Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

(six kingdoms)

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Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.

ClassificationClassification Classification is an important

– In understanding how organisms are organisms are relatedrelated and how they are different.

– So that we can work with the diversity of life

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.

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AristotleAristotle

Ancient Greece— Aristotle (384 BC to 322

BC) was the first to use a

classification system.

classified living things into

two categories: plants and

animals. Plants -shrubs, herbs, or

trees.Animals -according to

where they lived.

His classification system was based on structural

differences that were seen.

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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 1778)

Considered to be the Father of modern

Taxonomy

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Swedish Botantist

•Based hisBased hisclassification on classification on characteristics of characteristics of

organisms that were organisms that were similar.similar.

Developed the two word system used to identify

species: binomial nomenclature.

Clip

Linnaeus used Latin for the Names

of his categories, because this was

the language of educated people

and not likely to change whereas an

everyday language is likely to

change.

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature Because scientists speak many different Because scientists speak many different

languages and common names for languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, organisms may vary from place to place, a a universal systemuniversal system for naming for naming organisms is used. organisms is used.

The scientific name of an organism is The scientific name of an organism is

based on abased on a two-word systemtwo-word system calledcalled binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature. .

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Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”)

Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”)

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Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass

•The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined).•The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).

Binomial nomenclature8

Organisms that share Organisms that share more similarities are more similarities are more closely related more closely related and are grouped and are grouped together.together.

9In addition toIn addition to (1)(1) appearanceappearance and and (2) (2) behaviorbehavior, , (3)(3) molecular molecular structurestructure (e.g., DNA) (e.g., DNA) and(4)and(4) evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships are are alsoalso considered when classifying considered when classifying organismsorganisms..

Eight levels of classification

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Least alike

Most alike

Domain

Species is the most specific

Taxon:

Group or level of classification

Taxon Level

ORGANISM

HUMAN CHIMPANZEEHOUSE

CATLION

HOUSEFLY

KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda

CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect

ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera

FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae

GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca

SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica

Scientific Name

Homo sapiens

Pan troglodyt

es

Felis domesti

caFelis leo

Musca domesti

ca

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Example: Human Example: Human ClassificationClassification

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primate

Family: Hominidae

Genus: Homo

Specific : sapiens

a. homo Sapiens

b. Homo sapiens

c. Homo Sapiens

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How would you write the scientific name?

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASSLARGEMOUTH BASS

Domain EukaryaKingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food)Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone)Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)Order Perciformes (perch-like fishes)Family Centrarchida (sunfishes)Genus Micropterus (types of bass)Species salmoides (largemouth bass)

Largemouth Bass: Micropterus salmoides

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KINGDOMS OF LIFE

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Tree of Life Video Clip

EuBacteria

Archae-bacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Six Kingdoms of Life

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OLD NAME: OLD NAME: MONERAMONERA

Three Domains and Six Three Domains and Six Kingdoms:Kingdoms:

Three Domains:Three Domains:Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms: EubacteriaArchaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.

Kingdoms:

ArchaebacteriaEukarya- Eukaryotic.

Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.

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•Eubacteria (true bacteria) & Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membrane-bound organelles.•Microscopic & unicellular. •Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps.•Heterotropic & autotrophic

•unicellular and multicellularorganisms with a variety of characteristics•eukaryoticorganisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments.•Heterotropic and autotrophic•Most are microscopic.

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Bacteria Protista

•Consumers that stay put. •Unicellular or multicellularheterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment.

Fungi

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Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize.Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems.Autotrophic-some parasitic- some carnivore.

Multicellular consumers-heterotrophicCells do not have cell walls.Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others.

Plantae Animalia

6 Kingdoms of Life6 Kingdoms of Life20

Clip

Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms.

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Clip

A A cladogracladogramm is a tree- is a tree-like diagram like diagram

showing showing evolutionaevolutiona

ry ry relationshirelationshi

psps.. Any two Any two branch tips branch tips sharing the sharing the

same same immediate node immediate node are most closely are most closely

related.related.

CladogramCladogram

22.3Illustrate

relationships

•Bacteria, Archaebacteria, & the Prokaryotic Domains Video (8:51)

•A tool to identify organisms is

called a dichotomous key.

•It is made from pairs of

contrasting characteristics (e.g.,

has wings/does not have wings).

22.1

Wacky People Key

1a Two feet 2

1b Some other number of feet 3

2a Does not look at all human 4

2b Looks a lot like a human 5

3a One leg 6

3b Three or four legs 7

4a Fly-like Mosk Cara

4b Not fly-like 8

5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita

5b Not a girl 9

6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella

6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles

7a Three legs 10

7b Four legs 11

8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate

8b Clawed feet 12

9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum

9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile

10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk

10b Some other appearance 13

11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt

11b No arms or pinchers 14

12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon

12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy

13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide

13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox

14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos

14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus

EOCT ALERT!!!!EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism A multicellular organism that obtains its food by that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients absorbing nutrients belongs to the kingdombelongs to the kingdom

A A AnimaliaAnimalia B B FungiFungi C C PlantaePlantae D D ProtistaProtista

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The study of The study of animals is known animals is known asas

A botanyA botany

B ecologyB ecology

C taxonomyC taxonomy

D zoologyD zoology

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In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucusPapilio glaucus, was , was proclaimed Georgia’s state proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics shares the most characteristics with members of which with members of which taxonomic level?taxonomic level?

A classA class B familyB family C orderC order D phylumD phylum

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One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to

A obtain energyB reproduceC moveD exchange gases

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The table shows an early method of classifying animals.

Which of the following best illustrates why the modern Linnaean classification system has replaced the system developed by Aristotle?A) Flying insects fly over both land and water.B) Eating habits of reptiles and some land mammals are different.C) Sea snake bones are similar to those of reptiles that live on land.D) Birds are warm-blooded like mammals.

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A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the

A virusesB protistsC eubacteriaD archaebacteria

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The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?

A bacteriumB mushroomC mouseD virus

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Ms. Wall, may I be excused? My brain is full.