References
• Wikipedia• Microbewiki• PDFs• Soulsby, E. J. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods,
and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. Leo and Febiger Publishers.
Philadelphia.
Introduction• These microorganisms are the most advanced and
structurally complex
• Evidences indicate that they have evolved from the zooflagellates
• 8,000 species of Ciliophora. (Ji et. al., 2005)
• Parasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog and also human
Features
• Possessing two nuclei ;Macronucleus- which is large and massive
and responsible for the cytoplasmic activities of the organism
Micronucleus- which is vesicular and is concerned with the reproductive process
• With contractile vacuola
Parts of Ciliated Protozoans
1. Contractile vacuole
2. Digestive vacuole
3. Macronucleus4. Micronucleus5. Cytoproct6. Cytopharynx7. Cytostome8. Cilium
Distinguishing characteristics• Movement and food-getting is accomplished with short
hair-like/thread-like structure called cilia
• Similar in diameter and internal structure to the flagella, but are shorter
• Numerous and arranged in longitudinal or diagonal rows
• Move in unison in order to move the organism
• Heterotroph
ClassificationSubphylum Postciliodesmatophora• Class Karyorelictea• Class Heterotrichea (e.g. Stentor)Subphylum Intramacronucleata• Class Spirotrichea - Subclass Choreotrichia (e.g. Tintinnidium)
- Subclass Oligotrichia (e.g. Halteria)- Subclass Stichotrichia (e.g. Stylonychia)- Subclass Hypotrichia (e.g. Euplotes)
• Class Litostomatea - Subclass Haptoria (e.g. Didinium) - Subclass Trichostomatia (e.g. Balantidium)
• Class Phyllopharyngea - Subclass Phyllopharyngia (e.g. Chilodonella uncinata - Subclass Rhynchodia - Subclass Chonotrichia - Subclass Suctoria (e.g. Podophrya)
Continuation…• Class Nassophorea• Class Colpodea (e.g. Colpoda)• Class Prostomatea (e.g. Coleps)• Class Oligohymenophorea
– Subclass Peniculia (e.g. Paramecium)– Subclass Hymenostomatia (e.g. Tetrahymena)– Subclass Scuticociliatia– Subclass Peritrichia (e.g. Vorticella)– Subclass Astromatia– Subclass Apostomatia
• Class Plagiopylea