Introduction Some Teachings Democratic Republic Of Congo
Liberia Indonesia Sri Lanka Potential Lessons Two Prayers And A
Wish
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We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts.
With our thoughts, we make the world. Gautama Buddha
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Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men
that the defenses of peace must be constructed. UNESCO
Preamble
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"One should never harm the wicked or the good....A noble soul
will exercise compassion even towards those who injure others"
Ramayana of Valmiki
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"the wisdom that comes from heaven is...peace- loving,
considerate, submissive, full of mercy impartial and sincere."
James 3: 17-18
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My Lord, who is the greatest of Thy servants in Thy estimation?
The one who forgives when he is in a position of power. Hadith of
Baihaqi
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Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love. This is the
eternal rule. Gautama Buddha
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When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of
truth and love have always won. Mahatma Gandhi
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Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it that of an
Arab or IsraeliThey are ours, be they living on Arab or Israeli
land. Anwar Sadat - Speech to the Israeli Knesset
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We never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with hate; we get
rid of an enemy by getting rid of enmity. Dr. Martin Luther King
Jr.
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The first thing is to be honest with yourself. You can never
have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself. Nelson
Mandela
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Democratic Republic of Congo Royal Navy Commander 1999-2000
Political Affairs Officer 2002 MONUC DDR Team Leader North
Kivu/Ituri 2002-2004 Head of the Rapid Response Mechanism 2006-2007
Novel grass-roots DDR methodology 4,500 People Repatriated to
Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi Absorption of Mai-Mai leaders into national
army National SSR and police capacity building
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Democratic Republic of Congo 1960: Independence for Africa's
third largest country 1965 1996: President Mobuto Sese Seko 1996:
Rwandan troops and Laurent Kabila enter DRC Mobuto flees. Kabila is
declared President 1998: Kabila orders foreign troops out. Most
refuse Rwanda-allies RCD attack GoDRC army to oust Kabila Angola,
Zimbabwe, Namibia support Kabila 1999: RCD withdraw to hold the
east part of DRC 1999: Uganda-backed MLC take control in north
DRC
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Democratic Republic of Congo June 1999: Stalemate with DRC
divided into three Aug 1999: Lusaka Accord. Inter-Congolese
Dialogue ICD includes government, armed opposition, political
opposition and civil society Violence across DRC continues Failure
to implement Lusaka Accord and ICD 2001: Kabila assassinated.
Replaced by son Joseph October 2001: ICD commences in Addis Ababa
February 2002: Addis ICD fails. Moves to Sun City
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Democratic Republic of Congo April 2002: ICD signs 34
governance resolutions 2002: Peace Accords signed by DRC, Rwanda,
Uganda April 2003: ICD approves Final Act agreement Two-year
transitional government, headed by Joseph Kabila with four
Vice-Presidents July 2006: First multi-party elections. Kinshasa
war. MONUC takes control of capital October 2006: New election.
Kabila wins 70% of vote December 2006: President Joseph Kabila
sworn in
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Democratic Republic of Congo 2006: Kivus and Ituri fighting
continues in East 2006: Nkunda forms CNDP and allies to FDLR March
2009: Nkunda arrested and CNDP sign peace treaty 2012: CNDPs Bosco
Ntaganda mutinies to form M23 November 2012: M23 captures Goma but
withdraws February 2013: UN Peace, Security and Cooperation
Framework for the DRC signed by 11 African nations August 2013:
Goma shelled by M23 and Rwanda* Present: Continued fighting in
Eastern DRC
Slide 20
Potential Lessons Of 362 ICD delegates, 66 represent DRC civil
society ICD formed 5 Commissions to map governance Political and
Judicial (16), Economic and Finance (5), Humanitarian/Cultural
(16), Defence and Security (10) and Peace and National
Reconciliation (19) Rural DRC polled on civil society role in ICD
Civil society viewed as impartial in DRC Civil society mobilize
opinions/harmonize agendas Culminates in 4-day National Civil
Society Dialogue Defines civil society goals for west and east
DRC
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Notable Points DRC civil society took a proactive key role in
ICD Direct involvement in a top level political process Ambassadors
for Peace mediated local meetings MONUC established A Committee of
Wise Elders One UN Approach to DRC recovery Holistic regional
initiative adopted by 11 nations UN regional approach to
peacebuilding
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Liberia Head of UNMIL DDR 2005-2007 105,000 People Disarmed and
Dembolised 400 People Repatriated to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cote
dIvoire and other African countries Included unarmed women and
children in DDR Community arms mop-up scheme Transitional justice
for weapon ownership Established best-practice for UN DDR
operations Began SSR and capacity building processes
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Liberia 1847: Liberia declares independence 1989: Charles
Taylor s NPFL invade, ousting dictator Doe NPFL assassinates Doe
and takes 90 percent of the country 1991: NPFL splits whilst ULIMO
and RUF join combat 1996: Abuja Accord signed and Taylor elected
1997-2000: Fragile peace. RUF plunges Sierra Leone into war 2003:
LURD and MODEL reduce Taylor's control to a third June 2003: CPA
signed in Accra and Taylor resigns August 2003: National
Transitional Government runs Liberia 2006: President
Johnson-Sirleaf democratically elected Present: A fragile state
enjoying relative peace
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Potential Lessons Civil society helped shape the peace
agreement Ensured democratic decision-making in negotiations
Ensured acceptance of CPA by the Liberian people Effective use of
public information Engagement of CBOs, NGOs and women activists
Leadership training of middle ranking police officers Effective One
UN Approach to recovery Needs national legal reform and plan for
ROL sector Needs an overarching plan for national SSR
Slide 27
Notable Points CPA signed by GoL, LURD, MODEL, 18 pol. parties
Ministries and public-agencies divided 4 ways between GoL, LURD,
MODEL, and representatives of civil society who assumed political
roles Other NGOs who signed and witnessed the CPA were: Association
of Liberian Professional Organizations Mano River Women's Peace
Network (MARWOPNET) Liberian Women's Initiative, Interfaith
Mediation Ctte Inter-Religious Council for Liberia, Liberian Bar
Assoc Rare example of NGO participation in peace process
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Indonesia ADB Consultant 1995-1996 Head of Strategic Planning
and Monitoring 2007-2009 DDR for 3,000 GAM ex-combatants and 2,035
amnestied prisoners DDR for 3,204 GAM activists surrendering before
MoU DDR for 6,500 members of pro-government militias 32,000
Indonesian security forces redeployed from Aceh Community
peacebuilding projects in Aceh, Sulawesi, Maluku and West Timor
Draft DRR and SSR legislation
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Indonesia 1602: Dutch East India Company established 1800:
Netherlands nationalises East Indies Colony 1900s: Dutch rule
extends to Indonesia's current area 1908: Start of Indonesian
independence movement 1942-1945: Japanese military occupation 1945:
Indonesia's declaration of independence 1945-1949: War of
Independence with Netherlands 1949: Netherlands' recognises
independence 1962: Dutch West New Guinea (Papua) incorporated
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Indonesia 1965: Attempted coup and anti-communist purge March
1968: General Suharto replaces Sukarno 1996-1998: Political protest
and ethnic riots May 1998: President Suharto resigns 1999: East
Timor votes to secede after 25 year occupation 2004: First ever
direct presidential election December 2004: Indian Ocean
Earthquake/Tsunami 2005: Political settlement of Aceh separatist
conflict Present: Occasional secessionist/terrorist violence
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Potential Lessons Regional autonomy programme since 2004
Strengthening of democratic processes since 2004 Effective use of
civil society, CBOs, NGOs and women Successful One UN Approach to
recovery Consultative grass-roots bottom-up planning processes eg:
Musrenbang DDR for GAM plus pro-government Aceh militias Ex GAM
report at police stations in DDR Separate Aceh police desks for
women Tailored Aceh police capacity building
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Notable Points One year amnesty declared for the surrender of
arms held by civilians until 31 December 2005 in CPA GoI agree to
ratify the UN Covenants on Civil and Political plus Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights Truth and Reconciliation Commission and
Court of Human Rights remain controversial GoI has said its
intension is for courts only to judge matters subsequent to the
date of CPA signing
Slide 36
There is a need to improve public services in all regions
through more democratic, accountable, professional, responsive and
decentralized governance. Basically, decentralization and autonomy
is aimed at establishing a closer relationship between government
and the people. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (August 23,
2005)
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Indonesia - Musrenbang Means: community discussion +
development plan A participatory budgeting process where residents
discuss short-term issues facing their communities Prioritise needs
and informs local government Support assigned to most needy
neighbourhoods Musrenbang is a bottom-up process introduced to
replace GoI centralized top-down planning Musrenbang process also
exists at district, city and provincial levels Consultative and
inclusive development
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Indonesia - Musrenbang Musrenbang enshrined in local
legislation GoI central budget implements Musrenbang Media
sensitizes for maximum participation Calendar and Flow Chart of the
planning and budgeting processes published All stakeholders and
their roles published Gender and minority participation
mainstreamed Proactive advice offered by local government Media
publication of minutes and findings
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Sri Lanka Programme Manager Reintegration and Reconciliation
2010-2013 Reintegration support for 8,500 Ex-LTTE clients Community
peacebuilding projects supported Initial SSR projects designed and
drafted Seconded to advise Somali and Kenyan governments on
Al-Shabaab
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Sri Lanka Geneva, Funds and Access to PARCs A unique welcome
Military victory and long-term peace ICRS sensitization Engaging
the caseload Missing public awareness and reinsertion ICRS
re-design with counselling, Fading support and incomplete ICRS A
missed opportunity
Slide 44
Potential Lessons - General Use of UN Peacebuilding Commission
National coordination of peacebuilding activities Decentralization
of the peace debate Establishing impartial Peace Ambassadors Form
Community of Practice for peace activists Encouraging Community
Peace Committees Empower traditional Committees of the Wise
Transfer local/regional reconciliation methods
Slide 45
Potential Lessons - General DDR is nationally-owned and
people-centred DDR should be transparent and accountable Any DDR
process should be completed Reintegration is social, economic and
political DDR forms part of long-term SSR plans DDR is not
sustainable without reconciliation Reconciliation needs sustainable
peacebuilding Peacebuilding is an ongoing and whole-nation process
that requires full commitment
Slide 46
Potential Lessons - ROL Legally-sworn translators at police
stations Language training at National Police Academy Fast track
promotion for bilingual police officers Separated
gender-appropriate police desks Pilot projects for community
policing principles Community policing committees Military and
Police information hotlines Surveys for future SSR at the right
time
Slide 47
Potential Lessons - Youth Peace Studies in National Schools
Curriculum Schools twining programmes. Activities for unification
Ethnically-mixed sports galas, drama, choir, poetry and literature
events National Peace Songs, Poetry, Poster and Badge Awards Joint
Summer Peace, Sports and Language Camps National awards for best
bilingual exam results Local multi-ethnic Youth Parliaments
Training to deliver reconciliation projects Conflict Resolution
Day(3rd Thursday in October)
Slide 48
Potential Lessons - Media Radio Okapi (DRC) and Radio UNMIL
(Liberia) Talking Drum, Ijambo, Radio Peacebuilding Africa
Ethnically-diverse staff present a united front One TV documentary
analysed 16 African conflicts Broadcast in 22 African countries in
40 local dialects Mobile cinema projects in African rural villages
Workshops empowering bloggers in Arabia Reconciliation soap
operas/TV peace debates Media support can yield responsible
reporting
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Potential Lessons - Private Sector Lobby for development
investment in N and E Vocational and business mentoring programmes
Scholarships to fast-track minority managers Highlight equal
opportunity in the workplace Allow time for workers peace
committees Sponsorship of bilingual kindergartens Broadcast peace
radio during workers shifts Display reconciliation material in the
workplace
Slide 50
Peacebuilding Local ownership is essential for lasting peace
Inclusiveness develops constructive relationships between all
stakeholders The heart of the challenge is building trust so that
society remains engaged in building lasting peace Only long-term
commitments address the root causes of conflict and ensure
sustainability Appropriate processes ensure legitimacy and holistic
solutions to complex problems
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Two Prayers And A Wish
Slide 53
Nelsons Last Prayer On the morning of 21st October 1805 with
the combined fleets of France and Spain in sight: May the great
God, whom I worship, grant to my country and for the benefit of
Europe in general a great and glorious victory: and may no
misconduct, in any one, tarnish it: and may humanity after victory
be the predominant feature in the British fleet. For myself
individually, I commit my life to Him who made me and may His
blessing light upon my endeavours for serving my country
faithfully. To Him I resign myself and the just cause which is
entrusted to me to defend. Amen. Amen. Amen.
Slide 54
St Mungos Prayer St Mungo established a monastery in the 6th
century on the River Clyde near the site of Glasgow He is thought
to have performed four miracles that are shown in Glasgows Coat of
Arms Here's the bird that never flew. Here's the tree that never
grew. Here's the bell that never rang. Here's the fish that never
swam. St Mungo: Lord, Let Glasgow Flourish by the preaching of Thy
Word and the Praising of Thy Name