Wi-SUN AllianceOpen-Standards based Secure, Interoperable
Communications for Smart Utility and Smart City Networks
Phil Beecher, Chair, Wi-SUN AllianceMarch 2017
Presentation Contents
• Introduction
• Standards and Interoperability
• What is Wi-SUN Alliance
• Wi-SUN Field Area Network Profile
• Collaboration
• Wi-SUN Membership
• 2 videos included
2Wi-SUN™ Alliance © 2017
Introduction
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IoT Network Needs
• IoT networks need to function well in a variety of environments
• What works well inside, Home Area Network (HAN), will not necessarily work well outside, Field Area Network (FAN).
• Although network layer protocols are often the same, the communications needs are different
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IoT Field Area Network Requirements
• Attributes for Field Area Networks include:– Highly Secure
– Easy to install and maintain (mesh, self organizing, self healing)
– Ability to scale easily to thousands of nodes
– Reliable and resilient (mesh, multiple channels, demonstrated interference tolerance)
– Energy Efficient (long battery life)
– Low Cost (open standard)
– Interoperability
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FAN Requirements
• Added FAN Challenges over “in building” Networks:
– Longer Distances
– Terrain issues
– Weather
– Structures
– Foliage
– Need for Higher Data Rates• (latency and channel capacity)
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Additional FAN Considerations
• Smart Utility and Smart City applications are often built independently, a piece at a time, and used for a long time
• New applications / new devices will be need to integrated during the lifetime of the network
• Many applications require sensors and actuators
• To meet these needs, Open Standards are essential, and…
• Certification programs are needed to ensure Multi-Vendor Interoperability
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Standards and Interoperability
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• In 2008 there were no wireless communications standards for Peer to Peer Field Area Networks
• Utilities were deploying large scale AMI networks
• There were a number of proprietary Field Area Network solutions; many were based on a common technology
A standard was needed - IEEE802.15.4g
Standards DevelopmentThe Need for IEEE 802.15.4g
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• Initial Focus was on Smart Utility Network Communication
• Standard was optimised for Large Scale outdoor Wireless Mesh Networks – i.e. Field Area Networks
• Goal was to take proven technology and create a standard to meet FAN needs and allow interoperable products globally
• First published in March 2012 and revised in 2015
Standards DevelopmentIEEE 802.15.4g - Scope
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• Features and Outcomes– Takes advantage of proven technology
– Backward compatibility with installed base of 10’s of millions of meters
– Great flexibility• Multiple data rates
• Robust error detection
• Optional forward error correction
• Support for ipv6 networks
– Support for Global and Regional frequency bands• 902-928 MHz in US and many other regions
• 920MHz Japan
• 868.3 MHz Europe
• 865 – 867 MHz - India – added in 2016, now published
IEEE 802.15.4g feature summary
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Wireless Mesh Networks
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• Specifying the full communications functionality for each “Smart” Application
– Options make interoperability more difficult to achieve
– 802.15.4g only specifies the PHY layer
• A testing and certification process
– IEEE802 writes standards, it does not describe testing
• An Industry Alliance provides the forum
– to select and document required options and features
– to define testing and certification
• The Wi-SUN Alliance addresses these challenges
What was still needed?
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• Security Concerns– Loss of confidentiality: the unauthorized disclosure of information;
– Loss of integrity: the unauthorized modification or destruction of information
– Loss of availability: the disruption of access to the network or the data from the network.
• Challenges– IoT devices are often constrained, e.g. limited resources, limited
energy
– Many IoT devices have a limited user Interface
– IoT devices may be easily physically accessible
– Wireless Networks are difficult to physically protect:• They are easily overheard
• They can be interfered with
Cyber Security: Concerns and Challenges
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• Message injection: an adversary injects bogus control information into the data stream.
Cyber Security: Attack Models (1)
• Eavesdropping: an attacker intercepts packets transmitted over the air for further cryptanalysis or traffic analysis.
• Traffic analysis: allows an attacker to determine that there is activity in the network, the location of the nodes, and the type of protocols being used.
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• Message modification: a previously captured message is modified before being retransmitted
Cyber Security: Attack Models (2)
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks: can be grouped into two categories
– Service degradation (e.g. collision attack), and
– Service disablement (e.g. jamming)
(Source: IN3-UOC 2014 seminar by Prof. A.A. Economides)
• Node capture: An embedded device is considered to be compromised when an attacker, through various means, gains control of the node itself. This could include physical tampering
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• Determine risks posed by security breaches
• Choose security appropriate for application and implementation considerations, e.g.– How secure does it need to be?
– Are there regulations determining minimum security (e.g. Data protection laws)?
– Can application and implementation bear the complexity or energy consumption of the security method chosen for it?
– Can you afford NOT to implement appropriate level of security?
• Example is NISTIR 7628 – Produced by SGIP Security Working group
– defines “Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity”
– A comprehensive analysis including, use cases and threats, algorithms, key management for all communications networks in a Smart Grid.
Cyber Security Analysis
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Interoperability
• What is “Interoperability”?
- Ability of a system or a product to work with other systems or products
without special effort on the part of the customer. Interoperability is made
possible by the implementation of standards.
Source: IEEE Standards glossary
- In a world of converging yet diverse technologies, complex ICT systems must communicate and interwork on all levels – this is interoperability.
Source: ETSI
• What are the benefits of Interoperability?- Greater choice for users
- Confidence in product availability
- Manufacturers can benefit from the economies of scale that a wider market brings
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What is the Wi-SUN Alliance?
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• Established in April 2012
• Incorporated as Not for Profit Organization (501c) in Delaware, US
• Regional representation in Europe, India, Japan, Singapore
• 120 member companies including Product Vendors, Silicon Vendors, Software Companies Utilities, Government Institutions, Universities
• Specification of wireless communications networks based on IEEE 802.15.4g RF (and derivatives) and ipv6 / 6lowpan
• Defines testing and certification program for multi-vendor interoperable solutions
Wi-SUN Alliance Background
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Wi-SUN Alliance Wi-SUNRF + MAC + Network +
securityWi-SUN AllianceTM
Wi-SUN CertifiedTM
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• Analog Devices
• CISCO Systems
• Itron
• Murata
• NICT
• Omron
• Renesas
• ROHM
• Silver Spring Networks
• Toshiba
Promoter Companies
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80 Contributor Members
• A2UICT• Access• Adsol Nissin• ALPS• Altiux• Anritsu• Atmel• CM Engineering• Cyan Connode• Duke Energy• EDIC Systems• eFlow• Elster• Enverv• EPRI• Exegin Technologies• Freestyle• Fuji Electric• Fujitsu• Gridbee• Hitachi• IO Data• ISB corporation• Itron• Jemmic• Jet• Kalkitech• Kamstrup• Keysight technology• Kyoto University• Landis & Gyr• Lapis
• MCTalk• Megachips• Mitsubishi• Nagano Radio Systems• Nissin Systems• NEC• NTT• OKI• Oi Electric• Osaka Gas• Osaki Meters• OTSL• Panasonic• PG&E• Procubed• Purdue University• Rohde and Schwartz• Satori• Silicon Labs• Skyley Networks• Sumitomo• Taiyo Yuden• Tateyama• Tessera Technology• Texas Instruments• Tokyo Gas• Toshiba Toko Meter
Systems• UCC Tech• Ubiquitous• Worldpicom• YRP-IOT
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• Observers
– JEMIC
– PowerTech Labs
– TELEC
– TUV
– UL
TELEC, TUV Rheinland are
Wi-SUN Approved Test Labs
5 Test Lab Members
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• Communications Profile Definitions based on Open Standards for Field Area, IoT wireless networks.
• Interoperability Testing + Certification Authority for Peer to Peer Wireless Mesh networks based on IEEE 802.15.4g and IPv6.
• Current focus is on enabling multi-vendor FANs and communications for Smart City and Smart Utility Networks.
• Marketing support and training programs to promote understanding and adoption.
What Wi-SUN Alliance does not do…
• It is not a Standards Organization (serves a different role from IEEE, IETF)
• It does not specify Application Layer profiles
Wi-SUN Alliance Scope
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Wi-SUN Alliance Organization
Board of Directors
Exec Committee
Marketing
Committee
Test &
Certification
Committee
Technical Steering
Committee
PHY WG
MAC WG
Interface WG
EN
ET
Pro
file
WG
FA
N P
rofile
WG
Domain Working
Groups
Focus on ensuring
consistency of
PHY/MAC/Transport
layers between profiles
Profile Working
Groups
Focus on specific
applications areas, and
develop profile
specifications RLM
M P
rofile
WG
JU
TA
Pro
file
WG
Oth
er
Pro
file
WG
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Wi-SUN Profiles
• Develops technical specifications of Physical Layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC)layers, with Network layer as required
• Develop Interoperability test programs to ensure implementations are interoperable
• Physical layer specification is based on IEEE802.15.4g/4u/4v
• MAC layer may use different options depending on the application
• Profile specifications are categorized based on application types
Physical Radio (PHY)
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Application
IEEE 802.15.4g/4u/4v based PHY
MAC1 MAC2
PHY1 PHY2
Wi-SUN PHY layer
Wi-SUN MAC layer
Wi-SUN Network/Transport layer
Profile A Profile B
Network1Network / Transport
Wit
hin
th
e s
co
pe o
f
test
an
d c
ert
ific
ati
on
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Profile Working Groups
• Focus on describing Communications layer functionality for specific applications:
– Home Area Network (HAN) Profile Working Group
– Field Area Network (FAN) Profile Working Group
– Resource-Limited Monitoring and Management (RLMM) Profile Working Group
– Japan Utility Telemetering Association (JUTA) Profile Working Group
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Active Working Groups for Smart Utility Applications
SmartMeter
Data aggregation
WAN
Field Area Network (FAN), Communication between smart meters and distribution automation
Wi-SUN
Wi-SUN
FAN Working GroupHAN/HEMS
Working Group
SmartMeter
HEMS/HGW
Wi-SUN
Wi-SUN
“TEPCO B-route” : Communication between smart meter and HEMS
Home Area Network
FAN Working Group
• Co Chair: Cisco and Silver Spring Networks
• Feature complete specification is approved
• Supports IEEE802.15.4g/4e PHY/MAC, 6LowPAN, and IPv6
• Supports multi-hopping operation and frequency hopping
• Supports encryption (AES) and authentication (802.1x)
• Specification is standardized as ANSI 4957
HAN Working Group
• Chair: NICT, Technical Editor: Toshiba
• Specification is approved (Wi-SUN profile for ECHONET Lite)
• Support IEEE802.15.4g/4e PHY/MAC, 6LowPAN, and IPv6
• Support encryption (AES) and authentication(PANA)
• Specification is standardized as TTC JJ300.10
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Wi-SUN Alliance Field Area Network Specification
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Wi-SUN FAN Overview
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Wi-SUN FAN Stack Overview
Application Layer
(Out of Scope)
IPv6 / ICMPv6 / RPL /
6LoWPAN
Physical Layer
OSI Layer
PHY
Network
UDP / TCPTransport
Session
Presentation
Application
Wi-SUN FAN
Data Link
MAC Sub-Layer
L2 MESH
LLC Sub-Layer
802.1X,
802.11i,
EAP-TLS
Security
ETSI-
TS-102-
887-2
FAN
Device
IPv6 protocol suite
• TCP/UDP
• 6LoWPAN Adaptation + Header Compression
• DHCPv6 for IP address management.
• Routing using RPL.
• ICMPv6.
• Unicast and Multicast forwarding.
MAC based on IEEE 802.15.4e + IE extensions
• Frequency hopping
• Discovery and Join
• Protocol Dispatch (IEEE 802.15.9)
• Several Frame Exchange patterns
• Optional Mesh Under routing (ANSI 4957.210).
PHY based on 802.15.4g
• Various data rates and regions
Security
• 802.1X/EAP-TLS/PKI Authentication.
• 802.11i Group Key Management
• Optional ETSI-TS-102-887-2 Node 2 Node Key Management
Supports a variety of IP based app protocols : DLMS/COSEM, ANSI C12.22, DNP3, IEC 60870-5-104, ModBus TCP, CoAP based management protocols.
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Wi-SUN FAN Security
• 802.1X – based on Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), IETF RFC 2284
– Wi-SUN FAN uses EAP-TLS (RFC5216), provides mutual authentication
(authentication of server to client, in addition to client to server)
Source: http://what-when-how.com
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Wi-SUN FAN Summary
• Open standards (IEEE and IETF)
• Simple infrastructure
• Low cost, low complexity
• Strong security (802.1x, 802.15.9)
• Proven technology
• Long range (Sub GHz)
• Reliable and resilient (Mesh network, Sub GHz, Channel Hopping)
• Energy friendly
• Robust certification program
• Multi-vendor interoperability
• Support for Global frequency bands
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Collaboration
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• No single organisation can support all possible IoT applications
• No single standard or set of standards can address all IoT application areas
• New applications research and “enabling technologies” is essential
• Standards organisations, Industry alliances and academic institutions will specialise in their own area(s) of expertise
• Collaboration between these stakeholders ensures– Understanding of appropriate technology for any particular application
– Understanding of technology gaps and advances to meet growing needs
– Interoperability of final products across protocol layers and applications
– Access to a broad base of skills and expertise for new, cross domain applications
Need for Collaboration
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Collaboration with other organizations
• Wi-SUN Alliance focuses on the definition and testing of communications layers
• Collaborates with other Industry Alliances where appropriate to support Application Layer and heterogeneous network interoperability.
Wi-SUN
IEEE
TIA
Homeplug
Forum
ISGF
ECHONET
Open-ADR
JUTA
IETF
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Wi-SUN Alliance Membership
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• Promoter Membership– Direct the activities of the organisation– A seat on the Board of Directors– Final approval of specifications
• Contributor Membership– Monitor and contribute to technical profile specifications and test specifications– Input requirements to the certification program to ensure alignment with both currently
deployed systems and future needs– Attend member meetings and interoperability events– Develop and certify interoperable products based on open standards– Contribute to an eco-system of interoperable products
• Adopter Membership– Access to final, approved Wi-SUN profile specifications– Attend member meetings– Admission to targeted Wi-SUN Alliance interoperability events– Participation in alliance workshops and developers' conferences– Approved use of Wi-SUN Alliance logo on promotional materials– Access to Wi-SUN Alliance marketing collateral and e-newsletter– Access to a world-class ecosystem of members
Wi-SUN Membership Benefits
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Thank you for your kind attentionAny questions?
http://www.wi-sun.org
Phil [email protected]
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