related to is a collocation. The collocation is formed by

verb related + to. For English speaker, it is common that verb relate usually

stands with to. The word to in related to represents be the part of something, in

this case is the 1965 atrocities, while the meaning of related to is a connection or

connect to something. The meaning of related to in the sentence is that the

evidence is part of the 1965 atrocities. In (23), the phrase close to is also a

collocation. The collocation is formed by the verb close + to. The word to in

close to represents the meaning of direction to someone, while the meaning of the

phrase close to is almost or have such a relation. The meaning of close to is that

Panama Paper has a relation to autocrat. In (24), the phrase left to shows a form

of a collocation. The verb left + to is form of a collocation. The word to in left to

represents the meaning of purpose, while the meaning of left to is to leave alone

and allow to do whatever they wanted. The sentence (24) tells that the market has


40

autority to select the devices. In (25), the phrase talked to is a colloation. The

collocation is formed by the verb talked + to. the word to in talked to represents

the meaning of direction to someone, while the meaning of talked to is to say

things or to discuss to someone. The sentence (25) tells that Pak Djan is the

person who have talked to the subject.

viii. The Form of to as Modals

The last construction is modals. Here, to becomes part of the modal. Azar

states that modal is an auxiliaries which generaly express speaker‘s attitude (1999:

151). The construction of to as modals can be seen in the sentence below.

(26) He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt

to the era's ongoing changes. [P.7]

In (26), to in the sentence above is part of the modal had to. The word to

in had to has a function as a part of unit grammar of a modal form. The meaning

of modal had to here is saying that someone must do something or that something

must happen. It means that the PPP must adapt to the changes or be more

dynamic.

b. Technology Articles

The analysis of the technology articles results that to appears in seven

formations. They are seven formations of to, which are to + verb, to + verb –ing,

to + noun phrase, to + phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals, and collocation.

The table below shows the distribution of to in technology articles of The Jakarta

Post.


41

Table 4.2 The Form of to in Technology Articles

No. Forms Frequency Percentage (%)

1. to + verb 50 52.08 %

2. to + noun phrase 33 34.38 %

3. to + V –ing 1 1.04 %

4. to + phrasal verb 4 4.17%

5. phrasal verb - -

6. phrasal preposition 6 6.25 %

7. Modals 1 1.04 %

8. Collocation 1 1.04 %

Total 96 100%

Table 4.2 explains the forms and the distribution of the preposition to in

technology articles. The most frequent form is to + verb, which is 52%. The

second most frequent form is to + noun phrase, which is 36%. The third most

frequent forms are to + phrasal verb and phrasal preposition, which are 5%. The

fourth most frequent form is to + gerund, which is 1%. The fifth most frequent

form is modals, which is 1%. The least frequent form is collocation, which is 1%

Some constructions of to in The Jakarta Post‘s technology articles

basically appear in same ways with politics article. It will be explained briefly

below.

i. The Form of to + Verb

The first construction is called as an infinitive phrase. Infinitive has to as

the basic part of the construction. Azar states that an infinitive is to + the simple

form of a verb (1999: 307). The construction of to + verb can be seen in sentences

below.

(27) "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge

potential to become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a

press release on Saturday. [T.1]


42

(28) Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client.

[T.3]

(29) Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by apps

when the device's screen turns off. [T.4]

(30) People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a

drawing of the human anatomy and remove the skeleton to study. [T.5]

(31) And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. [T.6]

In (27), the construction of phrase to become is an infinitive. The word to

is followed by the basic verb become. The word to in to become represents the

meaning of a purpose. The sentence (27) tells that Kediri‘s huge potential has the

purpose why Kediri becomes most developed cities. In (28), the phrase to give

also shows an infinitive. The word to in to give represents the meaning of a

purpose. It means that giving details is the purpose of the action declined. In (29),

the phrase to reduce shows the form of to + verb. The word to in to reduce has a

meaning of a purpose. The sentence (29) tells that reducing the battery power is

the purpose of the change. In (30), phrases to reach and to study show the form of

to + verb. The word to in to reach tells a meaning of a purpose, while in to study

represents the meaning of a reason. The sentence (30) tells that reaching into

holograpich screen is something possible and studying is a reason to remove the

skeleton. In (31), the phrase to say is form of to + verb. The word to in to say

represents the meaning of a purpose. The purpose of saying nothing about

something is explained by word to.

ii. The Form of to + NP

The second construction of to that appears in tecnology articles is to +

NP or as a prepositional phrase. Kolln says that preposition is a structure word

found in pre-position to preceding a noun phrase or other nominal (1990: 308).


43

Kolln‘s statement means that the preposition can form a prepositional phrase if it

appears before a noun pharse. The construction of to + NP can be seen in

sentences below.

(32) The next four to seven results are those that have content written in

simple language, also handpicked by the editors. [T.2]

(33) Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something

already available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches

running on Android Wear. [T.4]

(34) Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even

bigger buzz given its ties to Google. [T.5]

(35) It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming

to market. [T.6]

(36) NASA, meanwhile, paid Bigelow Aerospace $17.8 million for the

upcoming test flight, making the BEAM the most affordable module ever

launched to the space station. [T.7]

In (32), the phrase to seven results is form of to + NP. The meaning of to

in to seven results is used before the upper limit of a range. It means the

preposition to acts as connector that shows there is a range from four up to seven.

In (33), the phrase to notifications shows the form of to + NP. The word to in to

notifications has a meaning of direction to a place. It means that word

notifications is the place where the users can replay the message. In (34), the

phrase to Google is a foem of to + NP. The word to in to Google represents the

meaning of a direction to place. The word Google is the place of Magic Leap‘s

center. In (35), the phrase to market is the form of to + NP. The meaning of to in

the phrase to market shows a direction to a place. It means that the preposition to

makes the product become new brand compared to another after they come to

market. In (36), the phrase to the space station shows a form of to + NP. The

meaning of to in the phrase to the space station is the direction to a place. The

space station is the place which is the goal of the next lunching of the BEAM.


44

iii. The Form of to as Phrasal Preposition

The third construction is a phrasal preposition. This construction shows

to as a part of the phrasal preposition. Kolln says two-word prepositions consist of

a simple preposition preceded by a word from another category such as an adverb,

adjective and conjunction is called as phrasal preposition (1990: 309). The form

of to as the phrasal preposition can be seen in sentences below.

(37) Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan

Brimob Kediri and featured a local band competition, festival booths and

games with attractive prizes, in addition to music performances. [T.1]

(38) The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device

makers earlier than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them

more time to set up the new software on their latest models. [T.4]

(39) Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still

running on versions of the software that were released in 2013 and 2014,

according to Google's tabulations. [T.4]

(40) Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished,

according to Edmunds.com [T.6]

(41) According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000

Porsche Boxster these days also consider the considerably cheaper

Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential Chevrolet Corvette customers

kick the tires on a Mustang. [T.6]

(42) The X6 was the first to kind of say ―We can be a sports car and a utility

at the same time‖. [T.6]

In (37), the phrase in addition to shows a form of to as a phrasal

preposition. The preposition in + noun addition + preposition to is kind of phrasal

preposition. The meaning of to in the phrase in addition to shows a direction to

something, while the meaning in addition to is to connect and give more

information about something. In (38), (39), (40), (41) the phrase according to is

kind of phrasal preposition. The preposition to is part of the phrasal preposition,

which the preposition to is combined with the word according. The word to in

(38), (39), (40), (41) has a similar meaning which shows the direction to


45

something, while the meaning of according to is as stated by someone or as

shown by something. In (38), the phrase according to means the Android N

design is shown by Google blog post. In (39), the phrase according to means

Android version is the old version based on Google‘s tabulation. In (40) and (41),

the phrase according to means the data of the premium sport car purchases can be

seen in Edmund.com. In (42), the phrase to kind of is kind of phrasal preposition.

The preposition to + noun kind + preposition of shows a phrasal preposition‘s

form. The meaning of to in to kind of represents the meaning of part of something,

while the meaning of to kind of is to describe something in a way that is not clear.

So, the word to explains that the X6 has relation to the sentence in the quotation.

iv. The Form of to + Phrasal Verb

The forth construction is to + phrasal verb. In the technology article, to

appears only in form of to + phrasal verb, it is different from the politics article in

which to also appears as part of phrasal verb. McCarthy says that the combination

of verb and a participle called as phrasal verb (2004: 6). The construction of to +

phrasal verb can be seen in sentences below.

(43) To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that

she was the mother of both children, the report said. [T.3]




(45) The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the

smartphone industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult

to come up with new ideas nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized

mobile computing with the iPhone's debut. [T.4]

(46) Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away

Android to device makers. [T.4]

(47) Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need

to wait around for the controlled explosion of an internal combustion

engine. [T.6]


46

In (43), the phrase to rule out shows a form of to + phrasal verb. The

word to in to rule out represents the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of

the phrasal verb rule out is to say that someone or something is not thought to be

possible. The sentence (43) tells that DNA testing becomes the reason of the rule

out a hospital mix up. In (44), the phrase to set up shows a form of to + phrasal

verb. The word to in to set up represents the meaning of a reason, while the

meaning of set up is to start, to establish a business. The sentence (44) tells that

setting up new software is the reason why needs more time. In (45), the phrase to

come up with is a form of to + phrasal verb. The word to in to come up represents

the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of come up with is to find an answer

or a solution to something. The phrase to come up with shows that to have new

idea is difficult because of the over improvement.

In (46), the phrase to give away shows a form of to + phrasal verb. The

word to in to give away represents the meaning of a reason, while the meaning of

give away is to give something, often something that you do not want anymore, to

someone without asking for or receiving a return. The sentence (46) tells that

giving Android to device makers is the reason why Google does not make

smartphones. In (47), the phrase to wait around shows the form of to + phrasal

verb. The word to in to with around represents the meaning of a reason, while the

meaning of wait around is to stay in a place doing nothing because someone or

someting is late. The word to in (47) tells that waiting around for something is no

needed.


47

v. The Form of to + V -ing

The fifth construction is to + verb -ing. Azar says that gerund is the –ing

form of a verb used as a noun (1999: 297). In this form, the function of the verb

changes into a noun. The construction of to + v -ing has a similar function as the

construction to + NP. The construction of to + v -ing can be seen in the sentence

below.

(48) Although other improvements could be added before the software is

released to consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to

breaking any new ground. [T.4]

In (48), the phrase to breaking shows the form of to + v –ing. To is

followed by the verb break with an addition –ing. The word to in to breaking

represents the meaning of a purpose. The phrase to breaking can not be omitted

because it helps the reader to understand that to makes an opinion about the new

Android which the new Android is not to change the situation.

vi. The Form of to as Modals

The last construction is modals. Here, to becomes part of the modals.

Azar says that modal is an auxiliaries which generaly express speaker‘s attitude

(1999: 151). The construction of to as a modal can be seen in the sentence below.

(49) They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive

a lot better. [T.6]

In (49), to in the sentence above is part of the modal used to. The

existence of to in the phrase used to is one gramatical unit. The meaning of the

modal used to here shows past situation that no longer exists. It means that there is

a different between the subject in the past with the subject in the present or future.


48

vii. The Form of to as Collocation

The seventh construction is a collocation. A collocation is a pair or group

of words that stands together (McCarthy, 1995: 6). A collocation can be called as

word partner because they usually use together as a habit of speaking. The word

of to in this form appears as the part of collocation form. Look at the sentence

below.

(50) Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet

is not connected to the tech giant. [T.3]

In (50), the phrase connected to shows a collocation form. The word to in

connected to has a meaning as a direction to something, which is music

performance. The sentence (50) tells that the tech giant is place where the Google

search engine must be connected.

2. The Functions of the forms of to used in the News Articles in The Jakarta

Post

The word to has many kind of forms after to is combined with other

word. Referring to the analysis above, to can appear in many phrase forms such

as: a prepositional phrase, an infinitive phrase, a phrasal verb, a phrasal

preposition, modals and also in the form of collocations. Considering the variety

of phrase forms to, there must be a variety of functions based on the position in

the sentence.

Quirk states that preposition can appear as an adjunct, a disjunct, a

conjunct, a modifier of a verb, etc (1983: 145- 146). Kolln also says that a

preposition can appear as a subject complement, a modifier of a noun, a modifier

of a verb, etc (1990: 96-99). Harman and House add that to can appear as an


49

infinitive that has each function based on the position in the sentence. It can be a

subject, an object complement, a modifier of a noun, a modifier of a verb, a

modifier of an adjective or it can stand independently (1950: 326- 337). Some

theories are shown in the analysis below.

a. Politics Articles

Referring to some theories mention in the Chapter II, the form of to that

appears in politics articles has its individual function in the sentence. There are ten

functions of forms to in politics articles. It can be seen in the table below.

Table. 4.3 The Functions of to in Politics Articles in The Jakarta Post


1. subject of a sentence - -

2. the subjective complement 1 0.9 %

3. verb of a sentence 6 5.6 %

4. the direct object - -

5. an appositive 2 1.9 %

6. objective complement 4 3.7 %

7. a modifier of a noun 61 56.4 %

8. a modifier of a verb 21 19.4 %

9. a modifier of an adjective 3 2.8 %

10. a modifier of an adverb 3 2.8 %

11. object of preposition 6 5.6 %

12. the complementary infinitive - -

13. infinitive used independently 1 0.9 %

Total 108 100%

Table 4.3 displays the function of forms to in the politics news article of

The Jakarta Post. The most frequent function is as a modifier of a noun, which is

56,4%. The second most frequent function is as a modifier of a verb, which is

19,4%. The third most frequent function is as a verb of the sentence, which is

5,6%. The forth most frequent function is as an object of preposition, which is

5,6%. The fifth most frequent function is as an object complement, which is 3,7%.


50

The sixth most frequent functions are as a modifier of an adjective and a modifier

of an adverb, which are 2,8%. The seventh most frequent function is as an

appositive, which is 1,9%. The least frequent functions are as a subject

complement and an independent infinitive, which are 0,9%.

To have deeper understanding about the function of forms to in The

Jakarta Post‘s politics articles, it will be explained briefly below.

i. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Noun

The function of the forms of to as a modifier of a noun is the most

frequent function that appears in the sentence. The form of to can be a modifier of

a noun if the purpose of the form is modifying the noun.

The first form is to + NP which shows the function as the modifier of a

noun. It can be seen in sentences below.


of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention

to their surroundings.[P.2]

(2) The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the

Chinese government to protest suspected territorial violations committed

by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese

coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands. [P.3]

(3) We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide,

in the bill, because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.

[P.5]

(4) Through a well-functioning democracy, workers and interest groups

could propose policies to ease inequality.[P.6]

(5) It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand

in the economy, distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the

rich and transfers resources to the poor through unemployment benefits

and health care. [P.6]

In (1), the phrase to their surroundings has a function as a modifier of a

noun. The phrase to their surroundings modifies the noun attention. The word to

in to their surroundings shows a direction to a place, which means the


51

surroundings are the direction of the attention. In (2), the phrase to the Chinese

government has a function as a modifier of a noun. The phrase to the Chinese

government modifies the noun note. The word to in to the Chinese government

shows a direction to a place, which means the Chinese government are the

direction of the note to convey. In (3), the phrase to the practice of torture has a

function as a modifier of a noun phrase a strong connection. The word to in to the

practice of torture shows a cause. It means that the practice of torture causes

violations. In (4), the phrase to ease inequality modifies the noun phrase policies,

which means policies will reduce the inequality. The word to in to ease inequality

shows information of a purpose. In (5), the phrase to the welfare state has a

function as a modifier of a noun phrase all thanks. The word to in to the welfare

state shows information of direction to a place. It means that thanks that woul be

given delivers to the government.

The second form is to + V which shows the function as the modifier of a




(7) The minister said the government issued the travel advice after recent

terror attacks in several locations in Brussels, followed by the Belgian

government's decision to increase the country's security alert level. [P.2]

(8) Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all parties to maintain peace

and security in the South China Sea area in a bid to prevent the ongoing

territorial disputes from expanding further into an open conflict. [P.3]

(9) While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows

sooner rather than later, the government has told them to take things

slowly. [P.4]

(10) He said he had persuaded Djan to accept the results of the eighth

muktamar, which was held at the Pondok Gede Haj Dormitory in East

Jakarta over the weekend. [P.7]


52

In (6), the phrase to study is a modifier of a noun phrase more time. The

word to in to study shows a reason. It means that to functions to give information

why needs an additional time. The sentence (6) tells that studying the bill needs a

lot of time. In (7), the phrase to increase is a modifier of a noun phrase the

Belgian government’s decision. The word to in to increase represent the meaning

of a purpose. It means the decision made by the Belgian‘s government will

increase the security. In (8), the phrase to maintain has a function as a modifier of

a noun phrase all parties. The word to in to maintain here shows a reason. It

means that the reason of the Vice President calls all party is to maintain the peace

and security. In (9), the phrase to exchange has a function as a modifier of a noun

phrase teens. The word to in to exchange shows a purpose. It means that

exchanging vows is better if done sooner for teens based on parent‘s opinion. In

(10), the phrase to accept has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase Djan. The

word to in to accept represents the meaning of a reason. The phrase to accept

becomes the reason why subject persuades Djan.

The third form is to + V –ing which shows the function as a modifier of a





(12) Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria

Ulfa Anshor said that a thorough education was the primary key to

resolving the child marriage problem. [P.4]

(13) Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses. [P.5]

In (11), the phrase to maintaining is a modifier of a noun phrase key. The

word to in to maintaining shows a purpose. It means that the noun key has a


53

purpose to maintain peace and security. In (12), the phrase to resolving is a

modifier of a noun phrase the primary key. The word to in to resolving shows a

purpose. It means that resolving the child marriage problem is the primary key. In

(13), the phrase to resolving is a modifier of a noun phrase new routes. The word

to in to resolving shows a reason. It means that the reason of opening the new

routes is to resolve the problem.

The forth form is a phrasal preposition which shows the function of a

modifier of a noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(14) A report published in November by international children‘s rights

organization Plan International revealed that Indonesia continued to have

a high rate of child marriage due to long-standing community support for

such practices. [P.4]

In (14), the phrase due to has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase a

high rate of child marriage. The word to in due to represents a reason, while the

pharse due to shows a cause. It means the phrase due to connects the problem of

child marriage happened because of the community‘s support.

The fifth form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as the modifier of a

noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(15) And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business

people hiding their wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to

go after the tax-avoiding super-rich. [P.6]

In (15), the phrase to go after is a modifier of a noun phrase vindication

of Jokowi’s efforts. The word to in to go after shows a purpose. It means Jokowi

has efforts to capture the rich people who avoids the tax.


54

ii. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Verb

The use of the forms of to in articles also finds as a modifier of a verb.

The form of to here is modifiying the verb in the sentence. There are some forms

that modify the verb in the sentence.

The first form is to + V, which shows as the modifier of a verb. It can be

seen in sentences below.

(16) Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the

directives of local authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close

attention to their surroundings. [P.2]

(17) I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution

through a diplomatic and political process. [P.3]

(18) The agency is also planning to counsel families, schools and universities

about the importance of avoiding early marriage, given its severe impact

on young women. [P.4]

(19) We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide,

in the bill, because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.

[P.5]

(20) Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. [P.6]

In (16), the phrase to follow is a modifier of a verb are reminded. The

word to in to follow represents the meaning of a purpose. It means there is a

reminder that all Indonesian citizens have to follow the directives. In (17), the

phrase to highlight is a modifier of a verb want. The word to in to highlight

represents the meaning of a purpose. It means the action that the subject want to

do is giving special attention to the commitment. In (18), the phrase to counsel has

a function as a modifier of a verb is planning. The word to in to counsel

represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the plan of the agency is to

counsel about avoiding early marriage. In (19), the phrase to include has a

function as a modifier of a verb plan. The word to in to include shows a purpose.

It means that there is a plan to enter the bill about human right violation. In (20),


55

the phrase to corrupt has a function as a modifier of a verb tends. The word to in

to corrupt shows a purpose. It means that absolute power makes people to corrupt.

The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can

be seen in sentences below.

(21) Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government

says, should first seek comprehensive information about the security

situation in their destination. [P.2]

(22) Surya said decentralization and regional autonomy had contributed to

setbacks in family planning, resulting in a population that reached over

255 million, the fourth largest in the world. [P.4]

(23) ...(Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to

bring to court. [P.5]



In (21), the phrase to Belgium is a modifier of an infinitive phrase to

travel. The word to in to Belguim shows a direction to a place. It means Belgium

is the destination of the travel. In (22), the phrase to setbacks has a function as a

modifier of a verb had contributed. The word to in to setbacks shows a purpose. It

means that the decentralization and autonomy have a contribution in resolving

difficulty of family planning. In (23), the phrase to court is a modifier of an

infinitive phrase to bring. The word to in to court shows a direction to a place. It

means that court is place to resolve some cases. In (24), the phrase to the era's

ongoing changes has a function as a modifier of a verb have to adapt. The word to

in to the era's ongoing changes shows a time. It means that PPP have to adapt to

the changing era because the time is always walking.


56

iii. The Use of to as a Verb

The form of the forms of to can function as a verb in the sentence or a

predicator. There are two forms that function as a verb. They are collocation form

and modals.

The first form is collocation of verb + preposition to, which shows as the

verb of sentence. It can be seen in sentences below.

(25) Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to

the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for

women last year. [P.4]

(26) Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil

society to come forth with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to

ensure that due judicial procedure was observed. [P.5]

(27) Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of

individuals close to autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib

Razak and the king of Morocco. [P.6]

(28) The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as

the return on capital will always exceed economic and income growth.

[P.6]




In (25), the phrase objected to shows a function of a verb in the sentence.

There is a sentence, the court as a subject, objected to as the verb, and the petition

as the object. The verb objected to has a meaning against someone or something,

while the word to in objected to has a meaning direction to something. In (26), the

phrase related to is a verb in the sentence. The subject of the sentence is on civil

society to come forth with evidence and the phrase related to has a role as the

verb. The word to in related to has a meaning directive to someone. In (27), the

phrase close to is a verb in the sentence. The subject of the sentence is had the

Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of individuals and the


57

phrase close to is a verb of the sentence that relates the subject with the object

autocrats. The word to in close to represents the meaning of direction to someone.

In (28), the phrase left to has a function as a verb in the sentence. The subject of

the sentence is the market and there is a wh- clause, when left to its own devices, is

an appositive. The phrase left to takes the position of verb in that wh- clause. The

word to in left to means direction to something. In (29), the phrase talked to shows

a function as a verb in the sentence. The subject is I , the verb is have talked to,

and the object is Pak Djal. The word to has a meaning direction to someone.

The second form is modals, which show as a verb in the sentence. It can

be seen in the sentence below.



In (30), the phrase had to is a verb in the sentence. The word to in had to

has a unity meaning with the word had because to in had to is one grammatical

unit. The phrasal modal had to + basic verb adapt makes this phrase be the verb

of the sentence. It means that the subject the PPP has to do something.

iv. The Use of to as Object of Preposition

The forms of to also function as an object of a preposition in the

sentence. There are two forms that function as an object of a preposition. They are

to + V, and to + phrasal verb.

The first form is to + V, which shows as an object of a preposition can be

seen in the sentence below.

(31) The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the

Chinese government to protest suspected territorial violations committed


58

by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese

coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands. [P.3]

(32) The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN)

launched a campaign to discourage marriage among teenagers on

Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38 percent annual population

growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019 target. [P.4]

(33) Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human

rights abuses, the government has initiated several measure to mitigate

rights violations. [P.5]

(34) The government has also been criticized for falling to resolve past human

rights abuses. [P.5]

In (31), the phrase to protest is an object of the prepositional phrase to

the Chinese government. The word to in to protes represents the meaning of a

reason, while the phrase to protes gives information that the diplomatic note from

the Indonesia government is given to the Chinese government. In (32), the phrase

to curb is an object of the preposition. The preposition phrase in a battle has an

object, to curb. The prepositional phrase in the battle is explained by the phrase to

curb. The word to in to curb represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that

curbing country 1.38% is the purpose of what the battle is. In (33), the phrase to

take is an object of the prepositional phrase despite an unwillingness. The word to

in to take represents the meaning of a reason, while the phrase to take explains the

prepositinal phrase despite an unwillingness with certain action, which is take

judicial action. In (34), the phrase to resolve is an object of the prepositional

phrase for falling. The phrase to resolve becomes the object of the pepositional

phrase for falling because it explains that the falling means the failure in solving

right abuses, while the word to in to resolve shows a purpose of the word falling.

The last form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as an object of the

preposition can be seen in the sentence below.


59

(35) Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with

law enforcement efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and

continental shelf areas. [P.3]

In (35), the phrase to interfere with is an object preposition in the

sentence. The prepositional phrase in the attempt is modified by the form of to +

phrasal verb, to interfere with. It means that there is an act to protest the way to

interfare law by the violation. The word to in to interfere with shows a meaning of

a purpose to the verb phrase protested violations in the attempt.

v. The Use of to as Object Complement

The forms of to also can function as the object complement in the

sentence. There are some forms that show a function as an object complement.

The first form is to + V, which shows as an object complement. It can be


(36) In the travel advisory, the government calls on all Indonesian citizens

currently in Belgium, especially Brussels, to remain vigilant and avoid

places with high risk of becoming a terror target. [P.2]



slowly. [P.4]

In (36), the phrase to remain is an object complement in the sentence. the

word to in to remain represents the meaning of a reason. It gives information that

the reason why all Indonesian citizen in Belguim are called on is to stay and to

avoid trouble. In (37), the phrase to take has a function as an object complement.

The pharse to take becomes the objective complement of the object them that refer

to parents. The word to in to take represents the meaning of a purpose. It means

that the government asks parent to postpone the teens marriage.


60

The second form is to + NP, which shows a function as the object

complement. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(38) We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. [P.6]

(39) Our politics certainly has not experienced a shift to the left, but the

election of President Joko ―Jokowi‖ Widodo, an outsider of Indonesia‘s

oligarchy, could be seen as voters‘ repudiation of the domination of the

moneyed class, as represented by soldier-turned-businessman Prabowo

Subianto. [P.6]

In (38), the phrase to the old line is an object complement in the

sentence. It becomes the object complement because modifies the object pronoun

ourselves and it can not be ommited. The word to in to the old line shows the

meaning of direction to something. In (39), the phrase to the left is an object

complement in the sentence. The word to in to the left represents the meaning of

directive to something. It describes the object a shift as part of politic tools.

vi. The Use of to as Modifier of an Adjective

The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adjective. There are

some forms that function as modifiers of an adjective. The forms of to here is

modifying the adjective.

The first form is to + V, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It can








In (40), the phrase to face shows a function as a modifier of an adjective.

The adjective phrase mentally ready is modified by the phrase to face. The word


61

to in to face represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the young girl who

is mentally not ready to have married life. In (41), the phrase to give modifies the

adjective phrase biologically ready. The word to in to give represents the meaning

of a purpose. It means that the girl is not ready to have a baby physically.

The second form is to + V –ing, which shows as a modifier of an

adjective. It can be seen in the sentence below.




In (42), the phrase to getting shows a function of a modifier of an

adjective. The adjective susceptible is modified by the phrase to getting. The word

to in to getting represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the young girl‘s

mental is not ready to face married life.

vii. The Use of to as a Modifier of an Adverb

The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adverb. There are

two forms that show a function as a modifier of an adverb. The forms here is

modifiying the adverb in the sentence.

The first form is to + NP, it functions as a modifier of an adverb. It can


(43) Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage. [P.4]



In (43), the phrase to rush is a modifier of an adverb not. The adverb not

modifies the verb tells. The word to in to rush represents the meaning of a

purpose. The phrase to rush modifies the adverb not, which the meaning of not is


62

do not rush marriage. In (44), phrases to child marriage and to drugs show a

function as a modifier of an adverb no. Phrases to child marriage and to drugs

modify the adverb no in the sentence. The word to in to child marriage and to

drugs shows a purpose. It means that the actions should not be encouraged,

whether it is a child marriage or consuming drugs.

viii. The Use of to as an Appositive

The forms of to can be an appositive. Quirk states that an appositive links

units having grammatical affinity, they must normally be identical in reference

(1983: 276). There are some forms that function as an appositive.

The first form is Phrasal Preposition, which shows as an appositive. It

can be seen in the sentence below.




In (45), the phrase according to function as an appositive. The phrase

according to the report is called as non- restrictive apposition. The existance of

the phrase according to the report is as an addition information for the sentense,

while the word to in according to shows direction to something. It has a meaning

that the fect about age of marriage can be seen in the report.

The last form is phrasal verb, which shows as an appositive. It can be







63

In (46), the phrase referred to is an appositive. The phrase referred to is

called as a restrictive apposition. The word to in referred to shows a direction to

something, while, the meaning of referred to is to describe about the convention

in the sentence, or the convention that against Torture is the convention that Agus

talk about. The phrase referred to as an appositive here means that the phrase

helps to explain the convention‘s meaning.

ix. The Use of to as Subject Complement

The forms of to also can function as a subject complement. There is a

form of to that shows the function as a subject complement. It is to + NP.

The first form is to + NP, which shows a function as subject complement.

It can be seen in the sentence below.

(47) Filling a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected

to the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for


In (47), the phrase to be pointless is as a subject complement. The phrase

to be pointless modifies the subject filling a petition to the MK. The word to in to

be pointless represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information that the

petition is something pointless.

x. The Use of to as Independent Infinitive

The forms of to also can stand as an independent infinitive. The form of

to + phrasal verb here shows a function as an independent infinitive. It can be seen

in the sentence below.

(48) In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would

raise taxes especially for the top 1 percent. [P.6]


64

In (48), the phrase to deal with is an independent infinitive. It is because

the phrase in his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US has a complete

meaning. The word to in to deal with represents the meaning of purpose, it

explains the purpose of the word plan.

b. Technology Articles

In technology articles, the forms of to has each own function in the

sentence. There are ten functions of the forms of to. It can be seen in the table

below.

Table. 4.4 The Functions of to in Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post


1. subject of a sentence - -

2. the subjective complement - -

3. verb of a sentence 1 1.1 %

4. the direct object 7 7.3 %

5. an appositive 8 8.3 %

6. objective complement - -

7. a modifier of a noun 35 36.4 %

8. a modifier of a verb 31 32.2 %

9. a modifier of an adjective 5 5.2 %

10. a modifier of an adverb 2 2.1 %

11. object of preposition 1 1.1 %

12. the complementary infinitive 5 5.2%

13. infinitive used independently 1 1.1 %

Total 96 100%

Table 4.3 displays the functions of the forms of to in the technology

articles of The Jakarta Post. The most frequent function is as a modifier of a

noun, which is 36,4%. The second most frequent function is as a modifier of a

verb, which is 32,2%. The third most frequent function is as an appositive, which

is 8,3%. The fourth most frequent function is as a direct object, which is 7,3%.

The fifth most frequent functions are as a modifier of an adjective and a


65

complementary infinitive, which are 5,2%. The sixth most frequent function is a

modifier of an adverb, which is 2,1%. The least frequent functions are as a verb,

an object of the preposition, and an independent infinitive, which are 1,1%.

To have deeper understanding about the functions of the forms of to in

The Jakarta Post‘s technology articles, it will be explained briefly below.

i. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Noun

The functions of the forms of to as a modifier of a noun is the most

frequent function that appears in the sentence. The forms of to can be a modifier

of a noun if the purpose of the form is modifying the noun.

The first form is to + NP which shows the function as the modifier of a




(50) With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a

headset are meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real

world. [T.5]

(51) Virtual reality is cool, but it's just a stepping stone to augmented reality.

[T.5]

(52) Bigelow Aerospace is behind the experiment, which will get a ride to the

International Space Station with another private space company. [T.7]

(53) It's an important piece to the human space exploration puzzle. [T.7]

In (49), the phrase to device makers has a function as a modifier of a

noun phrase Android. The word to in to device makers shows a direction to

someone. It means that Google lets the Android in the hand of device makers. In

(50), the phrase to the real world modifies the noun phrase amusing companion.

The word to in to the real world shows a direction to a place, which tells that the

three dimentional holograms can be realized in the real world. It means that the

augmented reality can feel like the real world. In (51), the phrase to augmented


66

reality modifies the noun phrase a stepping stone. The word to in to augmented

reality shows a purpose. It means that the augmented reality can happen because

of the virtual reality. In (52), the phrase to the International Space Station has a

function as a modifier of a noun phrase a ride. The word to in to the International

Space Station shows a direction to a place. It means that the experiment is done to

make the Bigelow Aerospace go to space station. In (53), the phrase to the human

space has a function as a modifier of a noun phrase important piece. The word to

in to the human space shows a direction to a place, while to the human space

means that the subject is something important for human life.

The second form is to + V which shows the function as the modifier of a


(54) "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge

potential to become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a

press release on Saturday. [T.1]






(57) Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911

experience in the SUV. [T.6]

(58) Regardless of where you go, you need a place to live and work. [T.7]

In (54), the phrase to become has a function as a modifier of a noun

phrase huge potential. The word to in to become represents the meaning of

purpose. The phrase to become in the sentence means that Kediri has huge

potential to be most developed city. In (55), the phrase to reply is a modifier of a

noun phrase users. The word to in to reply represents the meaning of purpose,

while to reply in the sentence means that the users will have the ability to reply


67

the notification directly. In (56), the phrase to study is a modifier of a noun phrase

the skeleton. The word to in to study represents the meaning of reason. It means

that studying is reason to remove the skeleton or the skeleton is used as media of

the study. In (57), the phrase to create is a modifier of noun phrase a way. The

word to in to create represents the meaning of purpose. It means the way that is

made by Porshe creates someting to 911. In (58), the phrase to live has a function

as a modifier of a noun phrase a place. The word to in to live shows a purpose. It

means that the subject needs a place to come back.

The third form is phrasal preposition which shows the function of a

modifier of a noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(59) The X6 was the first to kind of say ―We can be a sports car and a utility

at the same time‖. [T.6]

In (59), the phrase to kind of is a modifier of a noun phrase the first. It

means that the X6 will be the first sport car and a utility. The word to in to kind of

means a direction to something. The phrasal preposition here connects between

the phrases the first and the quotation.

The fifth form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as the modifier of a

noun. It can be seen in the sentence below.




In (60), the phrase to set up is a modifier of a noun phrase more time. The

word to in to set up shows a reason, while the phrase to set up shows a reason why

the subject needs more time. It means that there is needed an aditional time to start

someting.


68

ii. The Use of to as a Modifier of a Verb

The use of to in the sentence article is found as a modifier of a verb. The

form of to here is modifiying the verb in the sentence. There are some forms that

modify the verb in the sentence.

The first form is to + V, which shows as the modifier of a verb. It can be


(61) Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client.

[T.3]

(62) Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by

apps when the device's screen turns off. [T.4]

(63) By next March, Gribetz plans to remove all computer screens from the

company's offices in Redwood City, California. [T.5]

(64) Masahiro Moro, chief executive officer of Mazda North America,

concedes that the ranks of customers who really love to drive are

thinning.[T.6]

(65) An unmanned SpaceX Falcon rocket is set to launch late Friday

afternoon, carrying a capsule full of supplies with the pioneering pod in

its trunk. [T.7]

In (61), the phrase to give has a function as a modifier of a verb declined.

The word to in to give represents the meaning of purpose. It means that Luong

refuses to give detail. In (62), the phrase to reduce is a modifier of a verb is being

made. The word to in to reduce represents the meaning of reason. It means the

action is being made because of the change reduces something. In (63), the phrase

to remove has a function as a modifier of a verb plans. The word to in to remove

shows purpose. It means that Gribetz‘s plan is to remove computers. In (64), the

phrase to drive is a modifier of the verb love. The word to in to drive represents

the meaning of purpose. It means that the people who love driving are reduced. In

(65), the phrase to launch is a modifier of a verb is set. The word to in to launch


69

represents the meaning of purpose. It means that the rocket is planned to launch

late Friday afterrnoon.

The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can


(66) Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet

is not connected to the tech giant. [T.3]




(68) Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even

bigger buzz given its ties to Google. [T.5]


to market. [71]

(70) It never flew to space, despite elaborate blueprints and ground mock-ups.

[T.7]

In (66), the phrase to the tech giant is a modifier of a verb is not

connected. The word to in to the tech giant shows a direction to something. It

means the website does not connect to the giant tech yet. In (67), the phrase to

consumers is a modifier of a verb is released. The word to in to consumers shows

a direction to someone. It means that the action of realizing the software to

customers will be held later. In (68), the phrase to Google has a function as a

modifier of a verb ties. The word to in to Google shows a direction to place. It

means that Google has a relation with Magic Leap. In (69), the phrase to market is

a modifier of a verb coming. The word to in to market shows a direction to a

place. It means that this is the first time for the product launches in the market. In

(70), the phrase to space is a modifier of a verb flew. The word to in to space

shows a direction to a place. It means that the subject is never arrives in space.


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The third form is to + V –ing, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It can





In (71), the phrase to breaking is a modifier of a verb does not appear.

The word to in to breaking represents the meaning of purpose. It means Android

N does not change anything.

The last form is to + phasal verb, which shows as a modifier of a verb. It

cab be seen in the sentence below.

(72) Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need

to wait around for the controlled explosion of an internal combustion

engine. [T.6]

In (72), the phrase to wait around is a modifier of a verb need. The word

to in to wait around represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the subject

can do the acceleration does not need to wait.

iii. The Use of to as an Appositive

The forms of to also can be an appositive. Quirk states that an appositive

links units having grammatical affinity, they must normally be identical in

reference (1983: 276). There are some forms that function as an appositive.

The first form is phrasal preposition, which shows as an appositive. It can


(73) Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan

Brimob Kediri and featured a local band competition, festival booths and

games with attractive prizes, in addition to music performances. [T.1]





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(75) Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still

running on versions of the software that were released in 2013 and 2014,

according to Google's tabulations. [T.4]



(77) According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000

Porsche Boxster these days also consider the considerably cheaper

Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential Chevrolet Corvette customers

kick the tires on a Mustang. [T.6]

In (73), the phrase in addition to is an appositive in the sentence. The

phrase in addition to is called as a non-restrictive apposition. The word to in in

addition to represents the meaning of direction to something. The sentence (73)

tells that music performance is one event in the Kediri Festival. In (74), the phrase

according to is as an appositive in the sentence. The phrase according to a Google

blog spot is a non- restrictive apposition. The word to in according to represents

the meaning of direction to something. The phrase according to gives additional

information in the sentence, that Android N can be looked in the Google‘s blog. In

(75) and (76), the phrase according to is an appositive. The phrases according to

Google’s tabulations and according to Edmund.com are a non-restrictive

apposition. The word to in according to Google’s tabulations and according to

Edmund.com represents the meaning of direction to something. In (77), the phrase

according to is an appositive. The phrase according to Edmunds.com is a non-

restrictive apposition in the sentence. The word to in according to represents the

meaning of direction to something, while the phrase according to Edmunds.com

gives addition information in the sentence.

The second form is to + V, which functions as an appositive. It can be



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(78) Carmakers have gotten so good at their craft that performance is

becoming a commodity (to say nothing of fetching design and

reliability). [T.6]

In (78), the phrase to say is an appositive in the sentence. It is because the

phrase to say nothing of fetching design and reliability is presented in the

blancket. The phrase to say nothing of fetching design and reliability also

functions as additional information in the sentence. The word to in to say

represents the meaning of a purpose about the originality of Carmakers‘s craft.

The third is to + NP, which shows as an appositive. It can be seen in

sentences below.

(79) When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to

three results that appear are safe websites written specifically for

children, which were handpicked and checked by Kiddle editors. [T.2]

(80) As a precursor to larger systems, Bigelow said BEAM could "change the

entire dynamic for human habitation" in space. [T.7]

In (79), the phrase the first to three result is part of the non-restrictive

apposition. To is used as the connector in the phrase that shows as expressing

quantity. The clause, the first to three results that appear are safe websites written

specifically for children, gives important information in the text about the used of

the kiddle.co. In (80), the phrase to large systems is an appositive in the sentence.

The phrase to large systems is part of the appositive as a precursor to larger

systems that describes the subject Bigelow. The word to in to large systems

repesents the meaning of direction to something. It means that a precutsor is

connected to larger systems.


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iv. The Use of to as Direct Object

The forms of to also can function as a direct object. There are two forms

that show as a direct object in the sentence.

The form of to + V here shows a function of a direct object. It can be


(81) The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and

other features, giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital

ads that generate most of its revenue. [T.4]

(82) Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized

disruption in the heart of the market for luxurious speed machines. [T.6]

(83) Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these

speed pods just to burnish their brands. [T.6]

(84) He hopes to have a pair of private space stations ready for launch by

2020. [T.7]

(85) BEAM has proven to be equal or better against space debris than metal,

said NASA project manager Rajib Dasgupta. [T.7]

(86) The company hopes to launch two of the B330s around 2020, providing

opportunities for companies, schools, countries outside the space

mainstream, and NASA, too, if it likes. [T.7]

In (81), the phrase to highlight is a direct object of the sentence. The

word to in to highlight represents the meaning of a reason. It is becuase the action

of highlighting become the reason of the new design of the softwere. In (82), the

phrase to deliver shows a function of a direct object. The word to in to deliver

represents the meaning of a purpose because the subject Tesla does an action to

plan to do something. The action that the subject have to do is delivering vehicles.

In (82), the phrase to swoon is a direct objcet in the sentence. The phrase to swoon

gets the action from the verb continue. The word to in to swoon represents the

meaning of a purpose. It means that the action of swooning makes the sale

continued. In (84), the phrase to have is a direct object in the sentence. It means

that the phrase to have gets the action of the verb hopes. The word to in to have


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represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information that subject needs a pair

of private space. In (85), the phrase to be equal is a direct object in the sentence.

The word to in to be equal represents the meaning of purpose. It gives information

that the proof by BEAM should be equal or better. In (86), the phrase to launch is

a direct object. The phrase to launch gets the action of the verb hopes. The word

to in to launch represents the meaning of a purpose. It means that the launching of

the B330s is the hope of the company.

The second form is to + NP, which shows a function as the direct object.

It can be seen in the sentence below.

(87) It doesn‘t lend itself to Uber, it‘s crap on a Costco run and in today‘s

truck-crazy culture, it's so low that the driver can't see anything but the

bumpers of the SUVs around them. [T.6]

In (87), the phrase to Uber is a direct object in the sentence. It means the

Uber does not pay itself. The word to in to Uber shows a direction to a place

which share information that the destination of the subject is Uber.

v. The Use of to as Modifier of an Adjective

The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adjective. There are

some forms that function as a modifier of an adjective. The forms of to here is

modifying the adjective.

The first form is to + V, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It can


(88) But parents are supposedly able to request blocking of any keywords and

sites they deem inappropriate. [T.2]



(90) We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the

Macintosh and 100 times more powerful. [T.5]


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In (88), the phrase to request shows a function as a modifier of an

adjective. The adjective phrase supposedly able is modified by the phrase to

request. The word to in to request represents the meaning of purpose. It means

that the parents has the authorities to block the illegal content by blocking

keywords and sites. In (89), the phrase to reach has a function as a modifier of an

adjective in the sentence. The phrase to reach modifies the adjective able. The

word to in to reach represents the meaning of purpose. It means that people can

reach something by new inovation. In (90), the phrase to use shows a function as a

modifier of an adjective. The adjective phrase 100 times easier is modified by the

phrase to use. The word to in to use represents the meaning of purpose. It means

that the new tech is more helpful and easy to use that the old one.

The second form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of an adjective. It


(91) Porsche‘s baby SUV, the Macan, puts up specs similar to those of the

brand's famous 911 from 10 years or 15 years ago. [T.6]

In (91), the phrase to those of the brand's famous is a modifier of an

adjective similar. The word to in to those of the brand's famous represents the

meaning of relating to or ―with‖. It means that the specs discussed in the sentence

is similar to the famous brand.

The last form is to + Phrasal verb,which shows as a modifier of an

adjective. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(92) The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the

smartphone industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult

to come up with new ideas nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized

mobile computing with the iPhone's debut. [T.4]


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In (92), the phrase to come up modifies the adjective phrase more

difficult. The word to in to come up represents the meaning of purpose. It means

that condition of the market makes a dificulty to start new idea.

vi. The Use of to as a Complementary Infinitive

The forms of to also can function as a complementary infinitive. The

forms of to here is in the form of infinitive and it can not be omitted. The word to

in this form is one gramamtical unit because some modal auxiliaries such as be

going to, have to, etc usually followed by an infinitive. There is the form of to +

V, that functions as complementary infinitive.

(93) Augmented reality is going to have a lot more practical applications

simply because there are a lot more people out there who interact with

things in the real world. [T.5]

(94) We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the

Macintosh and 100 times more powerful. [T.5]

(95) And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. [T.6]

(96) Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart

pedigree isn‘t going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang. [T.6]

(97) It's not going to go bang. [T.7]

In (93), the phrase to have is a complementary infinitive. The phrase is

going to have indicates futurity that has same meaning with will have. The word

to in to have represents the meaning of a purpose. In (94), the phrase to build is a

complementary infinitive. The phrase is going to build has similar meaning with

will build. It is because the phrase is going to is similar to will. The word to in to

build represents the meaning of a purpose. In (95), the phrase to say comes as the

complementary infinitive. It is because the phrase to say can not be seperated with

the main verb is. The word to in to say represents the meaning of a purpose. It

means that the action of the verb is is to say something. In (96) and (97), phrases


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to consider and to go are a complementary infinitive. The phrase to consider has

same meaning with will not consider and the phrase is not going to go has same

meaning to will not go. The word to in to consider and to go represents the

meaning of a purpose. For (93), (94), (96), and (97), all pharses show a futurity.

vii. The Use of to as a Modifier of an Adverb

The forms of to also can function as a modifier of an adverb. There are

two forms that show a function as a modifier of an adverb. The forms here is

modifiying the adverb in the sentence.

The first form is to + NP, which shows as a modifier of an adverb. It can





In (98), the phrase to notifications modifies the adverb directly. The word

to in to notifications represents the meaning of direction to something. It means

that Android N helps the user to answer the message by the notification directly.

The second form is to + phrasal verb, which shows as a modifier of an

adverb. It can be seen in the sentence below.



In (99), the phrase to give away shows a function as a modifier of an

adverb. There is the verb choose that has a modifier instead, which is an adverb

that has a meaning in place of something or someone. The phrase to give away is

modifying the adverb instead that refers to the device makers, while the word to

in to give away refers to a purpose.


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viii. The Use of the forms of to as a Verb

The forms of to can function as a verb in the sentence. There is a form

that function as verb. The form is modals, which show as a verb in the sentence. It


(100) They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive

a lot better. [T.6]

In (100), the phrase used to is role as verb of the sentence. The subject

they has to do in an action to avoid repeating the same activities. The word to in

used to is one grammatical unit so it can not be omitted.

ix. The Use of to as Object of Preposition

The forms of to also function as an object of the preposition in the

sentence. There is a form that function as an object of the preposition. The form is

to + NP, which shows as an object of the preposition can be seen in the sentence

below.

(101) Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized

disruption in the heart of the market for luxurious speed machines. [T.6]

In (101), the phrase to 90,000 vehicles is an object of the prepositional

phrase up. The word to in to 90,000 vehicles represents the meaning of measure.

The phrase to 90,000 vehicles explains the preposition up by giving more detail

information about the amount of vehicles that wants to deliver.

x. The Use of to as Independent Infinitive

The forms of to also can stand as an idependent infinitive. The form of to

+ phrasal verb here shows a function as an independent infinitive. It can be seen in

the sentence below.


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(102) To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that

she was the mother of both children, the report said. [T.3]

In (102), the phrase to rule out stands as an independent infinitive. The

clause to rule out a hospital mix- up can stand alone and has complete meaning.

The word to in to rule out represents the meaning of reason. The sentence (110)

tells that ruling out is the reason of hospital mix-up.

B. The Style of Politics and Technology Articles in The Jakarta Post

The style of politics and technology articles will be observed in two

parts. First is comparing the distribution of to in the article. Second is identifying

the meaning of to in every sentence.

1. Comparing the Distribution of to in Politics and Technology Articles

The analysis of the distribution of to is divided in two parts, which are

indentifying the forms of to and identifiying the function of the form of to. To

identify the style of politics and technology articles, the writer divides the analysis

into two parts, which are comparing the form of to and comparing the functions of

the form of to.

a. Comparing the Form of to

The result of the analysis about the forms of to in politics and technology

articles shows that there are eight forms of to, which are to + verb, to + noun

phrase, to + verb –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition,

modals, and collocation. Based on those eight forms, the style of news articles

will be observed by identifying the similarity and difference of the forms of to


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between politics and technology articles. Table 4.5 shows the comparison of the

form of to that appears in politics and technology articles.

Table 4.5 The Comparison of the Form of to in Politics and Technology

Articles

No. Forms of to Politics Tecnology

Amount % Amount %

1. to + verb 65 60 % 50 52.08 %

2. to + noun phrase 26 24 % 33 34.38 %

3. to + verb –ing 4 3.7 % 1 1.04 %

4. to + phrasal verb 4 3.7 % 4 4.17%

5. phrasal verb 1 1 % - -

6. phrasal preposition 2 2 % 6 6.25 %

7. modals 1 1 % 1 1.04 %

8. collocation 5 4.6 % 1 1.04 %

Total 108 100% 96 100%

Table 4.5 shows the forms of to in each articles, which is politics articles

have eight forms of to and technology articles have seven forms of to. Between

politics and technology articles shows similar forms of to. Based on table 4.5, the

writer finds some similarities and some differences style between politics and

technology articles.

There are three similarities of the form of to found in politics and

technology articles. The first similarity of the forms of to is the form of to + verb

becoming the most frequent form. Politics articles have 60%, while technology

articles have 52,08%. The domination of the form to + verb shows that both

articles have a lot of nonfinite verb, which has no inflection to indicate person or

number, such as visit, study, remain, infuse, reach, build, etc.

The second similarity of the forms of to is the form of to + NP which

appears in second place. The form of to + NP is also dominant in both articles.


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Politics articles have 24%, while technology articles have 34,38%. The

domination of the form to + NP in both articles also brings a reason. Crystal says

that news reportage must be accurate and the linguistic feature of the news must

relate to WH-questions (1995: 382). The existence of the form to + NP answers

readers‘ question in WH-questions espesially when, where and how. The third

similarity of the forms of to is the form of to as modals and to + phrasal verb.

Politics articles and technology articles have one modal form and four to + phrasal

verb forms.

The comparison of the forms of to between politics and technology

articles also shows the difference. There are four differences in politics and

technology articles. The first difference of the forms of to is the existance of the

form to + V –ing in each article. Politics articles have 3,7%, while technology

articles have 1,04%. The second difference of the forms of to is the existance of

the prepositon to as phrasal preposition in each article. Politics articles have 2%,

while technology articles have 6,25%. The third difference of the forms of to is

the existance of to as collocation each article. Politics articles have 4,6%, while

technology articles have 1,04%.

The last difference of the forms of to between politics and technology

articles is the existence of to as part of phrasal verb. Politics articles have forms of

phrasal verb, while technology articles do not. There is review about the

distribution of to as the phrasal verb in politics articles.






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In (103), the phrase referred to here shows the form of to as a phrasal

verb. Quirk says that the meaning of a phrasal verb can not be predicted from the

meaning of the verb and particle in isolation (1973: 348). In (103), the phrase

referred to is a phrasal verb because the meaning of the phrase is changed from

the individual word. If the writer separates the phrase referred to becoming refer,

which has meaning connected to someone or something, and to, which shows a

direction, so each word has each meaning. In (103), the phrase referred to is a

phrasal verb because the meaning in the sentence is different pragmatically with

the individual meaning.

Based on the forms composed by to, politics articles is more creative in

applying the variation of verb by using to as a part of phrasal verb rather than

technology articles. Phrasal verb is a combination of words, verb and particle,

showing the variation in applying verb in English sentence (McCharty, 2004: 6).

b. Comparing the Functions of the Form of to

To find the style of politics and technology articles, the writer also

compares the function of the forms of to between politics and technology articles.

The forms of to that is already observed has its function based on its position in

the sentence. There are some functions of the form to that could appear in politics

and technology articles, which are a subject, a subject complement, a verb, a

direct object, an appositive, an objective complement, a modifier of a noun, a

modifier of a verb, a modifier of an adjective, a modifier of an adverb, an object

of preposition, the complementary infinitive, and an infinitive used independently.


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After doing an analysis about the function of the form of to in politics

and technology articles, the result can be seen in the table below.

Table 4.6 The Comparison of the Functions of Form to in Politics and

Technology Articles

No. Forms of to Politics Tecnology

Amount % Amount %

1. the subject of a sentence - - - -

2. the subjective complement 1 0.9 % - -

3. the verb of a sentence 6 5.6 % 1 1.1 %

4. the direct object - - 7 7.3 %

5. an appositive 2 1.9 % 8 8.3 %

6. the objective complement 4 3.7 % - -

7. a modifier of a noun 61 56.4 % 35 36.4 %

8. a modifier of a verb 21 19.4 % 31 32.2 %

9. a modifier of an adjective 3 2.8 % 5 5.2 %

10. a modifier of an adverb 3 2.8 % 2 2.1 %

11. the object of preposition 6 5.6 % 1 1.1 %

12. the complementary infinitive - - 5 5.2%

13. infinitive used independently 1 0.9 % 1 1.1 %

Total 108 100% 96 100%

According to table 4.6, the function of the forms of to in politics and

technology articles is a little bit similar. Both articles have ten functions. Based on

table 4.6, there are five similarities in politics and technology articles. The first

similarity between politics and technology articles is in the use of to as a modifier

of a noun, which looks dominant. Politics articles have 56,4% while technology

articles have 36,4%. Phrases formed by to have the function as a modifier of a

noun in sentences of both articles. It can be said that there are several nouns that

need more explanation. There are some nouns as a modified that need more

explanation such as budget, decision, government, attention, plan, effort, party,

commitment, diplomatic, campaign, petition, action, bill, public, dialogue, society,

youngster, atrocities, human right, illegal, right, policies, rules, etc. All of the


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nouns mentioned above are nouns usually used in political discourse. Politics

articles also use some proper noun such as Belgium, Brussels, Agus, Minister

Luhut Pandjaitan, United Development Party (PPP), Djan, etc. In technology

articles, the writer has also found some nouns such as potential, users, software,

consumers, Android, opportunity, companion, tendency, headset, computers, etc.

Those nouns are common nouns that are usually used in the technology term to

tell about an invention. It can be said that politics and technology articles have

different terminologies that are only used in each issue which the terminology

needs more explanation to help the reader understanding.

The second similarity is the existence of the use of to as a modifier of a

verb. Politics articles have 19,4% while technology articles have 32,2%.

Functions as a modifier of a noun and a modifier of a verb are dominant in both

articles. The third similarity is the existence of the use of to as a modifier of an

adverb, which both articles have three forms showing the function as a modifier of

an adverb. The last similarity is the exixtence of the use of to as an independent

infinitive, which there is one form showing the function as an independent

infinitive.

Based on table 4.6, there are three differences between politics and

technology articles. The first difference is the existence of the use of to as a verb

of the sentence, an appositive, a modifier of an adjective, a modifier of an adverb

and an object of preposition. Those functions appear in both articles but have

difference occurence. The use of to as a verb in politics articles have six forms

while technology articles have one form. The use of to as an appositive in politics


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articles have two forms while technology articles have eight forms. The use of to

as a modifier of an adjective in politics articles have three forms while technology

articles have five forms. The use of to as a modifier of an adverb in politics

articles have three forms while technology articles have two forms. The use of to

as an object of preposition in politics articles have five forms while technology

articles have one form.

The second difference is the existence of the use of to as a direct object

and a complementary infinitive. Both functions appear in technology articles, but

they do not appear in politics articles. There is a review about the use of to as a

direct object and a complementary infinitive in technology articles.

(104) The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and

other features, giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital

ads that generate most of its revenue. [T.4]

In (105), the phrase to highlight is a direct object of the sentence. The

phrase to highlight get the action of the verb is designed. The verb design is a

transitive verb meaning that the verb design needs an object. It can be said that

the action of highlighting the apps become the reason of the new design of the

softwere.

(105) It's not going to go bang. [T.7]

In (106), the phrase to go is a complementary infinitive. The phrase to

consider has same meaning with will not consider and the phrase is not going to

go has the same meaning to will not go. The phrase is not going to go show a

futurity. The phrase to go also can not be ommited in the sentence because it will

reduce the information.


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According to the review above, sentences which are formed in

technology articles contain more transitive verb. Quirk says that direct object is a

noun phrase or clauses with nominal functions and normally follows the subject

and the verb phrase (1983: 170). Quirk also adds that the most typical function of

the direct object is the affected participant, a participant which does not cause the

happening denoted by the verb but is directly involved (1983: 171). From Quirk‘s

statement above, it can be said that transitive verb is a verb that requires a receiver

for the action which it expresses or the direct object is the object that receives the

action of the verb. There are some transitive verb showing in technology articles

such as design, lend, continue, hope, proof, launch, etc. The existence of the use

of to as the direct object shows the variation of the verb used in sentences.

In technology articles also have found the use of auxiliary verb that

indicates the future tenses. Harman and House state that an auxiliary verb is a

verb form which assists in the formation of vioce, tence, mood, etc of other verbs

(1950: 96). Look at example (106), modal phrase is going to shows the future

tense. The infinitive verb go in the phrase is not going to go can be replaced with

will not go. It can be said that the existence of the complementary infinitive in

technology articles in order to show the future to indicate the new development

and inprovement of technology.

The third difference is the existence of the use of to as a subject

complement and an object complement. Politics articles have the form of to used

as a subject complement and an object complement while technology articles do


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not. There is the review about the use of to as a subject complement and an object

complement in politic articles.

(106) Filling a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected

to the petition to increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for


In (107), the phrase to be pointless is as a subject complement. The

phrase to be pointless modifies the subject filling a petition to the MK. It gives

information that the petition is something pointless.



slowly. [P.4]

In (108), the phrase to take has a function as an object complement. The

pharse to take becomes the objective complement of the object them that refer to

parents. It means that the government asks parent to have marriage earlier.

According to the review above, the existence of the subject comlement

and the object complement in politics articles can be the distinctive features

between politics and technology articles. If technology articles use a lot of

transitive verb and some auxiliaries especialy modal auxiliary to indicate future of

the technology, it is different with politics articles that use the subject complement

as the attribute of the subject and the object comlement as the attribute of the

object.

Quirk says that the role of the subject complement is that of attribute of

the subject whether a current or existing attribute or one resulting from the event

described by the verb, while the role of the object complement is that of attribute

of the object, either a current or resulting attribute (1983: 171). Quirk‘s statement


88

supports the findings that politics articles prefer to give more detail information to

the subject and the object to help the reader understanding about the issues. Look

at example (107) above, the subject filling a petition to the MK is modified by the

phrase to be pointless to help the reader that in (107) the reader can get some

information, which are the government has a petition and the petition does not

give any change to society.

Looking at example (108), the phrase to take is modifier the object them.

The phrase to take indicates the action that the object them, refers to the parents,

have to do. In (107) and (108), the information can not be omitted because it will

reduce the point or the message. Crystal says that the notion of political language

is confrontation. When two people of different political persuations confront each

other, there is more at stake than grasping the immediate meaning of the words

they use (1995: 378). It can be said that it is important in politics articles to

empasize the subject or doer and the object or receiver.

2. The Meaning of to in the Sentence.

The style of politics and technology articles is identified by seeing the

meaning of to in every sentence. According to the analysis about the forms of to

and the functions of the forms of to above, the word to in politics and technology

articles shows similar meaning. The word to in politics and technology articles

represents about direction, purpose, measure, and reason. Table 4.7 shows that the

meaning of the word to in politics and technology articles is similar.


89

Table 4.7 The Meaning of to in Politics and Technology Articles

No. Meaning of to Politics Articles Technology Articles

1

Direction:

a. Place 9 10

c. Someone 3 6

d. Something 7 13

e. Time 2 2

2 Purpose 68 49

3 Measure 4 4

4 Reason 15 12

Total 108 96

The word to tells about direction appearing in four different destinations

or goals. The first is direction to a place, which the destination is a place or name

of country. It can be seen in the sentence below.

(109) Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would

submit the revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of

whether the House passed the tax amnesty bill. [P.1]


to market. [T.6]

In (109) and (110), the word to represents direction to a place. In (109),

the destination is the House, while in (110), the destination is market.

The second is direction to someone, which the goal is people. It can be





In (111), the word to represents direction to someone. The goal is a

person called Pak Djan.

The third is direction to something, which the goal is a thing, web

address, or the other. It can be seen below.


90





In (112) and (113), the word to represents direction to something. In

(112), the goal is an idea about child marriage and drugs, while in (113), the goal

is web address, Edmunds.com.

The last is direction to the certain time, which the subject or the object

refer to a specific time.

(114) Challenging the ideas from proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, who

believed that capitalism would bring wealth to all over time. [P.6]

(115) But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because

it's designed as a seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an

escape into the artificial dimensions conjured by VR, which so far

revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips. [T.5]

In (114) and (115), the word to represents the meaning of direction to

time. In (114), the phrase to all over time tells about time. In (115), the phrase to

everyday also indicates time.

The word to appears as a purpose. It means that the word to emphasizes

something. It can be seen in the sentence below.




(117) Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911

experience in the SUV. [T.6]

In (116) and (117), the word to represents the meaning of purpose. The

word to connects the modified and the modifier. In (116), the word key is explined

by maintaining peace and security, while in (117), the word way is explained by

creating the authentic 911.


91

The word to also shows a measure or range. It can be seen in the sentence

below.




(119) When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to

three results that appear are safe websites written specifically for

children, which were handpicked and checked by Kiddle editors. [T.2]

In (118) and (119), the word to represents the meaning of measure. The

word to connects two things. In (118), to connects the word six and eight, while in

(119), to connects first and three.

The last is to representing a reason. It can be seen in the sentence below.





The word to in (120) and (121) tells about a reason. In (120), studying

the bill is the reason why needs more time. In (121), studying is the reason why

removes the skeleton. After analyzing all sentences in politics and technology

articles, it can be concluded that the word to has similar meaning, which are

direction, purpose, measure, and reason. The word to does not show the difference

between politics and technology articles.


92

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

After analyzing the use of to in politics articles and technology articles of

The Jakarta Post, the writer would like to sum up the result in this chapter. There

are two questions which are answered in this study. The first is about the

distribution of to in sentences of politics and technology articles. The second is

about the style of both articles based on the distribution of to. These questions are

directly answered in this part.

Analyzing the distribution of to is divided in two parts, the forms of to

and the function of the forms of to. In the politics articles, there are eight forms of

to found in 108 sentences, which are to + verb, to + noun phrase, to + verb –ing,

to + phrasal verb, phrasal verb, phrasal preposition, modals, and collocation. The

percentage of the forms is as follows: to + verb is 65 of the data or 60%, to + noun

phrase is 26 of the data or 24%, to + verb –ing is 4 of the data or 3,7%, to +

phrasal verb is 4 of the data or 3,7%, phrasal verb is 1 of the data or 1%, phrasal

preposition is 2 of the data or 2%, modals is 1 of the data or 1%, and collocation is

5 of the data or 4,6%.

According to the forms of to in politics articles, there are ten functions of

the forms composed by to. The first function is as a modifier of a noun about 61

of the data or 56,4%, which are to + verb is 38 of the data, to + NP is 18 of the

data, to + V –ing is 3 of the data, to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data, and phrasal

preposition is 1 of the data. The second function is as a modifier of a verb about


93

21 of the data or 19,4%, which are to + verb is 19 of the data and to + NP is 3 of

the data. The third function is as a verb of the sentence or predicator about 6 of the

data or 5,6%, which are collocation is 5 of the data and modal is 1 of the data. The

fourth function is as an objective complement about 6 of the data or 5,6%, which

are to + verb is 4 of the data and to + NP is 2 of the data. The fifth function is as

the subjective complement about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which are to + NP is 2 of

the data and to + verb is 1 of the data. The sixth function is as a modifier of an

adjective about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which are to + verb is 1 of the data, to + V –

ing is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data.

The seventh function is as an object of preposition about 6 of the data or

4,6%, which are to + verb is 5 of the data and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data.

The eighth function is as an appositive about 2 of the data or 1,9%, which are

phrasal verb is 1 of the data and phrasal preposition is 1 of the data. The ninth

function is as a modifier of an adverb about 3 of the data or 2,8%, which the form

is to + NP. The tenth function is as the complementary infinitive about 1 of the

data or 0,9%, which the form is to + phrasal verb.

In the technology articles, there are seven forms of to in 96 sentences,

which are to + verb, to + noun phrase, to + verb –ing, to + phrasal verb, phrasal

preposition, modals, and collocation. The percentage of the form is as follows: to

+ verb is 50 of the data or 52,08%, to + noun phrase is 33 of the data or 34,38%,

to + verb –ing is 1 of the data or 1.04%, to + phrasal verb is 4 of the data or

4,17%, phrasal preposition is 6 of the data or 6,25%, modal is 1 of the data or

1,04%, and collocation is 1 of the data or 1,04%.


94

According to the form of to in technology articles, there are ten functions

of to. The first function is as a modifier of noun about 35 of the data or 36,4%,

which are to + verb is 19 of the data, to + NP is 14 of the data, to + phrasal verb is

1 of the data, and phrasal preposition is 1 of the data. The second function is as a

modifier of a verb about 31 of the data or 32,2%, which are to + verb is 15 of the

data, to + NP is 14 of the data, to + V –ing is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is

1 of the data. The third function is as an appositive about 8 of the data or 8,3%,

which are phrasal preposition is 5 of the data, to + verb is 1 of the data, and to +

NP is 2 of the data. The fourth function is as the direct object about 7 of the data

or 7,3%, which are to + verb is 6 of the data and to + NP is 1 of the data. The fifth

function is as a modifier of an adjective about 5 of the data or 5,2%, which are to

+ verb is 3 of the data, to + NP is 1 of the data, and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the

data. The sixth function is as the complementary infinitive about 5 of the data or

5,2%, which the form is to + verb.

The seventh function is as a modifier of an adverb about 2 of the data or

2,1%, which are to + NP is 1 of the data and to + phrasal verb is 1 of the data. The

eighth function is as the predicator or verb in the sentence about 1 of the data or

1,05%, which the form is modal. The ninth function is as the object of preposition

about 1 of the data or 1,05%, which the form is to + phrasal verb. The tenth

function is as the independent infinitive about 1 of the data or 1,05%, which the

form is to + phrasal verb.

The second problem formulation is answered in three points. The first

points is that the meaning of the word to in politics and technology articles is


95

similar. Both articles show that the word to in the sentence tells or represents the

meaning of direction, purpose, measure, and reason based on the context of the

sentence.

The second point, there are two similarities between politics and

technology articles. The first similatiry is the domination of the form to + V and to

+ NP. The domination between the form to + V shows that both articles used

various nonfinite verb and the form to + NP shows that both articles used a lot of

prepositional phrases to describe the information. Basically news articles should

provide what, when, where, why, who, and how about information of the story.

The use of to as to + V and to + NP share information about WH –questions for

each issue.

The second similarity is the domination of the forms of to as the modifier

of a noun. The functions of the forms of to as a modifier of the noun shares

information that politics and technology articles have the different pattern in the

use of the noun. Politics articles uses a lot of proper noun in every aericle showing

politics has nouns that need a of explanation rather than technology articles that

only use common noun.

The third point is that there are three differences between politics and

technology articles. The first difference is that politics articles have eight forms of

to, while technology articles have seven forms of to. The existence of the phrasal

verb in politics articles make both articles distinctive. The existence of the phrasal

veb form make the conclusion that politics articles have more various forms rather

than technology articles.


96

The second difference is the functions of the forms of to as a direct object

and a complementary infinitive that only appear in technology articles. The

existence of the form to as a direct object shares that technology articles have a lot

variation of the use of transitive verb in every sentence. The existence of the form

to as a complementary infinitive shows that the technology articles emphasize the

future tense to tell the new invantion.

The third difference is the functions of the forms of to as a subject

complement and object complement in politics articles. In politics articles, the

writer found that politics articles more emphasize in the detail of the subject and

object to give more information about the issue. Technology articles focus on the

verb phrase, while politics articles more focus on the noun phrase.

Based on the similarity and difference of both articles above, it can be

conclude that the use of to in politics and technology articles shows that the style

of both articles is to discribe the idea in each issues. It can be seen from every

form composed by to, the function of to and also the meaning of to.


97

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101

Appendix 1: The Distribution and the Meaning of the word to in Politic Articles

No Sentence Form Function Meaning

House promises to pass tax amnesty bill [P.1]

1

Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro said on Tuesday that it would submit the

revised 2016 state budget to the House in May, regardless of whether the House passed

the tax amnesty bill.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

2 The House previously postponed discussion on the tax amnesty bill as some factions said

they needed more time to study the bill.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

Indonesia issues travel advisory for Belgium [P.2]

3

The government has issued a travel warning for Indonesian citizens planning to visit

Belgium amid the tense security situation in Brussels following bomb attacks in the

country's capital.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

4

The minister said the government issued the travel advice after recent terror attacks in

several locations in Brussels, followed by the Belgian government's decision to increase

the country's security alert level.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

5

In the travel advisory, the government calls on all Indonesian citizens currently in

Belgium, especially Brussels, to remain vigilant and avoid places with high risk of

becoming a terror target.

To +

V OC Reason

6 Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives of local

authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to their surroundings.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

7 Furthermore, all Indonesian citizens are reminded to follow the directives of local

authorities, ensure their personal safety and pay close attention to their surroundings.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

8 The government has also urged all Indonesian citizens who plan to visit Brussels to

consider the importance of their travel and, if possible, postpone their departure.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

9 The government has also urged all Indonesian citizens who plan to visit Brussels to

consider the importance of their travel and, if possible, postpone their departure.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason


102

10 Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government says, should first

seek comprehensive information about the security situation in their destination.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

11 Those who continue with plans to travel to Belgium, the government says, should first

seek comprehensive information about the security situation in their destination.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

Indonesia urges all parties to maintain security in South China Sea [P.3]

12 Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to make a

concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South China Sea area.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

13 Peace message – Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all countries to make a

concerted effort to maintain peace and security in the South China Sea area.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

14

Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all parties to maintain peace and security in the

South China Sea area in a bid to prevent the ongoing territorial disputes from expanding

further into an open conflict.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

15

The Vice President further said that if the South China Sea territorial disputes were

allowed to continue, the possible resulting open conflict would have negative economic

impacts, which would in turn inflict losses on all parties in the region.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

16 Kalla added that the Indonesian government strongly believed that mutual respect and

restraint were key to maintaining peace and security in the South China Sea area.

To +

V –

ing

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

17 I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution through a diplomatic

and political process.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

18 I want to highlight our commitments to realize a peaceful resolution through a diplomatic

and political process.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

19

―I also call on all countries to respect international law principles as stipulated in the

UNCLOS [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea] 1982,‖ he said as quoted by

Antara news agency.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

20

The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the Chinese government

to protest suspected territorial violations committed by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV

Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

21 The Indonesian government also conveyed a diplomatic note to the Chinese government To + OP Reason


103

to protest suspected territorial violations committed by Chinese-flagged fishing vessel MV

Kway Fey 10078 and a Chinese coast guard boat in Natuna waters, Riau Islands.

V

22 Second, Indonesia protested violations in the attempt to interfere with law enforcement

efforts conducted by Chinese authorities in the ZEE and continental shelf areas.

To +

PV OP Purpose

Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage [P.4]

23 Govt tells teenagers not to rush marriage. To +

V

A modifier

of an

adverb

Purpose

24 While many parents continue to encourage teens to exchange vows sooner rather than

later, the government has told them to take things slowly.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose



To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose



To +

V OC Purpose

27

The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) launched a campaign to

discourage marriage among teenagers on Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38

percent annual population growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019

target.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

28

The National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) launched a campaign to

discourage marriage among teenagers on Monday in a battle to curb country‘s 1.38

percent annual population growth, higher than the government‘s 1.2 percent by 2019

target.

To +

V OP Purpose

29

In an improvement to the previous program that encouraged youngsters to avoid

premarital sex and narcotics, the new program, titled Generasi Berencana (GenRe) or A

Generation with Plans, will also disseminate information on the risks of child marriage for

youths aged from 10 to 24 years old.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

30




To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


104


31





To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Range

32 The agency is also planning to counsel families, schools and universities about the

importance of avoiding early marriage, given its severe impact on young women.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

33 The previous program in 2012, proved to be fruitless in decreasing child marriage rates. To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

34 Now, the agency wants to encourage youths to say no to child marriage, free sex and to

drugs.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose


drugs.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason


drugs.

To +

NP

A modifier

of adverb Purpose


drugs.

To +

NP

A modifier

of adverb Purpose

38

A report published in November by international children‘s rights organization Plan

International revealed that Indonesia continued to have a high rate of child marriage due

to long-standing community support for such practices.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

39

A report published in November by international children‘s rights organization Plan

International revealed that Indonesia continued to have a high rate of child marriage due

to long-standing community support for such practices.

PP A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

40

According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women was 18.6 years,

women who married before they turned 18 generally had partners who were six to eight

years older than them.

PP An

appositive

Direction

to

something

41

According to the report, although the average age of marriage for women was 18.6 years,

women who married before they turned 18 generally had partners who were six to eight

years older than them.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb Range


105

42 Up to 76 percent of Indonesian respondents said that those who married prior to 18

married for love, not economic dependence.

To +

NP OP Range

43 Up to 76 percent of Indonesian respondents said that those who married prior to 18

married for love, not economic dependence.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Range

44 The report also claims that survey participants with a relatively high income had been

more inclined to report a higher age for first marriages than those with a low income.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

45 A girl is not biologically ready to give birth and is susceptible to getting embroiled in

squabbles with her husband because she is not mentally ready to face married life.

To +

V

A modifier

of an

adjective

Purpose



To +

V –

ing

A modifier

of an

adjective

Purpose



To +

V

A modifier

of an

adjective

Purpose

48

Surya said decentralization and regional autonomy had contributed to setbacks in family

planning, resulting in a population that reached over 255 million, the fourth largest in the

world.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

49

Indonesian Commission on Child Protection (KPAI) commissioner Maria Ulfa Anshor

said that a thorough education was the primary key to resolving the child marriage

problem.

To +

V –

ing

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

50 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to

increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Diection

to place



To +

V SC Purpose



Collo

cation Verb

Direction

to

something

53 Filing a petition to the MK was seen to be pointless, the court objected to the petition to To + A modifier Purpose


106

increase the minimum age requirement of marriage for women last year. V of a noun

Government opens new routes to resolving rights abuses [P.5]

54 Government opens new routes to resolving right abuses.

To +

V –

ing

A modifier

of a noun Reason

55 Despite an unwillingness to take judicial action to resolve past human rights abuses, the

government has initiated several measure to mitigate rights violations.

To +

V OP Reason



To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose



To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

58

The head of the ministry‘s law research and development center, Agus Anwar, said that it

was concentrating on the academic drafting of the bill before conveying it to the House of

the Representative for deliberation.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

59 We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide, in the bill,

because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

60 We also plan to include gross violations of human rights, like genocide, in the bill,

because it has a strong connection to the practice of torture.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Reason

61

The convention Agus referred to is the convention againts Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment that was signed in 1984 and came into

the force in 1987 following ratification by all of its first 20 state parties.

PV An

appositive Purpose

62 The government has also been criticized for falling to resolve past human rights abuses. To +

V OP Purpose

63

Rights activists have expressed skepticism about a recent plan by Coordinating Political,

Legal and Security affairs Minister Luhut Pandjaitan to hold a public dialogue to reveal

the truth about the past abuses.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

64

Rights activists have expressed skepticism about a recent plan by Coordinating Political,

Legal and Security affairs Minister Luhut Pandjaitan to hold a public dialogue to reveal

the truth about the past abuses.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason


107

65

Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) research director

Puri Kencana Putri said a recent plegdge by the government to expedite he resolution of

16 severe past rights abuse cases showe how it had failed to address the enormity of

human rifgts issues by choosing methods that risked oversimplifying documented

violations.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

66

Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) research director

Puri Kencana Putri said a recent plegdge by the government to expedite he resolution of

16 severe past rights abuse cases showe how it had failed to address the enormity of

human rifgts issues by choosing methods that risked oversimplifying documented

violations.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

67 A shortcut for the government to say that all relevant stakeholers had been duly consulted. To +

V

A modifier

of noun Purpose

68

Puri also lambasted a recent comment by Luhut, who called on civil society to come forth

with evidence related to the 1965 atrocities to ensure that due judicial procedure was

observed.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

69



observed.

Collo

cation Verb

Direction

to

something

70



observed.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

71 ..... (Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to bring to court. To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

72 ..... (Komnas HAM) of such cases was not considered sufficient proof to bring to court. To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

73 Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to reveal the truth

surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the cases.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

74 Komnas HAM reiterated again the importance for the government to reveal the truth

surrounding past human rights abuses to truly settle the cases.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


108

75 Komnas HAM has declared to be gross violations of human rights. To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

76 We are still discussing the best way to resolve such cases, whether we solve them via a

judicial mechanism or a non- judicial one.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

Panama Papers, peril of inequality to democracy [P.6]

77 Had the Panama Papers only exposed the financial shenanigans of individuals close to

autocrats like Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Najib Razak and the king of Morocco.

Collo

cation Verb

Direction

to

someone

78 We would probably just shrug and resign ourselves to the old line. To +

NP OC

Direction

to place

79 Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

80

But the most outrageous thing about the papers was that leaders in democratic societies

behave the same way autocrats do in deploying dubious and illegal means to amass

wealth.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

81

These political elites cynically champion democracy because it allows them the

opportunity to control government, but in private they pursue predatory means to get rich,

avoid taxation and financial regulations.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

82

These political elites cynically champion democracy because it allows them the

opportunity to control government, but in private they pursue predatory means to get rich,

avoid taxation and financial regulations.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

83

Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko was too busy looking for a utility bill to allow him

to create a holding company at the same time as hundreds of soldiers died in a fight

between government forces and pro-Moscow rebels in 2014.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

84

Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko was too busy looking for a utility bill to allow him

to create a holding company at the same time as hundreds of soldiers died in a fight

between government forces and pro-Moscow rebels in 2014.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

85 This is a president who was elected with a promise to get tough on corruption. To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


109

86 In Iceland, former prime minister Sigmundur Gunnlaugsson was elected with a platform

to get tough on foreign creditors fo1llowing a `financial crisis in 2013.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

87 Brits have the right to be angry over Cameron senior‘s tax-avoiding actions because the

poor have suffered from his son‘s austerity measures.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

88

In Argentina, newly elected pro-business President Mauricio Macri, who vowed to fight

corruption during his campaign, took heat for running two offshore companies, none of

which he declared when he ran for president.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

89

In more ways than one, the Panama Papers‘ findings validate what French economist

Thomas Piketty said in his magisterial work Capital in the Twenty First Century, that

capitalism, if left unfettered, could give rise to powerful forces that could threaten

democracy.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

90 Challenging the ideas from proponents of laissez-faire capitalism, who believed that

capitalism would bring wealth to all over time.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to time

91 The market, when left to its own devices, would produce inequality as the return on

capital will always exceed economic and income growth.

Collo

cation Verb Purpose

92

It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand in the economy,

distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the rich and transfers resources to the

poor through unemployment benefits and health care.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

93

It is all thanks to the welfare state, where a government creates demand in the economy,

distributes resources evenly through high taxation of the rich and transfers resources to the

poor through unemployment benefits and health care.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

someone

94 Through a well-functioning democracy, workers and interest groups could propose

policies to ease inequality.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

95 But since the early 1980s, the rise of neoliberalism paved the way for the tearing down of

boundaries and barriers to the flow of goods and capital.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

96 The global financial markets have become too powerful for a single government to resist,

and soon political authorities and financiers joined forces to dismantle the welfare state.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

97 The global financial markets have become too powerful for a single government to resist, To + A modifier Purpose


110

and soon political authorities and financiers joined forces to dismantle the welfare state. V of a noun

98 The Panama Papers shows us that in most cases, it was officials themselves who

sabotaged rules to enrich themselves.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

99 The rise of Bernie Sanders, a self-avowed socialist in the US presidential primary, also

indicates a further shift to the left.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

100 In his plan to deal with growing inequality in the US, Sanders would raise taxes especially

for the top 1 percent.

To +

PV Ind Inf Purpose

101

Our politics certainly has not experienced a shift to the left, but the election of President

Joko ―Jokowi‖ Widodo, an outsider of Indonesia‘s oligarchy, could be seen as voters‘

repudiation of the domination of the moneyed class, as represented by soldier-turned-

businessman Prabowo Subianto.

To +

NP OC

Direction

to

something

102 And revelations from the Panama Papers about hundreds of business people hiding their

wealth overseas is vindication of Jokowi‘s efforts to go after the tax-avoiding super-rich.

To +

PV

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

Kalla calls for PPP reconciliation [P.7]

103 Vice President Jusuf Kalla has called on all conflicting parties in the United Development

Party (PPP) to reconcile for the sake of the nation.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

104

Speaking on Sunday, the Vice President claimed to have met with Djan Faridz, chairman

of the PPP central executive board elected at a muktamar (national congress) in Jakarta in

November 2014.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

105 He said he had persuaded Djan to accept the results of the eighth muktamar, which was

held at the Pondok Gede Haj Dormitory in East Jakarta over the weekend.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

106 ―Yes, I have talked to Pak Djan. Let‘s reconcile for the sake of the nation,‖ said Kalla as

quoted by kompas.com after the meeting‘s closing ceremony on Sunday.

Collo

cation Verb

Direction

to

someone

107 He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt to the era's

ongoing changes. Modal Verb Purpose

108 He added that as one of Indonesia's largest parties, the PPP had to adapt to the era's

ongoing changes.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to time


111

Appendix 2: The Distribution and the Meaning of the word to in Technology Articles

No Sentence Form Function Meaning

Biznet eyes Kediri for network expansion [T.1]

109

Dubbed Biznet Festival Kediri 2016, the event was held at Lapangan Brimob Kediri and

featured a local band competition, festival booths and games with attractive prizes, in

addition to music performances.

PP An

appositive

Direction

to

something

110 "Kediri is not only the third-biggest city in East Java but it also has huge potential to

become one of Java's most developed cities," said Adi in a press release on Saturday.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

Kiddle: Search engine for kids, with a twist [T.2]

111

When a kid types something into the search bar at kiddle.co, the first to three results that

appear are safe websites written specifically for children, which were handpicked and

checked by Kiddle editors.

To +

NP

An

appositive Range

112 The next four to seven results are those that have content written in simple language, also

handpicked by the editors.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun Range

113 But parents are supposedly able to request blocking of any keywords and sites they deem

inappropriate.

To +

V

A modifier

of an

adjective

Purpose

DNA test shows Vietnam twins had different fathers [T.3]

114 Luong declined to give details because of confidentiality with his client. To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

115 To rule out a hospital mix-up, DNA testing of the mother showed that she was the mother

of both children, the report said.

To +

PV Ind Inf Reason

116 Registered in 2014, the website is powered by Google search engine yet is not connected

to the tech giant.

Collo

cation

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

Google provides early peek at next Android operating system [T.4]

117 Google is previewing the next version of its Android operating system two months ahead

of schedule in an effort to get the upgraded software on more mobile devices.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


112

118 Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something already

available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches running on Android Wear.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

119 Android N also enables users to reply directly to notifications, something already

available on the software that Google makes for smartwatches running on Android Wear.

To +

NP

A modifier

of adverb

Direction

to place

120 Another change is being made to reduce the battery power drawn by apps when the

device's screen turns off.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

121

The head start is designed to get Android N the hands of mobile device makers earlier

than ever, according to a Google blog post, to give them more time to set up the new

software on their latest models.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

122




PP An

appositive

Direction

to

something

123




To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

124




To +

PV

A modifier

of a noun Reason

125

By the time phones running on the software hit the market this fall, Android N is expected

to eventually be named after a sweet food beginning with "n'' in the tradition of all the

previous versions that Google has made.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

126 Although other improvements could be added before the software is released to

consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to breaking any new ground.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to

something

127 Although other improvements could be added before the software is released to

consumers later this year, Android N doesn't appear to breaking any new ground.

To +

V –

ing

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

128 Both the split-screen and reply-to-notifications features, for instance, are already offered

in the operating system running Apple Inc.'s iPhone.

To +

NP

Modifier

of verb

Direction

to


113

something

129

The absence of a "gee-whiz" factor underscores the challenges facing the smartphone

industry as its market matures and it becomes more difficult to come up with new ideas

nearly a decade after Apple revolutionized mobile computing with the iPhone's debut.

To +

PV

A modifier

of an

adjective

Reason

130 The decline in innovation extends beyond the mobile software to the devices themselves,

reducing the incentive for consumers to buy new smartphones.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

131 The decline in innovation extends beyond the mobile software to the devices themselves,

reducing the incentive for consumers to buy new smartphones.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

132 Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away Android to device

makers.

To +

PV

A modifier

of adverb Reason

133 Google doesn't make smartphones, choosing instead to give away Android to device

makers.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

someone

134

The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and other features,

giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital ads that generate most of its

revenue.

To +

V

Direct

object Purpose

135

The software is designed to highlight Google's search engine, maps and other features,

giving the company more opportunities to sell the digital ads that generate most of its

revenue.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

136 Among other things, about 56 percent of Android devices are still running on versions of

the software that were released in 2013 and 2014, according to Google's tabulations. PP

An

appositive

Direction

to

something

Augmented reality mapping out tech's next mind-bending trip [T.5]

137

Virtual reality is a trip, but an even wilder ride could be around the corner as mind-

bending startups and technology trendsetters try to emblazon the world with interactive

holograms that enlighten, entertain and empower us.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

138 But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because it's designed as a

seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an escape into the artificial dimensions

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


114

conjured by VR, which so far revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips.

139

But augmented reality has the potential to touch far more people because it's designed as a

seamless supplement to everyday living instead of an escape into the artificial dimensions

conjured by VR, which so far revolves around video games and 360-degree video clips.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to time

140 Augmented reality is going to have a lot more practical applications simply because there

are a lot more people out there who interact with things in the real world.

To +

V CI Purpose

141 With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a headset are

meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real world.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

142 With augmented reality, the three-dimensional holograms seen through a headset are

meant to be a helpful or amusing companion to the real world.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

143 It has a lot in common with an amusement park ride, including the tendency to cause

nausea or dizziness if you wear a VR headset too long.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

144

Microsoft has just started shipping a $3,000 version of its augmented reality headset,

HoloLens, to a limited audience of computer programmers, while Alphabet Inc.'s Google

has been a key investor in the $1.3 billion that Magic Leap has raised during the past two

years.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

someone

145

Apple Inc. signaled its interest last year when it bought a startup called Metaio, spurring

speculation that the iPhone maker is exploring ways to infuse the project in its future

products.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

146

If Meta CEO Meron Gribetz realizes his vision, his company will spawn a new form of

computing that will be just as revolutionary as the graphical interface that enabled

personal computers to be controlled with a mouse and the touch-screen technology that

helped turn smartphones into indispensable utilities.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

147 People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a drawing of the human

anatomy and remove the skeleton to study.

To +

V

A modifier

of an

adjective

Reason

148 People will be able to reach into their holographic screen, pull out a drawing of the human

anatomy and remove the skeleton to study.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

149 Virtual reality is cool, but it's just a stepping stone to augmented reality. To + A modifier Purpose


115

NP of a noun

150 We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the Macintosh and

100 times more powerful.

To +

V CI Purpose

151 We are going to build something that is 100 times easier to use than the Macintosh and

100 times more powerful.

To +

V

A modifier

of an

adjective

Purpose

152 By next March, Gribetz plans to remove all computer screens from the company's offices

in Redwood City, California.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

153 Magic Leap, a startup based in Dania Beach, Florida, has created an even bigger buzz

given its ties to Google.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

154 In another scene, a pair of hands open to show a miniature elephant leaping into the air. To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

155 We are giving people a paintbrush to paint all the world. To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

156 He predicts a major breakthrough is still five to 10 years away. To +

NP

A modifier

of adverb Range

The Sports Car Is in Serious Trouble [T.6]

157 It doesn‘t lend itself to Uber, it‘s crap on a Costco run and in today‘s truck-crazy culture,

it's so low that the driver can't see anything but the bumpers of the SUVs around them.

To +

NP

Direct

object

Direction

to

something

158 And that‘s to say nothing of the traditional drawbacks. To +

V CI Purpose

159 There's the astronomical expense of purchasing one (plus keeping it running) and their

tendency to make a driver look a bit cheesy unless handled carefully.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

160 Last year, nearly one-third of premium sports car purchases vanished, according to

Edmunds.com. PP

An

appositive

Direction

to

something

161 That's pretty impressive for a vehicle that requires backseat passengers to possess the

flexibility of a yogi.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


116

162 Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart pedigree isn‘t

going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Reason

163 Anyone with $130,000 to spend on a two-seated rocket with a Stuttgart pedigree isn‘t

going to consider a cheap thrill such as the Mustang.

To +

V CI Purpose

164 Carmakers have gotten so good at their craft that performance is becoming a commodity

(to say nothing of fetching design and reliability).

To +

V

An

appositive Purpose

165 It gallops to 60 miles per hour in less than 5 seconds, faster than many Ferraris from the

1990s and just a hair slower than a contemporary Porsche Cayman.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb Range

166

According to Edmunds.com, 11 percent of drivers looking at the $56,000 Porsche Boxster

these days also consider the considerably cheaper Mazda Miata, and 8 percent of potential

Chevrolet Corvette customers kick the tires on a Mustang.

PP An

appositive

Direction

to

something

167 Masahiro Moro, chief executive officer of Mazda North America, concedes that the ranks

of customers who really love to drive are thinning.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

168 The X6 was the first to kind of say ‗We can be a sports car and a utility at the same time‘. PP A modifier

of a noun Purpose

169 It was a pioneer in terms of what we‘re seeing in other products coming to market. To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

170 Now virtually every blue chip brand has something similar to the X6, including Jaguar

and Maserati.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

something

171 Porsche‘s baby SUV, the Macan, puts up specs similar to those of the brand's famous 911

from 10 years or 15 years ago.

To +

NP

A modifier

of an

adjective

Direction

to

something

172 Brands like Porsche have found a way to create the authentic 911 experience in the SUV To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

173 Tesla‘s electric motors offers immediate acceleration, so there's no need to wait around for

the controlled explosion of an internal combustion engine.

To +

PV

A modifier

of a verb Reason

174 Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized disruption in the

heart of the market for luxurious speed machines.

To +

V

Direct

object Purpose


117

175 Tesla plans to deliver up to 90,000 vehicles this year, a Mustang-sized disruption in the

heart of the market for luxurious speed machines.

To +

NP OP Range

176 Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these speed pods just to

burnish their brands.

To +

V

Direct

object Purpose

177 Even if sales continue to swoon, car companies will keep making these speed pods just to

burnish their brands.

To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose

178 Lyman at TrueCar believes the real utility of these vehicles is to convey credibility in the

overall product line.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

179 I talk to a lot of people, and no one ever asks me what's the SUV with the most cargo

capacity; they ask about speed.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to

someone

180 In a way, the future of the sports car, like most things in the auto industry, comes down to

semantics.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to

something

181 They just look a little different than they used to, cost a lot less, and drive a lot better. Modal Verb Purpose

Space station getting inflatable room, a cosmic 1st [T.7]

182 It's a technology demo meant to pave the way for moon bases and Mars expeditions, as

well as orbiting outposts catering to scientists and tourists in just a few more years.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

183 It's a technology demo meant to pave the way for moon bases and Mars expeditions, as

well as orbiting outposts catering to scientists and tourists in just a few more years.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to

someone

184 Bigelow Aerospace is behind the experiment, which will get a ride to the International

Space Station with another private space company.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

185 An unmanned SpaceX Falcon rocket is set to launch late Friday afternoon, carrying a

capsule full of supplies with the pioneering pod in its trunk.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

186 Once attached to the station, the soft-sided Bigelow compartment will be inflated to the

size of a small bedroom.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

187 Once attached to the station, the soft-sided Bigelow compartment will be inflated to the

size of a small bedroom.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place


118

188 As a precursor to larger systems, Bigelow said BEAM could "change the entire dynamic

for human habitation" in space.

To +

NP

An

appositive

Direction

to

something

189 He hopes to have a pair of private space stations ready for launch by 2020. To +

V

Direct

object Purpose

190

In the meantime, companies— even countries — are clamoring to put their own

experiments inside the empty BEAM, Bigelow said in an interview with The Associated

Press on Thursday.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

191

The North Las Vegas-based company won't divulge the material used for BEAM's outer

layers — or even how many layers — just that the layers are spread out to absorb and

break up any penetrating bits of space junk.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

192 It never flew to space, despite elaborate blueprints and ground mock-ups. To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

193 NASA, meanwhile, paid Bigelow Aerospace $17.8 million for the upcoming test flight,

making the BEAM the most affordable module ever launched to the space station.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a verb

Direction

to place

194 Expandable habitats like BEAM, officials noted, need to be just as strong — or stronger

— than the standard metal cylinders that make up the current space station.

To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

195 BEAM has proven to be equal or better against space debris than metal, said NASA

project manager Rajib Dasgupta.

To +

V

Direct

object Purpose

196 Bigelow goes as far as to say: "The aluminum cans are antiquated." To +

V

A modifier

of a verb Purpose

197 Beyond low-Earth orbit, radiation poses increased health risks to crews living inside

aluminum walls.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to

someone

198 It's not going to go bang. To +

V CI Purpose

199 The space station's big robot arm will grab the structure and attach it to a berthing port. To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

200 Astronauts will venture inside four or so times a year to inspect surfaces, collect air and To + A modifier Purpose


119

microbial samples, and change out sensors. V of a noun

201 The company hopes to launch two of the B330s around 2020, providing opportunities for

companies, schools, countries outside the space mainstream, and NASA, too, if it likes.

To +

V

Direct

object Purpose

202

NASA, meanwhile, imagines inflatable modules at Mars awaiting astronauts traveling in

the traditional Orion spacecraft that is hooked up with inflatable compartments to ease the

eight-month, one-way journey.

To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to time

203 It's an important piece to the human space exploration puzzle. To +

NP

A modifier

of a noun

Direction

to place

204 Regardless of where you go, you need a place to live and work. To +

V

A modifier

of a noun Purpose


Documents

core.ac.uk · 2018-03-24 · THE USE OF PHRASES CONTAINING TO IN THE JAKARTA POST'S SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT POLITICS AND TECHNOLOGY AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment