Classification-grouping of objects or information based upon similarities
History :
Aristotle thought only two groups of organisms
Plants Animals
shrubs herbs trees landair
water
Taxonomy
- Branch of biology concerned with grouping and naming organisms
Old System Polynomial System
Ex.
Apis pubescens,
Tharace subgriseo,Abdominae fusco,Pedibus posticis
globis,Untrinque margine ciliatus,
HOLY COWUS
Linnaeus (1707-1778)-founder of modern taxonomy
- Method was based upon physical characteristics of organism- Binomial nomenclature (scientific name)
- Two latin words used to name an organism
- First word is the genus, second word is the species- Are written in italics
-genus name is capitalized
Ex. Homo sapiens
Often times the latin terms point out a certain aspect of the organism
Carnegiea gigantica
Giant saguaro cactus
1. Is it poisonous
2. Does it produce useful substances- California yew
3. Are organisms related to one another. Some dinosaurs have hollow bones similar to birds many scientists feel that some dino’s were warm blooded because of this similarity.
Species
- A group of organisms that share many characteristics and can interbreed with each other but not members of other species
The current classification system goes from a very broad grouping to one that is very specific
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesAnimilia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenopter
aApidae Apis mellifera
Animilia
Chordata Mammila Primate Pongidae Gorilla gorilla
Modern Taxonomy uses many sources to classify organisms
1. Evolutionary evidence
- New species arise over time
- The old species changes into new ones because of changes in the environment
2. Structural evidence
Ex. Skeletal similarities or in plants leaf similarities
3. Cytological Evidence
- Compare the DNA of the organisms
-both giant and red panda were once thought to be related to raccoons based upon behavioral characteristics. Now it is known based upon DNA that the giant panda is more closely related to bears.
4. Embryological Evidence
- Look at embryo’s of different species and compare how each organism starts
5. Behavioral Evidence
- The animals may look exactly alike but have very different behaviors
Ex. Cricket chirps
Five Kingdom System of Classification
I. Monera
- Very primitive organisms
- Mostly unicellular except some form chains or clusters of cells
- bacteria and blue green algae
-are very small when compared to other types of cells- Some can move
- Reproduce by binary fission
A. Bacteria
- Not necessarily bad!!!!- Are needed to decompose dead things and other organic wastes (poop)
Classified by a few characteristics
I. Shape
1. Coccus
2. Bacillus
3. Spirillium
II. Aerobic or Anaerobic
- Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to live- Anaerobic can survive without oxygen
Botulism = Very bad anaerobic bacteria
III. Type of Nutrition
Heterotrophic - Must obtain food from environment
Autotrophic -can make its own food
photosynthetic - Use sunlight to make food
chemosynthetic
- Use inorganic materials to make food
2. Some live in organisms helping them to survive
- Decompose food waste
- Produce needed vitamins (vitamin K)
4. Industrial
- yogurt , cheese
, vinegar
-butanol ,methane ,acetone
- pesticides
II. Protista - Include protozoa, algae and slime molds- All are heterotrophs
- All use aerobic respiration
- Found in freshwater, saltwater, on land and in other organisms
- Reproduce sexually and asexually
Ameba
Uses of Algae
Lecithin
III. Fungi - Include yeast, molds, mushrooms
- Are NOT plants
- Are heterotrophic- Most are decomposers
- Reproduce sexually and asexually
Important Fungi
Yeasts
IV. Plantae - Include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
- multicellular, photosynthetic organisms
Tracheophytes
-ferns, conifers, and flowering plants- Have vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)
2 Groups
Angiosperms
V. Animilia
- Multicellular organisms
- All are heterotrophs
- All eat
- All have muscles
1. Invertebrates - No backbone
Sponges - simplest
Mollusks
squid
clams
Oysters
Octopus
Arthropods -insects, centipedes, spiders and crustaceans- Have an exoskeleton
II. Chordates - Have a nerve cord
Vertebrates - Have a backbone- Have a brain
- Have a closed circulatory system
1. Cold blooded animals- Body temperature is same as
surroundings
-Internal reproduction
2. Warm-Blooded Animals
- Have constant internal temperature- Allows them to live and remain active in cold weather climates
Birds - feathers
- Internal reproduction
- May have evolved from reptiles- Eggs develop outside